Including: Synthesis of Ideas Justification and Recording Decisions Taken Presentation Techniques Modelling Techniques

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1 Development & Refinement Including: Synthesis of Ideas Justification and Recording Decisions Taken Presentation Techniques Modelling Techniques

2 Synthesis of Ideas Designers often start off with lots of initial concepts, they need to eliminate the ideas that do not allow the design process to successfully continue into the next stage of development. It makes sense that the best way to make sure a design idea will be good enough is to compare it to the design specification which was set out earlier in the project. An idea evaluation is usually done in the form of a table, where the idea(s) will be crossed against each important point of the design spec. By doing this, the designer is able to see which factors of the spec each idea is covering and which factors the idea is not managing to achieve. X

3 Justification and Recording Decisions Taken It is important to give reasons/justify the decisions that you make when designing. Initial ideas are usually rough in nature and so annotation is very important in terms of communication. Example Idea Justification is in blue. Covered in fabric, it could be patterned, this would suit a wider market. Possible patterns High back on chair to support user sitting safely. Cushioned seat for comfort. Chair could swivel from here. Legs need to be permanently joined for durability- Weld? Smooth surface easy to clean. Standard component screws could be used to join legs to seat. Hollow metal legs, this will mean the chair is more lightweight, therefore easier to carry. (1.1) Rubber feet to stop chair sliding. Note: When an annotation is linked to one of your specification points, put the number in brackets after the annotation statement.

4 Presentation/Graphic Techniques Information throughout the design process is displayed via text and graphics. The graphic used will depend on what information the designer is trying to convey to the reader. Annotated sketches are drawings that have written notes (annotation) saying what has been drawn and why it has been drawn. The car engine below has been annotated to explain each part. Working drawings are a fully detailed orthographic (2D) or pictorial (3D) drawing of the product fully dimensioned. It may show the product as a whole or in individual parts. This allows the manufacturers to make to put the product into production.

5 Presentation/Graphic Techniques Pictorial drawing are simply a group of 3D drawings that can be used to show a product from different angels. Oblique This drawing is front on and projected back at a 45 degree angle. Isometric This drawing is projected at a 30 degree angle. Planometric This drawing is projected at a 30/60 degrees or 45/45 degree angle. The corners make a right or 90 degree angle. Perspective The drawings get smaller in scale as the lines reach the vanishing point. Objects are reduced in scale as the view is further away. In it's simplest terms, an object farther away appears smaller than a similar object close up.

6 Presentation/Graphic Techniques An exploded view drawing is a diagram, picture or technical drawing of an object, that shows the relationship or order of assembly of various parts. It shows the components of an object slightly separated by distance allowing the viewer to see internal detail and how the product goes together. An illustration is a representation (such as a drawing, rendering, painting, photograph or other image) that is created to clarify or give information (such as a story, poem or newspaper article). Computer Aided Drawings or CAD are drawings and models that are created using software such as: Auto CAD, Inventor, Solid Works etc. They allows you create drawing more accurate which can then be put into production.

7 Modelling Techniques A scale model is a representation or copy of an object. It can be larger or smaller than the actual object but is in proportion. Very often the scale model is used as a guide to making the object in full size. Examples of Scale Scale 1:1 (Full Size) Scale 1:2 (Half Size) Scale 2:1 (Double Size) Mockups are commonly required by designers, architects, etc. The intention is often to produce a full-sized replica, using inexpensive materials in order to verify a design. Mockups are often used to determine the proportions of the piece, relating to various dimensions of the piece itself, or to fit the piece into a specific space or room.

8 Modelling Techniques Prototypes are different from models in that they should be exact replicas of the finished product. It s an initial version of a product which is a full sized and fully working. The prototype is tested to make sure it is fit for the audience and purpose. If there are any errors or problems, the prototype is improved and tested again. This goes on until the product is considered to be fully functional and suitable. The Range Rover car would have had an identical prototype made to use for testing before it went into official production. When your product has been manufactured it must be tested to ensure that it is safe for the potential customers and that it works properly. Test models are created for this purpose. This may involve a small number of customers using the product and recording their comments. Testing may also include you or an inspector checking the product is the correct size, and that it is strong enough to withstand reasonable force and potential misuse.

9 Modelling Techniques Part models can be used if there are specific parts of the of a product that you may wish to see in more detail. Below is a model of a car engine which allows the designers to get a better idea of how the engine will look and work etc. CAD models or Computer Aided Models are models created on the computer. The can be to an excellent standard and have visual impact but do not let you physically interact with the model. The computer software can also allow you to test the strength etc of the product.

10 Modelling Techniques Rapid prototyping is 3D printing. The product is designed using a CAD (Computer Aided Drawing) package and is sent to the rapid prototyper to be built. It s built up in layers to create the completed parts. Simulations simulate the products functions before physical testing i.e. testing it virtually. Simulations can be carried out using computer software such as Auto CAD and Solid Works.

11 Modelling Materials Paper models are a cheap way to mock up a quick version of your model. Paper models are very weak and will limit the amount of testing you can do. Card/Corregated Card models are also a cheap and quick way to model your product. The can be difficult to model curved surfaces and will need to built up in layers. Sheets of MDF can be used for model making but is more difficult to work with compared to card. Wire models allow for flexibility and so enable designers to make complex forms easily.

12 Modelling Materials Foam models are a good way to model complex 3D shapes. They will allow you to replica exact shapes but not weight of product. Modelling clay and plasticine are used as it can be reshaped easily if mistakes are made. Sheet plastic such as acrylic and corrugated plastics can be used to create good quality models. Balsa wood is very easy to cut for model making. Although it s a hardwood it s very easy to work and shape.

13 Revision Task 6 Answer the following questions in your jotter: 1. Carry out synthesis to see which idea should go forward to development, justify your choice. The chair must: 1. Sit one person. 2. Be cushioned. 3. Be contemporary. 4. Rotate. 2. Where in the design process would you find the following graphics: annotated sketches. working drawings. illustration. 3. Name 3 different types of model and explain their purpose. 4. Name 3 different modelling materials.