Topics in Intelligent Engineering and Informatics 4

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1 Topics in Intelligent Engineering and Informatics 4 Editorial Board Editors-in-Chief János Fodor Imre J. Rudas Editorial Advisory Board Ildar Batyrshin (Mexico) József Bokor (Hungary) Bernard De Baets (Belgium) Hamido Fujita (Japan) Toshio Fukuda (Japan) Fumio Harashima (Japan) Kaoru Hirota (Japan) Endre Pap (Serbia) Bogdan M. Wilamowski (USA) Review Board P. Baranyi (Hungary) U. Bodenhofer (Austria) G. Fichtinger (Canada) R. Fullér (Finland) A. Galántai (Hungary) L. Hluchý (Slovakia) MO Jamshidi (USA) J. Kelemen (Czech Republic) D. Kocur (Slovakia) P. Korondi (Hungary) G. Kovács (Hungary) L.T. Kóczy (Hungary) L. Madarász (Slovakia) CH.C. Nguyen (USA) E. Petriu (Canada) R.-E. Precup (Romania) S. Preitl (Romania) O. Prostean (Romania) V. Puri (Italy) GY. Sallai (Hungary) J. Somló (Hungary) M. Takács (Hungary) J. Tar (Hungary) L. Ungvari (Germany) A.R. Várkonyi-Kóczy (Hungary) P. Várlaki (Hungary) L. Vokorokos (Slovakia) For further volumes:

2 Aims and Scope This book series is devoted to the publication of high-level books that contribute to topic areas related to intelligent engineering and informatics. This includes advanced textbooks, monographs, state-of-the-art research surveys, as well as edited volumes with coherently integrated and well-balanced contributions within the main subject. The main aim is to provide a unique forum to publish books on mathematical models and computing methods for complex engineering problems that require some aspects of intelligence that include learning, adaptability, improving efficiency, and management of uncertain and imprecise information. Intelligent engineering systems try to replicate fundamental abilities of humans and nature in order to achieve sufficient progress in solving complex problems. In an ideal case multi-disciplinary applications of different modern engineering fields can result in synergistic effects. Informatics and computer modeling are the underlying tools that play a major role at any stages of developing intelligent systems. Soft computing, as a collection of techniques exploiting approximation and tolerance for imprecision and uncertainty in traditionally intractable problems, has become very effective and popular especially because of the synergy derived from its components. The integration of constituent technologies provides complementary methods that allow developing flexible computing tools and solving complex engineering problems in intelligent ways.

3 Jozef Kelemen, Jan Romportl, and Eva Zackova (Eds.) Beyond Artificial Intelligence Contemplations, Expectations, Applications 123

4 Editors Prof. Jozef Kelemen Institute of Computer Science Silesian University Opava Czech Republic Dr. Eva Zackova New Technologies Research Centre University of West Bohemia Plzen Czech Republic Dr. Jan Romportl New Technologies Research Centre & Department of Cybernetics University of West Bohemia Plzen Czech Republic ISSN e-issn X ISBN e-isbn DOI / Springer Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: c Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (

5 Preface The book that you are about to read consists of selected papers which were originally presented in December 2011 at the conference Beyond AI: Interdisciplinary Aspects of Artificial Intelligence in Pilsen (Plzeň), Czech Republic. Organisers of conferences and editors of the resulting proceedings often tend to write prefaces emphasising importance and scientific excellence of their respective conferences. I am not going to write anything like this here because I know that our conference did not break any paradigm of AI, did not find any groundbreaking solutions to AI problems and even did not unveil the mystery of consciousness. Unlike most conferences, this one was not delimited and unified by a specific topic that attracts a particular coherent group of researchers. Instead of this, the conference participants were attracted rather by a shared personal attitude towards what they do by their interest in what lies beyond AI. And so the conference hosted researchers with very different specialisations and scientific background. However, this kind of interdisciplinarity is always a risky enterprise: what if such an eclectic crowd turns into chaos where no one understands anyone else? But it did not happen this time. This time the participants perhaps to their own surprise realised that they shared a common language that allowed them to discuss, criticise, support, question or inspire their colleagues inhabiting often very distant areas of AI, ranging from AI engineering through philosophy to art. This somehow reminds me of the legendary Macy Conferences held in New York between where the giants of newborn cybernetics were gathering, everyone coming from so different fields only to find that they were all united by a common language cyberspeak. Indeed, neither the scale nor legendariness on our side is what causes this elusive resemblance rather it is this far-reaching mutual understanding which almost calls for a question: what common language lies beyond AI? Pilsen, July 2012 Jan Romportl

