Determination of Antenna Q from the Reflection-Coefficient Data
|
|
- Jerome York
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Antnna Dsignr s Notbook Foundd by Hal Shrank Tom Milligan 84 W Polk Pl Littlton CO 8 USA Tl: + () tmilligan@i.org http// Dtrmination of Antnna Q from th Rflction-Cofficint Data Darko Kajfz and Atf Z. Elshrbni Cntr of Applid Elctromagntic Systms Rsarch (CAESR) Elctrical Enginring Dpartmnt Univrsity of Mississippi Univrsity MS USA darko@olmiss.du Elctrical Enginring and Computr Scinc Dpartmnt Colorado School of Mins Goldn CO 84 lshrbni@i.org Abstract Equivalnt circuits containing frquncy-variabl radiation rsistancs ar postulatd for small monopol and small loop antnnas abov a ground plan. Th quivalnt circuits ar valid blow th fi rst natural rsonanc frquncy. By adding an xtrnal sris inductanc or a paralll capacitanc th antnna s Q is valuatd with th us of an invariant form for th rfl ction coffi cint. Th antnna s Q obtaind this way accuratly prdicts th maximum obtainabl bandwidth for ithr a singl- or doubl-tund matchd antnna. At frquncis abov th fi rst rsonanc th Q is valuatd by approximating th impdanc or th rfl ction coffi cint with polynomials within a narrow frquncy rang. Kywords: Low Q; data fi tting; last squars; fi nit diffrncs; small antnnas; bandwidth prdiction; invariant dfi nition of Q 54 IEEE Antnnas and Propagation Magazin Vol. 55 No. 4 August
2 . Introduction Microwav rsonators that ar usd in filtrs oscillators or in th masurmnt of matrial proprtis ar charactrizd by high Q valus oftn xcding valus of or 4. Th rflction cofficints of such rsonators ar charactrizd by prfct circls in th complx plan th so-calld Q circls []. An accurat dtrmination of th Q-factor valu rquirs applying a data-fitting procdur to th Q circl. This was originally manually don on a Smith chart [] and latr don numrically with th us of a computr [ 4]. For considrably smallr valus of th Q factor say blow th valu of th circls on a Smith chart bcom distortd into arcs or loops so that th assumptions usd in dtrmining th high Q factors ar not valid anymor. It thus bcoms ncssary to dvlop mthods of dtrmining th low Q valu from any shap of th rflction cofficint as a func tion of frquncy. Exampls of dvics xhibiting low Q fac tors ar antnnas in particular antnnas that ar small in comparison with a wavlngth [5]. Knowing th Q valu of a particular antnna bfor vn attmpting to match it can b valuabl a priori information in th dsign procss bcaus th valu of Q dtrmins th maximum thortical bandwidth that can b obtaind aftr th match. Rfrnc [6] pointd out simpl quations that prdictd th bandwidths for singl and doubl tuning that can b obtaind for a known valu of th Q factor and for a prscribd standing-wav ratio. A slight improvmnt can b achivd by tripl-tuning [7]. Th mthods to b dscribd hr ar basd on th known bhavior of th rflction cofficint as a function of frquncy. This rflction cofficint can b obtaind ithr by masurmnt using a ntwork analyzr or by computation using lctromagntic-simulation softwar. Two diffrnt quivalnt circuits will b discussd: on for a short dipol (or monopol) antnna and anothr for a short loop antnna. Basd on th quations for th quivalnt circuits a systm of ovrdtrmind linar quations with ral cofficints is dvlopd and solvd by th last-squars procdur. Th cofficints obtaind ar thn usd for computing th Q factor of th antnna. It is wll known that th monopol bcoms rsonant whn its lngth is approximatly on-quartr wavlngth and th loop antnna achivs rsonanc whn its circumfrnc is about on-half of th wavlngth. Th quivalnt circuits accuratly mimic th input rflction-cofficint bhavior starting from th vry low frquncis and up to this first natural rsonanc. At highr frquncis th simpl quivalnt circuits ar not adquat anymor. Howvr it is possibl to approximat th input impdanc with polynomials within a narrow rang around th frquncy of intrst in ordr to dtrmin th antnna s Q from ths polynomials. A simplr altrnativ procdur will also b dscribd basd on a finit-diffrnc mthod that likwis provids th antnna s Q factor.. Computational Approach Th Q factor is a ral numbr that spcifis how sharp is th rsonanc of a crtain rsonator. Th subjct of this papr is how to dtrmin th unloadd Q factor from a known function of th input rflction cofficint Γ (a complx numbr). In gnral Γ is a rational function of th complx frquncy s σ + jω which can b rprsntd as n n n n... n n... ans + a s + as+ a Γ ( s) n b s + b s + bs+ b Whn th cofficints of th polynomials in th numrator and dnominator ar spcifid th function Γ ( s) is uniquly dfind and can b utilizd to dtrmin th corrsponding Q as will b shown in th papr. Th problm of dtrmining th antnna s Q factor thn rducs to spcifying an appropriat quivalnt circuit which can b dscribd as a rational func tion of th form of Equation () such that th last-squars datafitting procdur can b applid to valuat th coffi cints a n and b n. With th hlp of ths cofficints th func tion Γ ( s) bcoms