Light management in photovoltaics using nanotechnology

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1 Light management in photovoltaics using nanotechnology Albert Polman Center for Nanophotonics FOM-Institute AMOLF Amsterdam, The Netherlands

3 Solar irradiance on earth assuming 30% PV, 175 W/m 2

4 Solar irradiance on earth assuming 30% PV, 175 W/m 2

5 Solar irradiance on earth assuming 30% PV, 175 W/m 2

6 The solar spectrum T sun =5800 K Si bandgap

7 The solar spectrum polymer bandgap T sun =5800 K

8 Proxima centauri Discovered in 2016 Nature 536, 437 (2016) image: ESO/M. Kornmesser

9 Proxima centauri spectrum Spectral intensity (W/m 2 /nm) T PC =3042 K Si bandgap Si solar cell 25 14% Wa v e le(nm) n g t h

10 Proxima centauri spectrum Spectral intensity (W/m 2 /nm) polymer bandgap polymer solar cell 11 3% T PC =3042 K Wa v e le(nm) n g t h

11 Our solar spectrum - visible spectrum T sun =5800 K

12 Solar cell basic design

13 The solar spectrum T sun =5800 K

14 Absorption edge and quantum defect Quantum defect E g Absorption above bandgap

15 Voltage is lower than bandgap energy I ext = I 0 exp(v/kt)-i SC

16 Voltage is lower than bandgap energy I ext = I 0 exp(v/kt)-i SC

17 Voltage is lower than bandgap energy I ext = I 0 exp(v/kt)-i SC

18 Voltage is lower than bandgap energy E g

19 Voltage is lower than bandgap energy E g 34 %

20 Shockley-Queisser efficiency limit: 34% 34% W. Shockley, H. J. Queisser Detailed balance limit of efficiency of p-n junction solar cells J. Appl. Phys 32, (1961)

21 Record solar cell efficiencies Science 352, 207 (2016)

22 J sc and V oc relative to SQ limit for each material carrier management AMOLF light management Science 352, 207 (2016)

23 J sc and V oc relative to SQ limit for each material carrier management AMOLF light management Schrődinger Maxwell Science 352, 207 (2016)

24 The light scattering solar cell Light coupling and trapping by resonant light scatterers 4% n=1.0 n=3.5 96% H.A. Atwater and A. Polman Nature Mater. 9, 205 (2010), Nature Mater. 11, 174 (2012)

25 Plasmonic vs. dielectric particles Q = scat C C scat geom Metal nanoparticle: plasmonic resonance Dielectric nanoparticle: geometrical (Mie) resonance H.A. Atwater and A. Polman Nature Mater. 9, 205 (2010)

26 Three nanoscale light management architectures Light trapping in ultra-thin CIGS solar cells Transparent conducting silver nanowire contacts Mie scattering coloured solar panels, spectral splitters

27 Nanopatterned ultrathin CIGS solar cells CIGS world record: 22% ZSW Stuttgart Thickness: µm Mark Knight, Claire van Lare, Guanchao Yin ACS Nano 9, 9603 (2015)

28 Optical waveguide modes in ultrathin CIGS solar cells k 0 (rad/µm) Wavelength (nm) k wg (rad/µm) SEM Fourier space Mark Knight, Magda Sola Garcia, Guanchao Yin Adv. Opt. Mater. 4, in press (2016)

Nanopatterned ultrathin CIGS solar cells Better light trapping J sc 28.6 30.6 ma/cm 2 Lower recombination V oc 583 592 mv J sc = 34.