6 Contents Part I: Future of Artificial Intelligence 1 On the Way to Intelligence Singularity... 3 Ivan M. Havel 1.1 What Is Singularity Artificial Intelligence Ready to Start TheDualNatureoftheFutureTense Intelligence What Does It Actually Mean? Can Intelligence Be Measured? Intelligence in Motion HowtheExplosionIsBorn SpeedofTime If a Machine Were Able to Design a Better Machine, Would It Do It? WhatThen? References Slippage in Cognition, Perception, and Action: From Aesthetics to Artificial Intelligence William W. York and Hamid R. Ekbia 2.1 Introduction Aesthetics: From Philosophy to AI ComputationalAestheticsandtheFormalistDream ARelationalPerspectiveonAesthetics Computer Models of Analogy-Making Copycat and Metacat Conceptual Slippage and the Aesthetics of Analogy-Making PerceptualSlippage VisualAnalogies PerceptualSlippageandBlending Visual Analogy is Seeing-As... 41

7 VIII Contents 2.5 ActionSlips AffordancesandSlippage FromSlipsandSlippagetoAestheticsandAffect Conclusion References Rationality {in for through} AI Tarek R. Besold 3.1 Introduction Rationality A Survey: Rationality in AI Rationality & (Natural) Intelligence Why Should AI Care About Rationality? EarlierWork&StatusQuo The Goal: Rationality for AI An Outlook: Rationality Through AI Conclusion References Usage of Formal Rules in Human Intelligence Investigations Tzu-Keng Fu 4.1 Introduction FromFreudtoBi-logicFramework TwoPrinciplesintheBi-logicFramework The Logic ofunconsciousprocesses ThePhysicalFeaturesofUnconsciousProcesses The Conceptions of Space-Time Taken in Matte Blanco stheoryofmind The Dimensional Transformation between the ConsciousProcessesandUnconsciousProcesses TheInfinitenessofEmotioninPsychotic The Characteristics of Space-Time in the UnconsciousProcesses TheLogicalFeaturesofUnconsciousProcesses TheAbsenceofClassicalNegation TheParaconsistency DiscussionandOutlook References New Emergence as Supervenience Relieved of Problems Eliška Květová 5.1 Introduction Development of the Relationship of Emergence and Supervenience DevelopmentoftheRelationshipbetweentheConcepts Emergence in Artificial Intelligence

8 Contents IX 5.5 The Nature of the Relationship between Supervenience and Emergence NewEmergenceasContinuationofSupervenience Conclusions References Beyond Knowledge Systems Jozef Kelemen 6.1 Introduction FromDatatoKnowledge RoleoftheContext TheStructureofKnowledge WhatIsComingNow? The Role of the Embodiment Through Robotic Bodies towards the Computational Wisdom? References Part II: Nature-Inspired Models 7 Selfish Genes and Evolutionary Computation Jan Zelinka 7.1 Introduction EvolutionandSelfishGenes A Gene Definition ScatteredGenes SourcesofEvolutions Evolutionarily Stable Strategy and Evolutionarily Stable Population SelfishnessandaSelfishGeneManifestations EvolutionaryComputation SelfishGenesandEvolutionaryComputation StateoftheArt Selfish Gene Manifestations in Examples and Experiments Advantages of Selfish Gene in Evolutionary Computation Metaevolutions Selfish Genes and Artificial Intelligence Conclusion References Nonlinear Trends in Modern Artificial Intelligence: A New Perspective Elena N. Benderskaya 8.1 Introduction Modern Artificial Intelligence