a smooth and wll-bhavd function amnabl to having drivativs takn. Th valu of th unloadd Q factor can thn b computd from th invariant formula [8] Q dγ f df Γ f f. () () whr f is th rsonant frquncy of th unloadd rsonator. Instad of xprssing th unloadd Q in trms of th rflction cofficint it is possibl to xprss it in trms of th invariant dfinitions of th input impdanc or admittanc [8- ]. W prfr to us th rflction cofficint for two ra sons. First th ntwork analyzr typically provids th output data fil for th ral and imaginary parts of Γ (dnotd S ) valuatd at a numbr of quidistant frquncis. Scond for th numrical data-fitting procdur to run smoothly it is prudnt to avoid data that can tak vry larg valus. Unlik th impdanc or admittanc th rflction cofficint is a boundd function of frquncy th absolut valu of which always rmains smallr than unity (whn only passiv nt works ar involvd). Th dtails of th computational procdur for valuating th Q factors of a small antnna will b xplaind nxt for two IEEE Antnnas and Propagation Magazin Vol. 55 No. 4 August 55
3 practical situations namly for a small dipol and for a small loop. Ths two xampls wr slctd bcaus only a small numbr of ral cofficints is ndd for an accurat rprsntation of th complx function Γ ( f ) a fact that simplifis th prsntation of th computational procdur involvd and bcaus ths antnnas ar dvics whr it is of advantag to possss a low Q factor. Howvr for vry low frquncis th antnnas Q factors again bcom vry larg. Th procdurs to b dscribd hr ar nvrthlss also valid for thos larg Q-factor valus.. Small Dipol Antnna A dipol antnna rachs its lowst natural rsonanc whn its al lngth is qual to on-half of th fr-spac wavlngth. For a monopol antnna th sam is tru whn its lngth is on-quartr of th fr-spac wavlngth. At frquncis blow this rsonanc th input-impdanc quiva lnt circuit consists mainly of th larg capacitiv ractanc and a small radiation rsistanc as shown in Figur a. Th input charactristic impdanc of th ntwork analyzr is typi cally R c 5 Ω. It is thus convnint to normaliz th impd anc valus to R. c Th radiation rsistanc R a of a short dipol antnna is a quadratic function of frquncy [ p. ]. Th capacitiv ractanc X C is dominant bing many tims largr than R a. Th inductiv ractanc X L is small but it nds to b addd for bttr agrmnt with ralistic data. whr Ra d r R d d c f f X + XL xl (5) R XC xc. R c f f c f f Th rflction cofficint bcoms ( ) ( ) ϕ + ϕ ϕ z d j d d Γ u + jv. z + d + + j d d ϕ ϕ ϕ (6) Any Q factor is spcifid at th rsonant frquncy f whr th rflction cofficint crosss th ral axis. At frquncis of intrst th small dipol is not yt rsonant bcaus its input impdanc is dominatd by capacitiv rac tanc X. Th radr may b asking How com th paprs on small antnnas display th antnna s Q factor as a continu ous function of frquncy? Sinc soonr or latr th input impdanc of th small antnna will hav to b matchd to bcom mainly ral Collin [] proposd to dfi n th antnna s Q by adding an idal losslss ractiv lmnt so that th impdanc bcoms purly ral at th frquncy of intrst. This is illustratd in Figur b whr an xtrnal inductanc X is addd to th circuit so that th al input impdanc bcoms ral at th prscribd frquncy f. C Figur a. Th quivalnt circuit of th unloadd mono pol antnna. For convninc of th data-fitting numrical procdur w introduc th normalizd frquncy ϕ : f ϕ () f so that th normalizd input impdanc z bcoms ϕ ϕ ϕ z d + j d d (4) Figur b. Th antnna augmntd with an xtrnal sris inductanc. 56 IEEE Antnnas and Propagation Magazin Vol. 55 No. 4 August
4 Dividing Equation (6) into its ral and imaginary parts w obtain two quations: ϕ ϕ ϕ d u + d v d v + u (7) ( ) ( ) ϕ ϕ ϕ d v+ d u d u v. (8) For ach frquncy thr ar two quations lik th abov. W thus hav a systm of linar quations of th typ di i h. (9) i Th partitiond vctors apparing in Equation (9) ar dfind as follows: ( ϕ ϕ v 4. Small Loop Antnna Figur a shows th quivalnt circuit of a small loop antnna. Th impdanc bhavior is dominatd by th loop s inductanc X L and th radiation rsistanc R a. For a small loop antnna th radiation rsistanc is proportional to th fourth powr of frquncy [ p. 5]. Th prsnc of any stord lctric nrgy must b modld by a paralll capacitiv ractanc X C bcaus th input impdanc at vry low frquncis must in th limit approach a short circuit so X C cannot b in sris with X L as in Figur a. To mak th small loop antnna rsonant at frquncy f an xtrnal loss lss capacitiv ractanc X should b addd to th circuit as shown in Figur b. Th radiation rsistanc and th rac tancs ar normalizd in a similar way as in th prvious sc tion. Th ovrall rflction cofficint bcoms 4 5 ϕ + ϕ + ϕ 4ϕ d d j d d Γ d d j d d 4 5 ϕ + ϕ + ϕ+ 4ϕ. (4) h ϕv ϕ ( ϕ v ϕ ( + u. v () To solv th ovrdtrmind systm of Equation () on dfins matrix D as follows: ( ) D () so that th solution in th last-squars sns is Figur a. Th quivalnt circuit of th unloadd loop antnna. d d d ( DD ' ) h. () d Onc w know th cofficints d to d w can prform th drivativ rquird in Equation () valuatd at ϕ : Γ d+ j d + d ϕ ϕ + + d d d j d d. () Th absolut valu of th abov is substitutd into Equa tion () and thn dividd by Γ to gt th numrical valu of Q valid at th frquncy f. Figur b. Th antnna augmntd by an xtrnal paralll capacitanc. IEEE Antnnas and Propagation Magazin Vol. 55 No. 4 August 57
