Human-Computer Interaction Series

Transcription

1 Human-Computer Interaction Series Editors-in-chief John Karat IBM Thomas Watson Research Center (USA) Jean Vanderdonckt Université catholique de Louvain (Belgium) Series Editorial Board Gaëlle Calvary, LIG-University of Grenoble 1, France John Carroll, School of Information Sciences & Technology, Penn State University, U.S.A. Gilbert Cockton, Northumbria University, U.K. Larry Constantine, University of Madeira, Portugal, and Constantine & Lockwood Ltd, Rowley, MA, U.S.A. Steven Feiner, Columbia University, U.S.A. Peter Forbrig, Universität Rostock, Germany Elizabeth Furtado, University of Fortaleza, Brazil Hans Gellersen, Lancaster University, U.K. Robert Jacob, Tufts University, U.S.A. Hilary Johnson, University of Bath, U.K. Kumiyo Nakakoji, University of Tokyo, Japan Philippe Palanque, Université Paul Sabatier, France Oscar Pastor, University of Valencia, Spain Fabio Pianesi, Bruno Kessler Foundation (FBK), Italy Costin Pribeanu, National Institute for Research & Development in Informatics, Romania Gerd Szwillus, Universität Paderborn, Germany Manfred Tscheligi, University of Salzberg, Austria Gerrit van der Veer, University of Twente, The Netherlands Shumin Zhai, IBM Almaden Research Center, U.S.A. Thomas Ziegert, SAP Research CEC Darmstadt, Germany

2 Human-Computer Interaction is a multidisciplinary field focused on human aspects of the development of computer technology. As computer-based technology becomes increasingly pervasive - not just in developed countries, but worldwide - the need to take a human-centered approach in the design and development of this technology becomes ever more important. For roughly 30 years now, researchers and practitioners in computational and behavioral sciences have worked to identify theory and practice that influences the direction of these technologies, and this diverse work makes up the field of human-computer interaction. Broadly speaking it includes the study of what technology might be able to do for people and how people might interact with the technology. In this series we present work which advances the science and technology of developing systems which are both effective and satisfying for people in a wide variety of contexts. The human-computer interaction series will focus on theoretical perspectives (such as formal approaches drawn from a variety of behavioral sciences), practical approaches (such as the techniques for effectively integrating user needs in system development), and social issues (such as the determinants of utility, usability and acceptability). For further volumes:

3 Estefanía Martín Pablo A. Haya Rosa M. Carro Editors User Modeling and Adaptation for Daily Routines Providing Assistance to People with Special Needs 123

4 Editors Estefanía Martín Department of Languages and Computer Systems Universidad Rey Juan Carlos Madrid Spain Pablo A. Haya IIC-Knowledge Engineering Institute Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid Spain Rosa M. Carro Department of Computer Science and Engineering Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid Spain ISSN ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Springer London Heidelberg New York Dordrecht Library of Congress Control Number: Springer-Verlag London 2013 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (

5 Preface This book arises from the motivation of bringing to attention how adaptive methods and techniques can benefit people with special needs in their everyday lives. Assistive technologies, adaptive systems and context-aware applications are three well-established research fields. There is, in fact, a vast amount of literature that covers HCI-related issues in each area separately. However, the contributions in the intersectionof these areashave been less visible, despite the fact the potential impact of such synergies may have on improving daily living. In this context, the workshops on User Modeling and Adaptation for Daily Routines: Providing Assistance to People with Special and Specific Needs (UMADR), held at UMAP 2010 and UMAP 2011, respectively, sought to increase the visibility of these challenging works. The interest generated by these two editions gave the initial impulse of this book. The works presented in this book seek to reduce the obstacles encountered by individuals with special needs. Furthermore, they share two particular characteristics: (1) they provide assistance by means of interactive computer systems that can be adapted or adapt themselves to their current users; and (2) they focus on daily life routines rather than virtual access and interaction. We expand the definition of special needs in such a way that the reader can find works that impact on users traditionally considered with special needs, such as those with psychological or cognitive limitations, or elderly people, as well as people facing unusual routines such as health treatments. Regardless of the application-domain, the main goal here is to be able to provide a customizable assistance to users according to their context, that is, considering their capabilities, their preferences and needs, their location, or the available resources and devices (PDAs, smart phones, laptops, etc.). Clearly, modeling user s capabilities, situations, limitations and needs is an essential task for adapting the activities to each user. Thus, this is also one of the key topics of discussion. This book pursues a comprehensive review of state-of-the-art practices on user modeling and adaptation for people with special needs, as well as the challenges to be addressed in order to achieve their actual deployment. Therefore, the book topics include analysis, design, implementation and evaluation of adaptive systems v

