Introducing Nuclear Security Topics Through Synergizing Several Existing Courses in Nuclear Engineering Curriculum of Universitas Gadjah Mada

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1 Institute of Nuclear Material Management th Annual Meeting July 2-24, 214 Introducing Nuclear Security Topics Through Synergizing Several Existing Courses in Nuclear Engineering Curriculum of Universitas Gadjah Mada Department of Engineering Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada Jl. Grafika 2, Yogyakarta, 281, Indonesia Abstract Recently, nuclear security has become a global issue in developing nuclear technology, but it is still new issue in Indonesia. Universitas Gadjah Mada as the only one university in Indonesia offerring nuclear engineering curriculum, realizes how important this issue, and hence the university has to play a key role in introducing this issue to the Indonesian, especially to the student. The challenge is how to introduce it effectively without disturbing the existing curriculum. To overcome this challenge, synergy of four existing courses (nuclear reactor design, nuclear reactor analysis, research methodology and nuclear reactor safety) has been conducted. Several working groups consists of students of four courses were assigned to design a robust nuclear reactor safety and security system. During a semester nuclear security topic was introduce to student. Table top exercise was also used to drive student to a more realistic picture. Pre and post questionnaires were given to measure their understanding. Several conceptual nuclear reactor safety and security systems that were made by the student groups are still relied on safety analysis, because nuclear security is a new issue in Indonesia. Based on questionnaires, their understanding on nuclear security concepts are also significantly improved. Although, several matters are still difficult to understand due to the limited time to lecture, and hence an improvement is still needed. 1. Introduction Recently, nuclear security has become a global issue in developing nuclear technology, especially in order to protect nuclear terrorism. Member States of IAEA are responsibles to provide the physical protection of nuclear and other radioactive material

2 Institute of Nuclear Material Management th Annual Meeting July 2-24, 214 and the associated facilities, to ensure the security of such material in transport, and to combat illicit trafficking and the inadvertent movement of radioactive material [1]. This issue makes the challenges on developing nuclear technology to be more complex than the earlier years. Preparing scientist and engineers who are capable to work with today s new challenges has to be conducted [2]. Universitas Gadjah Mada as the only one university in Indonesia offerring nuclear engineering curriculum, realizes how important this issue, and hence the university has to take an initiative in introducing this issue to the Indonesian, especially to the student. Regarding to this purpose, the department has been inviting several guest lectures from several abroad universities and IAEA. Two faculty members had been also sent to Oak Ridge National Laboratory of USA to be trained for exercising insider threat (NSITE). Study tour to six USA s universities supported by PNS had also been conducted in conjuction with lecturing nuclear security topics into the existing courses. Introducing nuclear security in the department is a part of implementation of new teaching paradigm in Universitas Gadjah Mada that was shifted from teacher-centered learning into student-centered learning (SCL) since 24 [3]. The challenge is how to introduce it effectively without disturbing the existing curriculum. 2. Methodology To overcome this challenge, synergy of four existing courses (nuclear reactor design, nuclear reactor analysis, research methodology and nuclear reactor safety) has been conducted in Nuclear Engineering Program Universitas Gadjah Mada in odd semester 213 as the first effort. Several working groups consists of students of four courses were assigned to design a robust nuclear reactor safety and security system as shown in Figure 1. Medical isotope production system was used as case project. During a semester nuclear security topic was introduced to student in the form of case studies or enriching materials. The definitions of 3S, integration of 3S, insider threat, physical protection were given repetitively. Table top exercise was also used to drive student to a more realistic picture on nuclear security threats analysis and responses. They should drew their designed facility onto a white board. They should identified the threat for their facilities, detection and response systems, weakness or vulnerable of system and also the role of each persons to response the threats.

3 Institute of Nuclear Material Management th Annual Meeting July 2-24, 214 Figure 1. Synergy of four courses. Pre and post questionnaires were given to measure their understanding on nuclear security issue. The understanding was categorized in 6 values (1, 2, 3,, 6, 7) which 7 is the best value. There were 1 questions given on pre and post questionnaires that could be grouped into : Nuclear safety, security and safeguards concepts, Threat assesment, Nuclear security system analysis, Role of technology in nuclear security system. 3. Results and Discussions In odd semester 213, there were 3 student s working groups designing conceptual nuclear reactor safety and security systems. All designs were still relied on safety analysis, because safety analysis is still easier to understand for engineering students compared to security analysis. Moreover, this was the first experience for Nuclear Engineering Program in Universitas Gadjah Mada to introduce nuclear security topics into the courses. However as a first step, synergy could significantly improved the student s knowledge on nuclear security concept after attending in courses which is shifted from categorize 2 to categorize as shown in Figure 2. Improvement are worked in all points questioned that are shown in Figure 3, Figure 4, Figure and Figure 6. Of course, the improvement is still needed in the next trying.