5 By dividing Equation (4) into its ral and imaginary parts w formulat again a linar systm of th typ in Equation (9). Th partitiond vctors apparing in th quation ar th fol lowing: 4 ( ϕ 4 vϕ ( + ϕ vϕ vϕ (5) ( ϕ involvd in obtaining th masurd or simulatd data th rsults of Equation (7) ar not as accurat as th rsults obtaind by th last-squars procdur. Howvr whn th procdur basd on Equation (7) is rpatd for svral nighboring valus of th indx i th rsultant valu of Q is not supposd to apprciably chang. W found that if th finitdiffrnc procdur is applid to say fiv nighboring points th man valu of ths fiv rsults yilds Q within a fw prcnt of th valu obtaind by th analytic diffrntia tion dscribd in th prvious sctions. Thrfor it is con vnint to valuat Q by both mthods to chck whthr thy provid similar rsults. Anothr advantag of using th finit-diffrnc procdur is that w can intrprt th standard dviation of ths fiv points to indicat th standard rror of Q albit with a pssimistic stimat. 4 5 vϕ 5 ( + ϕ 6. Exampls 6. Sphrical-Cap Dipol + u h. v Not that thr ar now four cofficints although thr ar only thr ral circuit unknowns: R a X L and X C. Ths cofficints provid a good dscription of Γ ( f ) and w s no problm in using thm to obtain th valu of Q by th invariant formula of Equation (). It will b rcalld that th drivativ of a rational function is a ba ab. b b (6) Thortically dipol antnnas can achiv a valu of Q lowr than []. Lopz [6] dscribd a small dipol loadd with a sphrical cap which h matchd (ithr singl-tund or doubl-tund) to a bandwidth corrsponding to Q 9. For th frquncy rang 86.5 MHz to.5 MHz th input rflction cofficint of this antnna was plottd in Lopz s Figur b. W procssd ths rflction-cofficint data two tims: first for th quivalnt circuit in Figur a and thn again for th quivalnt circuit shown in Figur b. Whn th coffi cints d i ( i to ) wr valuatd for th first tim th rflction cofficint Γ was valuatd by Equation (6). Figur shows a Although th numrator and th dnominator hav to b diffrntiatd sparatly and thn ths factors combind according to Equation (6) all ths stps ar asily pro grammd on a computr. 5. Finit-Diffrnc Procdur Th input data fil that contains valus of th rflction cofficint as a function of frquncy is usually stord with data at quidistant frquncy intrvals f. Suppos that th ith point of th data fil dnots th dsird frquncy f. Th valu of Q is thn obtaind by th scond-ordr finitdiffrnc approximation as follows: ( i ) ( i ) Γ + Γ f Γ i Q i f i. (7) Bcaus of th limitd numbr of digits with which th data ar xprssd as wll bcaus of any othr approxima tions Figur. Th rflction cofficints of th unloadd and augmntd sphrical-cap antnna. 58 IEEE Antnnas and Propagation Magazin Vol. 55 No. 4 August
6 Lopz s original points shown as circls and th rcomputd points obtaind from Equation (6) shown as + symbols. At first glanc th two data sts agr wll with ach othr. Th actual distancs btwn th data ar plottd in Figur 4. It can b sn that th ovrall agrmnt with th modl from our Figur a was about on-half prcnt. An advantag of our rprsntation in Equation (6) is that it is continuous. It is thrfor possibl to accuratly prdict th valu of th xtrnal ractanc X at th frquncy of intrst vn if that frquncy dos not coincid with on of th data points. For a targt frquncy f MHz th nor malizd cofficint was found to b d x.74. According to Figur b this ractanc was addd to th antnna s ractanc. Th normalizd impdanc was obtaind from th rflction-cofficint data as z a +Γ. (8) Γ Th impdanc was thn augmntd by th xtrnal induc tanc as follows: a z ϕ z ϕ + jx ϕ (9) and th rsult was transformd back into th rflction cofficint z Γ z +. () Th data-fitting procdur was rpatd for th aug mntd rflction cofficint using Equation () and th nw cofficints d i ( i to ) wr found. Th valus of Γ wr now cntrd on th ral axis. As sn in Figur 4 th data obtaind by Equation () still agrd with th data obtaind from th nw cofficints d i ( i to ) substitutd into Equation (6) but not as prfctly as bfor. Most actual distancs shown in Figur 4 wr now smallr than % of th Smith-chart radius. Our valus of th antnna Q factor wr first as valuatd by data fitting Q 7.9 ; and scond as valuatd by finit diffrnc Q 8. ±.. It is customary to spcify th largst mismatch that can b tolratd within th prscribd bandwidth in trms of th rturn loss RL in dcibls. Th rturn loss is rlatd to th absolut valu of th rflction cofficint Γ as follows: RL. ρ Γ () Th thortical rlativ bandwidth that can b achivd for a givn Q and a givn Γ was found by Whlr (rfrnc [] in th Lopz papr). For a singl-tund matching th rlativ bandwidth is Figur 4. Th distancs btwn th data fittd points and th original data. BW Q ρ ρ () whras for th doubl-tund matching th thortically possibl rlativ bandwidth is ρ BW Q ( ρ ). () By substituting Q into Equations () and () it was possi bl to prdict that th sphrical-cap antnna could b singl-tund to a -db rlativ bandwidth of.7% or doubl-tund to a rlativ bandwidth of 9.