6 vi Preface to assist users with special needs to take decisions and fulfill daily routine activities, with special emphasis on major trends in: modeling user features, limitations and special needs; representing daily activities, including potential difficulties and decisions to be taken; designing and building adaptive assistants for daily routines; and evaluating the use of this type of assistants. Structure of This Book The first chapter presents a succinct review of adaptive systems related with disabled people. The reader can get an idea of the related research work in this area, extracting the main opportunities and challenges. Next, the book is structured in three parts: Models and Theories, Design, Prototyping and Implementation and Evaluation. The first part Models and Theories focuses on modeling different features (e.g. the user s personal traits, including the affective state; the task to be done; the user s context; etc.). Sometimes, these features are well-known when the user is located at a familiar environment. However, users can do sporadic interactions in unforeseen situations. In this case, the adaptation of the activities is performed by combining previous information from the same user in other environments or by inferring the user needs taking into account the knowledge about previous interactions of similar users in the same situations. These users features will be considered to assist them in performing daily routines, both at home and in outdoor environments. Therefore, the integration and sharing of user s models, as well as deriving conclusions about them, are key factors when users can be in different environments and use different devices. The second part presents how to design, prototype and implement applications for people with special needs. One of the most important challenges of adaptive systems is to define the key user features to be considered for adaptation, taking into account the activity to be done and the context where the user will carry it out. The variety regarding the type and potential ranges of disabilities makes it difficult to use the term average disabled user. Thus, it is complicated to find which features would be more appropriate to be taken into account for task personalization. The awareness of the user needs, their capabilities, and limitations is necessary for a correct interface design, as well as for assisting the user in the task accomplishment. Bearing these factors in mind during system design leads to more usable systems, whose interfaces fit the user needs better, making the time needed to learn how to interact with it shorter. On the other hand, currently, one of the most popular types of adaptive systems are recommender systems, which try to deliver information to the users according to the interests, preferences and needs of each individual at every time. Related to the scope of this book, many current research works deal with recommender systems that assist people with special needs in health-related

7 Preface vii aspects during their daily lives. In this direction, the last chapter of this part presents a review of recommender systems emphasizing the design and implementation of health recommender systems. Adaptive applications have the potential to assist users with special needs. However, evaluating the usability of such adaptive applications tends to become very complex. The evaluation part of this book is focused on the evaluation of usability from different points of view and applications. There are several evaluation procedures and metrics oriented to non-impaired users. However, understanding the behavior of people with special needs presents its own particularities. This difference is accentuated in field studies where traditional metrics (time to complete a task, errors made, workload, etc.) may not provide useful information. Following this direction, the first chapter of this part presents a discussion of the challenges of field evaluation with impaired populations, explained through the experience of a research study with cognitively impaired people receiving mobile assistance while travelling. The next chapter is centered in the evaluation of recommender systems, covering a variety of tried and tested methods and metrics. Following with the topic of recommender systems for health, a case study that investigates the applicability of a suite of recommender algorithms in a recipe recommender system aimed to assist individuals in planning their daily food intake is presented. Finally, a proposal for automated usability evaluation of model-based adaptive user interfaces is presented in the last chapter of this book. This approach can be used at an early stage of the developments. User interactions are simulated and evaluated by combining a user model with other user interface models from a model-based development framework, which is capable of providing different adaptation alternatives based on the user attributes and the context of use. As a result, different design alternatives and adaptation variants can be compared under equal usability evaluation criteria. Audience This book targets technological and social researchers interested in user modeling and adaptation for people with special needs, enterprises who want to develop personalized technological products for everybody, practitioners who are interested in applying adaptation strategies for supporting people with special needs in their daily lives and HCI-oriented Ph.D. students working on the area of user modeling and adaptation for people with special needs. In addition, this book will be useful for the academic curriculum and will hopefully stimulate new research findings to advance the knowledge of how to help people with special needs in their life by providing the best adaptation to support their usual activities. Madrid, Spain August 2012 Estefanía Martín Pablo A. Haya Rosa M. Carro

