HIGHWAY SAFETY RESEARCH GROUP

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2 1. Why use data visualization? 2. Why we perceive data visualizations better than tabular data? 3. How do we choose the proper visualization to display our data? 4. What are the Dos and Don ts of creating data visualizations? 5. What do effective data visualizations look like?

Why Data Visualization Engagement Generate

visual cues and graphic elements allow for

3 Why Data Visualization Engagement Generate emotions we feel when evaluating familiar objects Familiarity Users feel comfortable with familiar objects Communication Use of visual cues and graphic elements allow for a strong channel of communication with audience

4 Traditional Tabular Data

5 Tabular Data vs Visual

6 Tabular Data vs Data Visual

7 Data Visualization Louisiana Fatalities by Seatbelt Use

8 Data Visualization

9 Interactive Dashboards

10 Getting Attention

of 1854. Updated version of original map.

11 Visualizations Support the Story Original map by John Snow showing the clusters of cholera cases in the London epidemic of Updated version of original map. The contaminated water pump is shown as the blue circle in the middle of the graphic.

Visualizations Support the Story Charles Minard's map of Napoleon s disastrous Russian campaign of 1812.

12 Visualizations Support the Story Charles Minard's map of Napoleon s disastrous Russian campaign of The graphic is notable for its representation in two dimensions of six types of data: the number of Napoleon's troops; distance; temperature; the latitude and longitude; direction of travel; and location relative to specific dates.

13 Visualizations Support the Story Ted William s The Science of Hitting Infographic Heatmap Visually displays Ted William s hitting estimates within different parts of the strike zone

14 Data Visualization is as much Science as it is Art

Artistic Visualization Method of communicating a concern through easy to recognize visuals, rather than displaying overall data sets Simple visual methods

15 Artistic Visualization Method of communicating a concern through easy to recognize visuals, rather than displaying overall data sets Simple visual methods Alert viewer of important data facts Exhibit less specific data relationships or trends Usually hand-crafted Road Safety Authority (Ireland)

Pragmatic Visualization The technical application of visualization techniques to analyze data Use human visual system to easily see important

16 Pragmatic Visualization The technical application of visualization techniques to analyze data Use human visual system to easily see important information Convey large quantities of data Display patterns Understand data relationships Usually automatically generated Source:

17 Do I use an Artistic or Pragmatic Visualization? Source: Source:

18 Selecting the Appropriate Representation Source:

Two Modes of Human Vision Step 1: Preattentive Vision Instantaneous and effortless part of visual perception Early warning visual system Identify a rectangular grid of boxes Step 2: Attentive Vision

19 Two Modes of Human Vision Step 1: Preattentive Vision Instantaneous and effortless part of visual perception Early warning visual system Identify a rectangular grid of boxes Step 2: Attentive Vision Detailed visual perception Focuses attention to local detail Identify locations of differences and relationships Identify locations of hollow boxes and relationship to solid boxes Source: Textons, The Fundamental Elements in Preattentive Vision and Perception of Textures By B. Julesz

20 Elementary Graphical Perception 1. Position Along a Common Scale 2. Position Along Identical, Nonaligned Scales 3. Length 4. Angle Source: Creating More Effective Graphs By Naomi B. Robbins

21 Elementary Graphical Perception 5. Slope 6. Area 7. Color Hue and Saturation Source: Creating More Effective Graphs By Naomi B. Robbins

22 Memory Types Initial process of storing information (Iconic and Echoic) Information perceived through our senses Very short term (fractions of a second) Manipulation of sensory memory Limited capacity (ex: studying a list) Ability to remember things for a very long time or entire lifespan

23 Color and Iconic Memory How many times is road used? On the road again Just can't wait to get on the road again The life I love is making music with my friends And I can't wait to get on the road again On the road again

24 Color and Iconic Memory How many times is road used? On the road again Just can't wait to get on the road again The life I love is making music with my friends And I can't wait to get on the road again On the road again

27 Color can focus your attention On the road again Just can't wait to get on the road again The life I love is making music with my friends And I can't wait to get on the road again On the road again

28 Choosing the Right Colors Color Brewer Adobe Kuler: Color Wheel

29 Incorrect: HIGHWAY SAFETY RESEARCH GROUP Choosing the Right Colors Same Data - Varying Colors Multiple Data Sets Thematic Representation Highlight Focal Point- Separate Color Source: Wall Street Journal Guide to Information Graphics