% vn bfor th actual match was attmptd. Ths valus agrd wll with Lopz s rsults. 6. Loop Antnna Abov th Ground Plan Figur 5 shows a printd-circuit loop antnna on a ground plan. Th loop consistd of a mm-wid strip with outsid dimnsions of 4 mm 4 mm. Th substrat was.5 mm thick and its rlativ dilctric constant was ε r.5. As this antnna could b containd within a hmisphr of radius a 4 47 mm it was considrd small for ka < i.. up to a frquncy of 5 MHz. Th input impdanc of th loop antnna in a printd form ovr a dilctric substrat was simulatd using th FDTD mthod basd on [4]. For computational simplicity th ground plan was rmovd and th input impdanc was computd for a loop twic as big in fr spac. Th computd impdanc was dividd by two to rprsnt th impdanc of a loop on an infinit ground plan. Th computd valus ar shown in Figur 6 for th frquncy rang MHz to 5 MHz. IEEE Antnnas and Propagation Magazin Vol. 55 No. 4 August 59
7 Thortically at zro frquncy th input impdanc was a short circuit which is th lft-most point on th ral axis of th Smith chart in Figur 6. As frquncy grw th points movd on th priphry of th Smith chart in th clockwis dirction. Th impdanc at first was purly inductiv. Th lowst computd point shown in Figur 6 was at MHz. As frquncy furthr grw th points movd in a clockwis mannr and at 48 MHz thy crossd th ral axis and bcom capacitiv. This was th first natural rsonant frquncy of th antnna. Although th impdanc was ral th valu was vry high (about 9 kω ) and difficult to match to 5 Ω. Aftr that th points bcam capacitiv in natur and movd inward on th Smith chart. Figur 5. Th printd-circuit loop antnna mountd on a ground plan (not in scal). Figur 6. Th input rflction cofficint of th loop antnna in th frquncy rang of MHz to 5 MHz. Th quivalnt circuit from Figur a was valid for th uppr half of th Smith chart. Figur 7 shows th diffrnc btwn th rflction cofficint computd by th circuit in Figur a and th input rflction cofficint obtaind by FDTD. Ovr th ntir rang of MHz to 5 MHz th diffrnc was lss than % of th radius of th Smith chart. At any frquncy of intrst within this rang on could find th rquird valu of th paralll suscptanc that would bring th antnna to rsonanc at this frquncy. For instanc at f MHz an xtrnal paralll capacitanc of C.5 pf would cancl th antnna s suscptanc so that th Q factor obtaind from Equation () was found to b Q.. This was alrady a disappointingly high antnna Q but th valu of th input rsistanc obtaind by this xtr nal matching capacitanc was vn mor disappointing: R kω. Abov th first natural rsonanc frquncy th quivalnt circuit in Figur a is no longr appropriat for accuratly simulating th input impdanc of th unloadd loop antnna. W usd polynomial approximations of ordr thr to sparatly rprsnt th ral and th imaginary parts of th rflc tion cofficint and to find th analytical valu of Q with th us of Equation (). This works only in a rlativly narrow rang in th vicinity of frquncy f. As long as th rsults agr with th finit-diffrnc rsults from Equation (7) w fl confidnt in th valus obtaind. in Tabl summarizs th rsults of dtrmining Q for th small loop antnna. BW and BW ar th singl-tund and doubl-tund db bandwidths computd by using Equations () and () using Q as listd in th scond column of th tabl. R in is th input rsistanc of th antnna aug mntd by a sris inductanc that mad th antnna rsonat at f. At frquncis blow th first natural rsonanc (48 MHz) th bandwidths wr too narrow and th matchd input rsistanc R was too high for practical applications. in Figur 7. Th data fitting rror for th quivalnt circuit from Figur a was smallr than % ovr a wid rang of frquncis blow th first rsonanc. At f 5 MHz th loop antnna is still considrd small and at this frquncy th antnna s Q was rlativly low namly Q 7.5 whil R in was clos to 5 Ω. At f 5 MHz R in bcam practically qual to 5 Ω. Th rquird xtrnal sris inductanc at this frquncy was L 48 nh. As can b sn from Figur 8 th input impd- 6 IEEE Antnnas and Propagation Magazin Vol. 55 No. 4 August