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9 Acknowledgements We would like to thank all the authors for their valuable and outstanding contributions to this book. Without their effort, this book edition would have not been possible. We would also like to thank the reviewers, who helped us to select the chapters for this book, and offered insightful and detailed comments on the selected ones. Their constructive feedback to authors contributed to the high quality of the book through. The reviewers are: Ryan S.J.d. Baker, Columbia University Teachers College (United States) Jesús G. Boticario, Universidad Nacional a Distancia (Spain) Manuel Freire, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (Spain) Serge Garlatti, Telecom Bretagne (France) Simeon Keates, University of Abertay Dundee (United Kingdom) Tsvi Kuflik, University of Haifa (Israel) Alexandros Paramythis, Cyberhouse Gmbh (Austria) Olga C. Santos, Universidad Nacional a Distancia (Spain) Richard Simpson, University of Pittsburgh (United States) Leon Urbas, Technische Universität Dresden (Germany) Yang Wang, Carnegie Mellon University (United States) Michael V. Yudelson, Carnegie Mellon University (United States) Floriano Zini, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano (Italy) We would like to acknowledge to the Project ASIES (TIN ), funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, which supports the participation of the guest editors in this book. We are grateful to Beverley Ford, Helen Desmond and Ben Bishop from Springer UK for their help and support. Finally, our special thanks to our family and friends. Madrid, Spain August 2012 Estefanía Martín Pablo A. Haya Rosa M. Carro ix

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11 Contents 1 Adaptation Technologies to Support Daily Living for All... 1 Estefanía Martín, Pablo A. Haya, and Rosa M. Carro Part I Models and Theories 2 Extending In-Home User and Context Models to Provide Ubiquitous Adaptive Support Outside the Home Amaia Aizpurua, Idoia Cearreta, Borja Gamecho, Raúl Miñón, Nestor Garay-Vitoria, Luis Gardeazabal, and Julio Abascal 3 Diagnostic and Accessibility Based User Modelling Stefan P. Carmien and Alberto Martínez Cantera 4 User Modeling in Social Interaction with a Caring Agent Berardina De Carolis, Irene Mazzotta, Nicole Novielli, and Sebastiano Pizzutilo Part II Design, Prototyping and Implementation 5 AGILE Interface for No-Learning Nor Experience Required Interaction Santiago Martinez, Antonio L. Carrillo, Kenneth C. Scott-Brown, and Juan Falgueras 6 Context-Aware Recommender Systems Influenced by the Users Health-Related Data Martín López-Nores, Yolanda Blanco-Fernández, José J. Pazos-Arias, and Manuela I. Martín-Vicente xi

12 xii Contents Part III Evaluation 7 Requirements Engineering in a Mobile Setting: How Travelers with a Cognitive Impairment Ask for and Use Help Stephen Fickas, Rik Lemoncello, and McKay Moore Sohlberg 8 Evaluating Recommender Systems for Supportive Technologies Jill Freyne and Shlomo Berkovsky 9 Automated Usability Evaluation of Model-Based Adaptive User Interfaces for Users with Special and Specific Needs by Simulating User Interaction Michael Quade, Grzegorz Lehmann, Klaus-Peter Engelbrecht, Dirk Roscher, and Sahin Albayrak Index