Mitochondrial Eve and Y-chromosome Adam: Who do your genes come from?

Transcription

1 Mitochondrial Eve and Y-chromosome Adam: Who do your genes come from? 28 July Joe Felsenstein Evening At The Genome Mitochondrial Eve and Y-chromosome Adam: Who do your genes come from? p.1/39

2 Evolutionary trees from molecular sequences from Amrine-Madsen, H. et al., 2003, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution Mitochondrial Eve and Y-chromosome Adam: Who do your genes come from? p.2/39

3 My ancestor? Charles the Great (Charlemagne) born 747 about 44 more generations Cornelia John Maud William Itzhak Jacob Helen Will Sheimdel Lev Eleanor Jake Joe 1850s 1880s 1910s 1942 Mitochondrial Eve and Y-chromosome Adam: Who do your genes come from? p.3/39

4 Crossing over (recombination) Mitochondrial Eve and Y-chromosome Adam: Who do your genes come from? p.4/39

5 Did someone at General Motors take a biology course? The GMC Hybrid logo. Mitochondrial Eve and Y-chromosome Adam: Who do your genes come from? p.5/39

6 Chromosome 1, back up one lineage 6 (none) now Mitochondrial Eve and Y-chromosome Adam: Who do your genes come from? p.6/39

7 The mitochondrial Eve study in 1987 Rebecca Cann, Mark Stoneking, and the late Allan Wilson. In 1987 they made a molecular tree of mitochondria from humans. Mitochondrial Eve and Y-chromosome Adam: Who do your genes come from? p.7/39

8 One female ancestor? of what? When? Where? Mitochondrial Eve and Y-chromosome Adam: Who do your genes come from? p.8/39

9 The Out Of Africa hypothesis Europe Asia Africa (vertical scale is not time or evolutionary change) Mitochondrial Eve and Y-chromosome Adam: Who do your genes come from? p.9/39

10 Scientists find Eve Mitochondrial Eve and Y-chromosome Adam: Who do your genes come from? p.10/39

11 Who was where when Out Of Africa happened? now Africa Asia Europe 100k H. sapiens H. neanderthalis H. heidelbergensis H. ergaster H. erectus Mitochondrial Eve and Y-chromosome Adam: Who do your genes come from? p.11/39

12 The Y chromosome A genealogical tree of Y chromosome types, recent version, growing downwards. Geographical origin of the populations is color-coded along the bottom. Mitochondrial Eve and Y-chromosome Adam: Who do your genes come from? p.12/39

13 What about all the other parts of the genome? Part of the genome bases protein genes Human mitochondrion 16, Human Y chromosome 60,000, All other human chromosomes 3,300,000,000 20,000-25,000 Mitochondrial Eve and Y-chromosome Adam: Who do your genes come from? p.13/39

14 One generation of a (small) population Time Mitochondrial Eve and Y-chromosome Adam: Who do your genes come from? p.14/39

15 ... and its parent generation Time Mitochondrial Eve and Y-chromosome Adam: Who do your genes come from? p.15/39

16 Where do the copies of the genes come from? Time Mitochondrial Eve and Y-chromosome Adam: Who do your genes come from? p.16/39

17 Coalescent genealogy for one gene Time Mitochondrial Eve and Y-chromosome Adam: Who do your genes come from? p.17/39

18 Coalescent genealogy for one gene Time Mitochondrial Eve and Y-chromosome Adam: Who do your genes come from? p.18/39

19 Coalescent genealogy for one gene Time Mitochondrial Eve and Y-chromosome Adam: Who do your genes come from? p.19/39

20 Coalescent genealogy for one gene Time Mitochondrial Eve and Y-chromosome Adam: Who do your genes come from? p.20/39

21 Coalescent genealogy for one gene Time Mitochondrial Eve and Y-chromosome Adam: Who do your genes come from? p.21/39

22 Coalescent genealogy for one gene Time Mitochondrial Eve and Y-chromosome Adam: Who do your genes come from? p.22/39

23 Coalescent genealogy for one gene Time Mitochondrial Eve and Y-chromosome Adam: Who do your genes come from? p.23/39

24 Coalescent genealogy for one gene Time Mitochondrial Eve and Y-chromosome Adam: Who do your genes come from? p.24/39

25 Coalescent genealogy for one gene Time Mitochondrial Eve and Y-chromosome Adam: Who do your genes come from? p.25/39

26 Coalescent genealogy for one gene Time Mitochondrial Eve and Y-chromosome Adam: Who do your genes come from? p.26/39

27 Coalescent genealogy for one gene Time Mitochondrial Eve and Y-chromosome Adam: Who do your genes come from? p.27/39

28 Untangling the crossed lines... Time Mitochondrial Eve and Y-chromosome Adam: Who do your genes come from? p.28/39

29 Genealogy of a sample of 3 copies Time Mitochondrial Eve and Y-chromosome Adam: Who do your genes come from? p.29/39

30 J. F. C. Kingman s (1982) coalescent Go back a random length of time, drawn from an exponential distribution with mean 4N/(k(k 1)) Join a random pair of lineages Reduce k by 1. If k = 1 then stop Otherwise go up to first step. Mitochondrial Eve and Y-chromosome Adam: Who do your genes come from? p.30/39

31 An accurate analogy: Bugs In A Box There is a box... Mitochondrial Eve and Y-chromosome Adam: Who do your genes come from? p.31/39

32 An accurate analogy: Bugs In A Box with bugs that are... Mitochondrial Eve and Y-chromosome Adam: Who do your genes come from? p.32/39

33 An accurate analogy: Bugs In A Box... hyperactive... Mitochondrial Eve and Y-chromosome Adam: Who do your genes come from? p.33/39

34 An accurate analogy: Bugs In A Box... indiscriminate... Mitochondrial Eve and Y-chromosome Adam: Who do your genes come from? p.34/39

35 An accurate analogy: Bugs In A Box... voracious... Mitochondrial Eve and Y-chromosome Adam: Who do your genes come from? p.35/39

36 An accurate analogy: Bugs In A Box Gulp!... (eats other bug)... Mitochondrial Eve and Y-chromosome Adam: Who do your genes come from? p.36/39

37 An accurate analogy: Bugs In A Box... and insatiable. Mitochondrial Eve and Y-chromosome Adam: Who do your genes come from? p.37/39

38 A typical locus showing SNP variation (From Debbie Nickerson s SeattleSNPs project). Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at the Matrix Metalloproteinase 3 locus. Mitochondrial Eve and Y-chromosome Adam: Who do your genes come from? p.38/39

39 Members of our lab Current members Mary Kuhner Jon Yamato Elizabeth Walkup Bob Giansiracusa Jim McGill Brendan O Fallon Recent members, sadly departed Lucian Smith Chul Joo Kang Eric Rynes Ian Robertson Mitochondrial Eve and Y-chromosome Adam: Who do your genes come from? p.39/39