8 Tabl. Th loop antnna s Q and associatd bandwidths. f (MHz) Q using () Q using (7) BW (MHz) BW (MHz) R in ( Ω ) 5 8 4±7.6.4 k. 7±9.. k ± k ± ± ± anc in this cas passd through th cntr of th Smith chart and no furthr matching was ncssary if on was satisfid with a singl-tund bandwidth of BW 4 MHz. Tabl also shows that th antnna Q of th loop antnna from Figur 5 could b as low as Q 8.8 at th somwhat highr frquncy of f 4 MHz. Th magnitud of th rflction cofficint basd on th data computd by th FDTD is shown in Figur Conclusions Simpl quivalnt circuits hav bn vrifid to fit th rflction-cofficint data obtaind by lctromagntic-simulation softwar wll. An xampl of th sphrical-cap dipol was simulatd in th litratur by th Momnt Mthod and th printd-circuit loop antnna was simulatd hr by th FDTD mthod. In both cass it was found that th input impdancs basd on th quivalnt circuits agrd wll with thos valus from th softwar simulations starting from vry low frquncis up to th first natural rsonanc of th unloadd antnna. Figur 8. At f 5 MHz th sris inductanc matchd th antnna to 5 Ω. Th symbols dnot th computd input impdanc and th + symbols dnot th polyno mial approximation. At frquncis highr than th first rsonanc th simpl quivalnt circuits wr not adquat. W usd polynomial approximations for th ral and imaginary parts of th rflction cofficint. Onc th rflction cofficint was xprssd with continuous functions th invariant forms of th unloadd Q factor providd good stimats of th antnna s Q. Although th invariant forms ar also known for th impd anc and th admittanc w prfrrd to us th invariant form for th rflction cofficint. 8. Rfrncs. W. Altar Q Circls A Mans of Analysis of Rsonant Microwav Systms Procdings of th IRE 5 (Part I) April 947 pp. 55-6; (Part II) May 947 pp E. L. Ginzton Microwav Masurmnt Nw York McGraw Hill D. Kajfz Q Factor Oxford MS Vctor Filds D. Kajfz Q Factor Masurmnts Using MATLAB Norwood MA Artch Hous. 5. S. R. Bst A Discussion on th Quality Factor of Impd anc Matchd Elctrically Small Wir Antnnas IEEE Transactions Antnnas and Propagation January 5 pp Figur 9. Th magnitud of th rflction cofficint basd on th data computd by th FDTD. 6. A. R. Lopz Doubl-Tund Impdanc Matching IEEE Antnnas and Propagation Magazin 54 April pp IEEE Antnnas and Propagation Magazin Vol. 55 No. 4 August 6
9 7. T. Simpson Tripl-Tuning Small Antnnas for Incrasd Bandwidth IEEE Antnnas and Propagation Magazin 54 4 August pp D. Kajfz and W. P. Whlss Invariant Dfinitions of th Unloadd Q Factor IEEE Transactions Microwav Thory Tchniqus MTT-4 7 July 986 pp W. Gyi P. Jarmuszwski and Y. Qi Th Fostr Rac tanc Thorm for Antnnas and Radiation Q IEEE Transactions Antnnas and Propagation AP-48 March pp A. D. Yaghjian and S. R. Bst Impdanc Bandwidth and Q of Antnnas IEEE Intrnational Symposium on Antnnas and Propagation Jun pp J. D. Kraus Antnnas Scond Edition Nw York McGraw Hill R. E. Collin and S. Rothschild Evaluation of Antnna Q IEEE Transactions on Antnnas and Propagation AP- 964 pp G. A. E. Vandnbosch Simpl Procdur to Driv Lowr Bounds for Radiation Q of Elctrically Small Dvics of Arbitrary Topology IEEE Transactions on Antnnas and Propagation 59 6 Jun pp A. Elshrbni and V. Dmir Th Finit Diffrnc Tim Domain Mthod for Elctromagntics with MATLAB Simulations Raligh NC SciTch Publishing 9. 6 IEEE Antnnas and Propagation Magazin Vol. 55 No. 4 August
1.1 Transmission line basic concepts: Introduction to narrow-band matching networks
. Transmission lin basic concpts: ntroduction to narrow-band matching ntworks March Francsc Torrs, luís Pradll, Jorg Miranda oltag and currnt in th transmission lin For any losslss transmission lin: whr
More information90 and 180 Phase Shifter Using an Arbitrary Phase-Difference Coupled-line Structure
This articl has bn accptd and publishd on J-STAGE in advanc of copyditing. Contnt is final as prsntd. IEICE Elctronics Exprss, Vol.* No.*,*-* 90 and 80 Phas Shiftr Using an Arbitrary Phas-Diffrnc Coupld-lin
More informationTheory and Proposed Method for Determining Large Signal Return Loss or Hot S22 for Power Amplifiers Using Phase Information
Thory and Proposd Mthod for Dtrmining arg Signal Rturn oss or Hot S for Powr Amplifirs Using Phas Information Patrick Narain and Chandra Mohan (Skyworks Solutions, Inc.) Introduction: Powr amplifirs (s)
More information4.5 COLLEGE ALGEBRA 11/5/2015. Property of Logarithms. Solution. If x > 0, y > 0, a > 0, and a 1, then. x = y if and only if log a x = log a y.
/5/05 0 TH EDITION COLLEGE ALGEBRA 4.5 Eponntial and Logarithmic Equations Eponntial Equations Logarithmic Equations Applications and Modling LIAL HORNSBY SCHNEIDER 4.5-4.5 - Proprty of Logarithms If >
More informationDETERMINATION OF ELECTRONIC DISTANCE MEASUREMENT ZERO ERROR USING KALMAN FILTER
Europan Scintific Journal Sptmbr 24 dition vol., No.27 ISSN: 87 788 (rint) - ISSN 87-743 DETERMINATION OF ELECTRONIC DISTANCE MEASUREMENT ZERO ERROR USING KALMAN FILTER Onuwa Owuashi, hd Dpartmnt of Goinformatics
More informationLab 12. Speed Control of a D.C. motor. Controller Design
Lab. Spd Control of a D.C. motor Controllr Dsign Motor Spd Control Projct. Gnrat PWM wavform. Amplify th wavform to driv th motor 3. Masur motor spd 4. Masur motor paramtrs 5. Control spd with a PD controllr
More informationEngineering 1620: High Frequency Effects in BJT Circuits an Introduction Especially for the Friday before Spring Break
Enginring 162: High Frquncy Efcts in BJT ircuits an Introduction Espcially for th Friday bfor Spring Brak I hav prpard ths nots bcaus on th day bfor a major vacation brak som popl find it ncssary to lav
More informationLecture 19: Common Emitter Amplifier with Emitter Degeneration.