4 Percentage (%) Institute of Nuclear Material Management th Annual Meeting July 2-24, 214.% 4.% 3.% 2.% 1.%.% 29.9% 31.3% 29.12% 8.9% 1.67%.%.72% 7.19% 2.62% 47.24% 18.71%.2% Figure 2. The student s knowledge on nuclear security before and after attending in courses. Nuclear security? 3S? Relationship between 3S components? 1 1 Figure 3. The student s knowledge on nuclear safety, security and safeguards concepts.

Institute of Nuclear Material Management th Annual Meeting July 2-24, 214 There are big improvement in questions related to 3S and nuclear security system analysis matters.

for along time in the curriculum. Therefore, the new added material was nuclear security only.

5 Institute of Nuclear Material Management th Annual Meeting July 2-24, 214 There are big improvement in questions related to 3S and nuclear security system analysis matters. It means that definitions of safety, security and safeguards could be delivered well, because courses related to safety and safeguards (nuclear reactor safety and SSAC courses) are already present for along time in the curriculum. Therefore, the new added material was nuclear security only. Nuclear security system analysis was the most unkown matter for student which is shifted from categorize 1 to categorize. In the other hand, most of student has already haven the brief picture of threat to nuclear security matter, and hence their knowledge is not much improved. Among all questions in threat assesment group (Figure 4), risk assesment is the most difficult thing to understand. Risk is related to uncertainty, so assesing an uncertainty is not easy for engineering students who are familiar with certain and quantitatif values, even though they have learnt in nuclear reactor safety course. In this case, they were not just learn to asses an uncertainty related to safety only, but also security risk. Risk assesment? Threat to nuclear security? Threat sources? 1 1 Figure 4. The student s knowledge on threat assesment.

Institute of Nuclear Material Management th Annual Meeting July 2-24, 214 Nuclear security system design? 1 1 1 1 Nuclear security system vulnerability? Nuclear security system analysis?

6 Institute of Nuclear Material Management th Annual Meeting July 2-24, 214 Nuclear security system design? Nuclear security system vulnerability? Nuclear security system analysis? Insider threat? Motivation of insider threat? 1 1 Figure. The student s knowledge on nuclear security system analysis. For solving nuclear security problems needs a comprehensive approach consisting of many field of studies such as engineering, law, political, economics, psichology, etc. Nuclear security system analysis is a comprehensive analysis from all disciplines point of view. Therefore, it is reasonable that student is still difficult to understand in nuclear

Institute of Nuclear Material Management th Annual Meeting July 2-24, 214 security system analysis as mentioned before, especially for undergraduate student (all INSEN s modules for master level).

Among all questions, the most difficult matter to explain was the defense in depth application in nuclear security as shown in Figure 6.

To understand defense in depth application in nuclear security needs more much lecture time for explaining and practising.

7 Institute of Nuclear Material Management th Annual Meeting July 2-24, 214 security system analysis as mentioned before, especially for undergraduate student (all INSEN s modules for master level). Moreover, several matters, insider threat, motivation, security system for instance, are the subjects of social sciences. Among all questions, the most difficult matter to explain was the defense in depth application in nuclear security as shown in Figure 6. As mentioned before that it is first experience to introduce nuclear security topics to student, and hence they just received brief explanation and case or example during a semester. To understand defense in depth application in nuclear security needs more much lecture time for explaining and practising. Their difficulty is reflected in their conceptual design on nuclear reactor safety and security systems that are still relied on safety analysis as described before. It is confirmed in Figure 7 based on the number of student who still chose categorizes 1, 2 and 3 after their attending. Physical protection system? Role of equipment? Defense in depth application in nuclear security? Application of security concept on technology design? Figure 6. The student s knowledge on role of technology in nuclear security system.

8 Frequency Cum. Percentage Institute of Nuclear Material Management th Annual Meeting July 2-24, % 9% 8% 7% 6% % 4% 3% 2% 1% % Questions Figure 7. Pareto diagram for the difficult matter to lecture. 4. Conclusions Several conceptual nuclear reactor safety and security systems that were made by the student groups are still relied on safety analysis, because nuclear security is a new issue in Indonesia. Based on questionnaires, their understanding on nuclear security concepts are also significantly improved. Although, several matters are still difficult to understand due to the limited time to lecture, and hence an improvement is still needed. Acknowledgment We would like to thank to Partnership for Nuclear Security (PNS)-USA and CRDF Global for their support in enhancing our courses with nuclear security topics. Reference [1]. Nuclear Security Culture : Implementing Guide. IAEA Nuclear Security Series No. 7, Vienna, 28. [2]. Nuclear Security Culture for Scientist and Engineers, Rev 2., A WINS International Best Practice Guide for Your Organization, Vienna, 212. [3]. Harsono, et.al, Student-centered learning, Centre for Education Development Universitas Gadjah Mada, 2.

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