9 X Contents LimitationsofBasicAIApproaches Evolution of Formal Methods: Dealing withuncertainty Neuroscience:BrainasChaoticComputer Novel Bio-inspired Methods and Dynamic Neural Networks ChaoticBio-inspiredSystems ChaoticComputing Conclusions References Membrane Computing in Robotics Ana Brânduşa Pavel, Cristian Ioan Vasile, and Ioan Dumitrache 9.1 MembraneComputing AnOverview Membrane Controllers for Mobile Robots AnOverviewoftheResults ConclusionsandFutureDevelopments References Implementing Enzymatic Numerical P Systems for AI Applications by Means of Graphic Processing Units Manuel García Quismondo, Luis F. Macías Ramos, and Mario J. Pérez Jiménez 10.1 Introduction Preliminaries PSystems NumericalPSystems EnzymaticNumericalPSystems DescriptionofEnzymaticNumericalPSystems ENPSs and Artificial Intelligence SimulationofENPSs The Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) Standard forgpucomputing Outline of the CUDA Programming Model The CUDA C Programming Language A GPU Based Simulator for Enzymatic Numerical PSystems DataRepresentation Repartition Coefficients Normalization ProgramChecking Calculation of Production Functions VariableClearing Repartition Protocol Application ExecutionofaSimulationStep RemarksontheSimulator

10 Contents XI 10.6 SimulatorPerformance SimulatorWorkflow PerformanceComparison Conclusions References How to Design an Autonomous Creature Based on Original Artificial Life Approaches Pavel Nahodil and Jaroslav Vítků 11.1 Introduction History of Artificial Life Research State-of-the-Art ComparisontoSimilarArchitectures Integrating Neural Networks and Knowledge-Based Systems for Intelligent Robotic Control Reinforcement-LearningTeleo-Operators Architecture with Elements of Hierarchy, Abstraction, ReinforcementsandMotivations MainIdeasoftheHARMApproach SampleExperiment:TheTreasureProblem Proposed Autonomous Creature BriefDescriptionofDesignedArchitecture Augmenting Original Hierarchical Learning System IntentionalStateSpace DeliberativeActionSelection Planning Artificial Neural Network Learning the Reflexive Behavior SelectedExperiments Two Attractors in Complex Environment HierarchyCreation Part 1 Creation of Hierarchy Based on Intentions Part 2 Planning over the Hierarchy of Decision Spaces Conclusion References Part III: When Artificial Becomes Natural 12 A View on Co-existence of Various Entities in Intelligent Environments Peter Mikulecky and Petr Tucnik 12.1 Introduction RelatedWorks Co-existentialView PerceivingUsersandEnvironment

11 XII Contents 12.5 SignificanceofRoles Conclusions References Multi-agent Systems in Industry: Current Trends & Future Challenges Paulo Leitao 13.1 Introduction Artificial Intelligence and Multi-agent Systems Applications of MAS in Industry CurrentTrendsandFutureChallenges Conclusions References Voice Conservation: Towards Creating a Speech-Aid System for Total Laryngectomees Zdeněk Hanzlíček, Jan Romportl, and Jindřich Matoušek 14.1 Introduction PracticalAspects VoiceConservation Proposed System Layout Speech Synthesis PreliminaryExperiments Conclusion References Extended Mind: Is There Anything at All to Be Externalised? Eva Zackova and Jan Romportl 15.1 Introduction ExtendedMindConception Express Yourself Exted Yourself: Language as amind-transformer CriterionsofExternalCognitiveProcess Hard-WiredSystemCriterion Speech Prosthetics as a Real-Life Application ofextendedmind InternalandExternal References Embodied Agent or Master of Puppets: Human in Relation with his Avatar Mateusz Woźniak 16.1 Introduction TreatingArtificialasReal Avatar VirtualBody BodyRepresentations

12 Contents XIII 16.5 Research Purpose and Methods Results DiscussionandConclusions References Index