Whits, EE 320 Lctur 19 Pag 1 of 10 Lctur 19: Common Emittr Amplifir with Emittr Dgnration. W ll continu our discussion of th basic typs of BJT smallnal amplifirs by studying a variant of th CE amplifir
More informationEECE 301 Signals & Systems Prof. Mark Fowler
EECE 301 Signals & Systms Prof. Mark Fowlr ot St #25 D-T Signals: Rlation btwn DFT, DTFT, & CTFT Rading Assignmnt: Sctions 4.2.4 & 4.3 of Kamn and Hck 1/22 Cours Flow Diagram Th arrows hr show concptual
More informationCH 7. Synchronization Techniques for OFDM Systems
CH 7. Synchronization Tchnius for OFDM Systms 1 Contnts [1] Introduction Snsitivity to Phas Nois Snsitivity to Fruncy Offst Snsitivity to Timing Error Synchronization Using th Cyclic Extnsion l Tim synchronization
More informationSquare VLF Loop Antenna, 1.2 m Diagonal ~ Mechanical and Electrical Characteristics and Construction Details ~ Whitham D. Reeve
Squar VLF Loop Antnna, 1. m Diagonal ~ Mchanical and Elctrical Charactristics and Construction Dtails ~ Whitham D. Rv 1. Dimnsions Th loop antnna dscribd hr has a squar shap with a diagonal lngth of 1.07
More information3G Evolution. OFDM Transmission. Outline. Chapter: Subcarriers in Time Domain. Outline
Chaptr: 3G Evolution 4 OFDM Transmission Dpartmnt of Elctrical and Information Tchnology Johan Löfgrn 2009-03-19 3G Evolution - HSPA and LTE for Mobil Broadband 1 2009-03-19 3G Evolution - HSPA and LTE
More informationIntroduction to Medical Imaging. Signal Processing Basics. Strange Effects. Ever tried to reduce the size of an image and you got this?
Strang Effcts Introduction to Mdical Imaging Evr trid to rduc th siz of an imag and you got this? Signal Procssing Basics Klaus Mullr Computr Scinc Dpartmnt Stony Brook Univrsity W call this ffct aliasing
More informationRECOMMENDATION ITU-R M.1828
Rc. ITU-R M.188 1 RECOMMENDATION ITU-R M.188 Tchnical and oprational rquirmnts for aircraft stations of aronautical mobil srvic limitd to transmissions of tlmtry for flight tsting in th bands around 5
More informationOn parameters determination of multi-port equivalent scheme for multi-winding traction transformers
ARCHIVES OF EECRICA ENGINEERING VO. 6(), pp. 7-7 (5) DOI.55/a-5- On paramtrs dtrmination of multi-port quivalnt schm for multi-winding traction transformrs ADEUSZ J. SOBCZYK, JOSEPH E HAYEK Cracow Univrsity
More informationANALYSIS ON THE COVERAGE CHARACTERISTICS OF GLONASS CONSTELLATION
ANALYSIS ON THE COVERAGE CHARACTERISTICS OF GLONASS CONSTELLATION Itm Typ txt; rocdings Authors Hui, Liu; Qishan, Zhang ublishr Intrnational Foundation for Tlmtring Journal Intrnational Tlmtring Confrnc
More informationSignals and Systems Fourier Series Representation of Periodic Signals
Signals and Systms Fourir Sris Rprsntation of Priodic Signals Chang-Su Kim Introduction Why do W Nd Fourir Analysis? Th ssnc of Fourir analysis is to rprsnt a signal in trms of complx xponntials x t a
More informationLogic Design 2013/9/26. Outline. Implementation Technology. Transistor as a Switch. Transistor as a Switch. Transistor as a Switch
3/9/6 Logic Dsign Implmntation Tchnology Outlin Implmntation o logic gats using transistors Programmabl logic dvics Compl Programmabl Logic Dvics (CPLD) Fild Programmabl Gat Arrays () Dynamic opration
More informationLow Cross-Polarization Slab Waveguide Filter for Narrow-Wall Slotted Waveguide Array Antenna with High Gain Horn
Intrnational Confrnc on Mchatronics Enginring and Information Tchnology (ICMEIT 2016) Low Cross-Polarization Slab Wavguid Filtr for Narrow-Wall Slottd Wavguid Array Antnna with High Gain Horn Guoan Xionga,
More informationThe Trouton Rankine Experiment and the End of the FitzGerald Contraction
Th Trouton Rankin Exprimnt and th End of th FitzGrald Contraction Dr. Adrian Sfarti 1. Abstract Assuming that FitzGrald was right in his contraction hypothsis, Trouton sought for mor positiv vidnc of its
More informationcos The points in an Argand diagram which represent the numbers (iii) Write down a polynomial equation of degree 5 which is satisfied by w.