30 Correct: HIGHWAY SAFETY RESEARCH GROUP Choosing the Right Colors Same Variable- One Color Different Variables- Varying Shades Highlight Focal Point- Darker Color Source: Wall Street Journal Guide to Information Graphics

Values Label Chart Elements A B C Convert to Gray

31 Using Color for the Color Blind Set Type in Black Use black text Don t use white text Use High Contrast Values Label Chart Elements A B C Convert to Gray Scale Source: Wall Street Journal Guide to Information Graphics

32 Icons Good Icons Recognizable Simple Square (approximately) Poor Icons Unrecognizable Too Detailed Oddly Shaped

Spell Out Acronyms At Least Once Spoken vs.

33 Text Usage and Legibility Say what you mean Put thoughts into words Avoid overly complicated language Remember to SOAAO! Spell Out Acronyms At Least Once Spoken vs. Written ed or published online = More text Used within a presentation = Less text Source: Storytelling With Data, By Cole Nussbaumer

34 Text Legibility in Graphics Avoid white text on black or color background Use bold text sparingly Don t set type too small or too condensed Avoid t r a c k i n g & using ALL CAPS Source: Wall Street Journal Guide to Information Graphics

informative ink to total ink in the plot Leave only data-ink necessary to tell your story Reduce

35 Maximize Data-Ink Ratio Data Ink is the non-erasable core of the graphic, the non-redundant ink arranged in response to variation in the numbers represented Edward Tufte Proportion of informative ink to total ink in the plot Leave only data-ink necessary to tell your story Reduce chart junk to increase ratio Less is more! Source: The Visual Display of Quantitative Information, Tufte

36 Chart Junk Unnecessary ink used through the interior decoration of graphics - Edward Tufte Source: The Visual Display of Quantitative Information, Tufte

37 Common Visualization Problems 3D Visualizations Visualizations rarely require a 3 rd dimension Undefined Measurement Chart Junk

more than 5 slices A table is nearly always better than a dumb pie

38 Common Visualization Problems Pie Charts Highly criticized chart form Difficult to compare (especially small values) Should be no more than 5 slices A table is nearly always better than a dumb pie chart; the only worse design than a pie chart is several of them Edward Tufte

39 Common Visualization Problems Stacked Bar Charts No Baseline Difficult to determine totals Only bottom category can be accurately read Source:

Common Visualization Problems Grouped Bar Charts Overwhelming visual data Difficult to compare numbers within same category Alternative:

40 Common Visualization Problems Grouped Bar Charts Overwhelming visual data Difficult to compare numbers within same category Alternative: individual bar chart for each category Source:

41 Common Visualization Problems Bubble Charts Area can be biased Difficult to distinguish small differences within data Can hide structure of data

Common Visualization Problems Surplus of births over deaths in France 1801-1886 Maps- Shading Cross-hatching or patterns can be confusing to the viewer Do not

42 Common Visualization Problems Surplus of births over deaths in France Maps- Shading Cross-hatching or patterns can be confusing to the viewer Do not compare quantities or volume on a map (unless relevant) Use high contrast colors or shading Source:

43 Elements of Effective Visualizations

44 Effective Visualizations World Health Organization Road Safety 2013: The Facts

45 Effective Visualizations Michigan Traffic Crash Facts Source:

46 Effective Visualizations BBC: Every death on every road in Great Britain Source:

47 Effective Visualizations 2011 Wisconsin Crash Calendar Source:

49 Effective Visualizations Louisiana SHSP Crash Dashboard

50 nyc.crashmapper.com HIGHWAY SAFETY RESEARCH GROUP Effective Visualizations

Helpful Resources Creating More Effective Graphs, Naomi B.

for Business Professionals, Cole Nussenbaumer Knaflic

51 Helpful Resources Creating More Effective Graphs, Naomi B. Robbins The Wall Street Journal Guide to Information Graphics, Dona M. Wong Storytelling With Data: A Data Visualization Guide for Business Professionals, Cole Nussenbaumer Knaflic Youtube Channel: NloXJdR2NTCBMlA Design for Information, Isabel Merelles

52 Contact Information Bethany Campbell Phone:

Infographics at CDC for a nonscientific audience

Infographics at CDC for a nonscientific audience A Standards Guide for creating successful infographics Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Office of the Associate Director for Communication 03/14/2012;