29 Nanopatterned ultrathin CIGS solar cells Better light trapping J sc ma/cm 2 Lower recombination V oc mv J sc = 34.0 ma/cm 2 93% of world record for 1/7 th of the thickness Mark Knight, Guanchao Yin, Magda Sola Garcia, Claire van Lare ACS Nano 9, 9603 (2015), Adv. Opt. Mater. 4, in press (2016)

30 Tailoring spatial frequencies for waveguide mode coupling Periodic cylinder pattern Optimized random cylinders Optimized random geometry Fourier space Real space Real space Claire van Lare ACS Photon. 2, 822 (2015)

31 The solar cell as an optical integrated circuit our work world record Mark Knight, Guanchao Yin, Claire van Lare Adv. Opt. Mater. 4, in press (2016)

33 Si heterojunction solar cell with front contacts Ag fingers ITO bus bar p + i i n - a-si:h conductive Ag/ITO mirror Mark Knight, Paula Bronsveld Nano Energy 30, 398 (2016)

34 Problem: shading by Ag fingers V oc mv J sc FF Eff ma cm -2 % ITO, 2 mm ITO, 5 mm NW hybrid mm 5 mm low J sc low FF Mark Knight, Paula Bronsveld Nano Energy 30, 398 (2016)

resonators SiN x antireflection, protect

35 Nanowire hybrid electrode design Ag nanowires SiN x ITO A wire 80 nm x 120 nm Thin ITO protect passivating a-si Ag NWs engineered conductivity, plasmonic resonators SiN x antireflection, protect NWs Mark Knight, Paula Bronsveld Nano Energy 30, 398 (2016)

36 Plasmonic nanowire resonances k Ag wire 80 x 120 nm E SiN x E ITO E Mark Knight, Paula Bronsveld Nano Energy 30, 398 (2016)

Current-voltage response V oc mv J sc FF Eff ma cm -2 % ITO, 2 mm 696 32.0 0.676 15.0 ITO, 5 mm 683 34.7 0.604 14.

37 Current-voltage response V oc mv J sc FF Eff ma cm -2 % ITO, 2 mm ITO, 5 mm NW hybrid µm width: 80 nm height: 120 nm Mark Knight, Paula Bronsveld Nano Energy 30, 398 (2016)

38 Nanowires on µ-textured Si Si Ag

39 Resonant light scattering from Mie cylinders Jorik van de Groep Optics Express. 21, (2013)

40 Resonant light scattering for colored PV Back reflection from Si nanocylinders in glass h=175 nm r=50 nm Reflectance Wavelength (nm) Verena Neder, Piero Spinelli Nature Comm. 3, 692 (2012)

41 Resonant light scattering for colored PV Back reflection from Si nanocylinders in glass h=175 nm r=50 nm r=60 nm Reflectance r=40 nm Wavelength (nm) Verena Neder

42 Resonant light scattering for colored PV Intensity (a.u.) Intensity (a.u.) Intensity (a.u.) Wavelength (nm) Wavelength (nm) Wavelength (nm) Python color code: markkness.net/colorpy/colorpy.html Verena Neder

43 Solar spectrum Spectral intensity (W/m 2 /nm) E g (Si) Wa v e l e(nm) n g t h total power 1000 W/m 2 SQ limit=33.7% at E g =1.34 ev Verena Neder

44 Modified solar spectrum Spectral intensity (W/m 2 /nm) E g (Si) Wa v e l e(nm) n g t h total power 926 W/m 2 SQ limit (eff) =31.5% at E g =1.13 ev Verena Neder

45 Spectrum splitting dielectric metasurface from: Li et al., Nano Lett. 16, 4396 (2016) Tom Veeken

46 Summary

Collaborators Mark Knight Verena Neder Magda Sola

van de Groep Paula Bronsveld Wim Sinke Marc

Management in new Photovoltaic Materials (LMPV)

47 Collaborators Mark Knight Verena Neder Magda Sola Garcia Tom Veeken Claire van Lare Piero Spinelli Jorik van de Groep Paula Bronsveld Wim Sinke Marc Verschuuren Guanchao Yin Martina Schmid Light Management in new Photovoltaic Materials (LMPV) program Esther Alarcon Llado, Albert Polman, Bruno Ehrler, Erik Garnett

10/14/2009. Semiconductor basics pn junction Solar cell operation Design of silicon solar cell

10/14/2009. Semiconductor basics pn junction Solar cell operation Design of silicon solar cell PHOTOVOLTAICS Fundamentals PV FUNDAMENTALS Semiconductor basics pn junction Solar cell operation Design of silicon solar cell SEMICONDUCTOR BASICS Allowed energy bands Valence and conduction band Fermi