FP3 Complx Numbrs. Jun qu.3 In this qustion, w dnots th complx numbr cos + i sin. 5 5 Exprss w, w 3 and w* in polar form, with argumnts in th intrval θ
More informationIntroduction to Digital Signal Processing
Chaptr Introduction to. Introduction.. Signal and Signal Procssing A signal is dfind as any physical quantity which varis with on or mor indpndnt variabls lik tim, spac. Mathmatically it can b rprsntd
More informationSPX mA Low Drop Out Voltage Regulator with Shutdown FEATURES Output 3.3V, 5.0V, at 400mA Output Very Low Quiescent Current Low Dropout Voltage
400mA Low Drop Out Voltag Rgulator with Shutdown FEATURES Output 3.3V, 5.0V, at 400mA Output Vry Low Quiscnt Currnt Low Dropout Voltag Extrmly Tight Load and Lin Rgulation Vry Low Tmpratur Cofficint Currnt
More informationImpact Analysis of Damping Resistors in Damped Type Double Tuned Filter on Network Harmonic Impedance
pact Analysis of Damping Rsistors in Dampd Typ Doubl Tund Filtr on Ntwork Harmonic pd R.Madhusudhana Rao Assistant Profssor, Elctrical and Elctronics Dpartmnt V R Siddhartha Enginring Collg, Vijayawada,
More informationUsing SigLab for Production Line Audio Test
APPLICATION NOTE Using SigLab for Production Lin Audio Tst SigLab is idal for charactrizing audio componnts. Both its input and output subsystms hav low nois, low distortion and low cross talk. SigLab's
More informationFrequency Estimation of Unbalanced Three-Phase Power Systems Using the Modified Adaptive Filtering
Amrican Journal of Signal Procssing 05, 5(A): 6-5 DOI: 0.593/s.ajsp.0.03 Frquncy Estimation of Unbalancd Thr-Phas Powr Systms Using th Modifid Adaptiv Filtring Amir Rastgarnia,*, Azam Khalili, Vahid Vahidpour,
More informationPackage: H: TO-252 P: TO-220 S: TO-263. Output Voltage : Blank = Adj 12 = 1.2V 15 = 1.5V 18 = 1.8V 25 = 2.5V 33 = 3.3V 50 = 5.0V 3.3V/3A.
Faturs Advancd Powr 3-Trminal ustabl or Fixd.V,.5V,.8V,.5V, 3.3V or 5.V Output Maximum Dropout.4V at Full Load Currnt Fast Transint Rspons Built-in Thrmal Shutdown Output Currnt Limiting Good Nois Rjction
More informationη = ; (3) QUANTITATIVE INTERPRETATION OF PRECIPITATION RADAR 7R.3 MEASUREMENTS AT VHF BAND Edwin F. Campos 1*, Frédéric Fabry 1, and Wayne Hocking 2
7R.3 QUANTITATIVE INTERPRETATION OF PRECIPITATION RADAR MEASUREMENTS AT VHF BAND Edwin F. Campos 1*, Frédéric Fabry 1, and Wayn Hocking 1 Dpartmnt of Atmosphric and Ocanic Scincs, McGill Univrsity, Montral,
More informationNarrow-wall slotted waveguide array antenna with low cross-polarization filter
6th Intrnational Confrnc on Machinr, Matrials, Environmnt, Biotchnolog and Computr (MMEBC 06) Narrow-wall slottd wavguid arra antnna with low cross-polarization filtr Guoan Xiong, a, Jin Pan, b and Bouan
More informationDefeating a Scarcity Mindset
Dfating a Scarcity Mindst From an arly ag, you ar bombardd with mssags concrning what to think about mony. Many of thm ar wrong. For instanc, w r taught that to b rich, you hav to mak a lot of mony. But,
More informationCommon Collector & Common Base Amplifier Circuits
xprimnt (6): ommon ollctor & as Amplification ircuit xprimnt No. (6) ommon ollctor & ommon as Amplifir ircuits Study Objctiv: (1) To comput and masur th basic charactristics of & amplification. (2) To
More informationOnline Publication Date: 15 th Jun, 2012 Publisher: Asian Economic and Social Society. Computer Simulation to Generate Gaussian Pulses for UWB Systems
Onlin Publication Dat: 15 th Jun, 01 Publishr: Asian Economic and Social Socity Computr Simulation to Gnrat Gaussian Pulss for UWB Systms Ibrahim A. Murdas (Elctrical Dpartmnt, Univrsity of Babylon, Hilla,Iraq)
More informationDynamic Walking of Biped Robots with Obstacles Using Predictive Controller
ICCKE011, Intrnational Confrnc on Computr and Knowldg Enginring Oct 13-14, 011, Frdowsi Univrsity of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran Dynamic Walking of Bipd Robots with Obstacls Using Prdictiv Controllr Nasrin
More information3A High Current, Low Dropout Voltage Regulator
SPX29300/01/02/03 3 High Currnt, Low Dropout Voltag Rgulator djustabl & Fixd Output, Fast Rspons Tim FETURES djustabl Output Down To 1.25V 1% Output ccuracy Output Currnt of 3 Low Dropout Voltag of 450mV
More informationGrid Impedance Estimation for Islanding Detection and Adaptive Control of Converters
Grid Impdanc Estimation for Islanding Dtction and Adaptiv Control of Convrtrs Abdlhady Ghanm, Mohamd Rashd, Mark Sumnr, M. A. El-says and I. I. I. Mansy Dpartmnt of Elctrical and Elctronics Enginring,
More informationIONOSPHERIC ABSORPTION OF HF RADIO WAVE IN VERTICAL PROPAGATION *
Iranian Journal of Scinc & Tchnology, Transaction A, Vol. 3, No. A4 Printd in Th Islamic Rpublic of Iran, 7 Shira Univrsity IONOSPHERIC ABSORPTION OF HF RADIO WAVE IN VERTICAL PROPAGATION * I. UNAL **,
More informationInvestigation of Power Factor Behavior in AC Railway System Based on Special Traction Transformers
J. Elctromagntic Analysis & Applications, 00,, ** doi:0.436/jmaa.00.08 Publishd Onlin Novmbr 00 (http://www.scirp.org/journal/jmaa) Invstigation of Powr Factor Bhavior in AC Railway Systm Basd on Spcial
More informationPerformance Comparison between 6-Port and 5-Port homodyne circuits for DOA Estimation
Procdings of th 4th WSEAS Int. Confrnc on Elctromagntics, Wirlss and Optical Communications, Vnic, Italy, Novmbr 20-22, 2006 85 Prformanc Comparison btwn 6-Port and 5-Port homodyn circuits for DOA Estimation
More informationA simple automatic classifier of PSK and FSK signals using characteristic cyclic spectrum
Mathmatical Mthods and chniqus in Enginring and Environmntal Scinc A simpl automatic classifir of PSK and FSK signals using charactristic cyclic spctrum ANONIN MAZALEK, ZUZANA VANOVA, VOJECH ONDYHAL, VACLAV
More informationABSTRACT. KUMAR, MISHA. Control Implementations for High Bandwidth Shunt Active Filter. (Under the direction of Dr Subhashish Bhattacharya).
ABSTRACT KUMAR, MISHA. Control Implmntations for High Bandwidth Shunt Activ Filtr. (Undr th dirction of Dr Subhashish Bhattacharya). Th prsnc of multipl harmonics in th powr lin du to various nonlinar
More informationAN MIP APPROACH TO THE U-LINE BALANCING PROBLEM WITH PROPORTIONAL WORKER THROUGHPUT. Reyhan Erin Magna PowerTrain Troy, Michigan
AN IP APPROACH TO THE U-LINE BALANCING PROBLE WITH PROPORTIONAL WORKER THROUGHPUT Ryhan Erin agna PowrTrain Troy, ichigan 48048. USA Andrs L. Carrano Dpartmnt of Industrial and Systms Enginring, Rochstr
More informationCATTLE FINISHING RETURN
CATTLE FINISHING RETURN S E R I E S Novmbr 2011 CATTLE FINISHING NET RETURNS This articl discusss rcnt trnds in fding cost of gain and cattl finishing profitability. Svral sourcs of data wr usd to comput
More informationRClamp2451ZA. Ultra Small RailClamp 1-Line, 24V ESD Protection
- RailClamp Dscription RailClamp TVS diods ar ultra low capacitanc dvics dsignd to protct snsitiv lctronics from damag or latch-up du to ESD, EFT, and EOS. Thy ar dsignd for us on high spd ports in applications
More information3A High Current, Low Dropout Voltage Regulator Adjustable, Fast Response Time
SPX29302 3 High Currnt, ow Dropout Voltag Rgulator djustabl, Fast Rspons Tim FTURS djustabl Output Down To 1.25V 1% Output ccuracy Output Currnt of 3 ow Dropout Voltag of 370mV @ 3 xtrmly Fast Transint
More information1/24/2017. Electrical resistance
1/24/2017 Photocopirs and th National Grid Photoconductors so far.. On xampl of a smiconducting matrial Elctrical insulator in th dark, conductor in th light mportant componnt in a photocopir butt Slctiv
More informationUncertainty Estimation of Spectral Mismatch Correction Factor for Incandescent Lamps
ISSN: 347-315 Volum 3 Numbr 7 (July-015) pp. 6-73 www.ijcrar.com Uncrtainty Estimation of Spctral Mismatch Corrction Factor for Incandscnt Lamps Manal A. Haridy* hotomtry and Radiomtry Division, National
More informationStudy of Distribution of Transient Voltages in the Winding of a Transformer Subjected to VFTO and Lightning Surges
Intrnational Journal of Elctronics Enginring Rsarch. ISSN 0975-6450 Volum 9, Numbr 6 (2017) pp. 867-882 Rsarch India Publications http://www.ripublication.com Study of Distribution of Transint Voltags
More informationLinearization of Two-way Doherty Amplifier by Using Second and Fourth Order Nonlinear Signals
3 Linarization of Two-way Dohrty Amplifir by Using Scond and Fourth Ordr Nonlinar Signals Alksandar Atanasković and Nataša Malš-Ilić Abstract In this papr, a two-way Dohrty amplifir with th additional
More informationComparison of Conventional Subspace-Based DOA Estimation Algorithms With Those Employing Property-Restoral Techniques: Simulation and Measurements
'EEE CUPC' 96, Cambridg, MA, Sptmbr 29 - Octobr 2, 1996 Comparison of Convntional Subspac-Basd DOA Estimation Algorithms With Thos Employing Proprty-Rstoral Tchniqus: Simulation and Masurmnts Rias Muhamd
More informationTALLINN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY. IRO0140 Advanced Space Time-Frequency Signal Processing. Individual Work
TALLINN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY IRO14 Advancd Spac Tim-Frquncy Signal Procssing Individual Work Toomas Ruubn Tallinn 1 Thory about sprad spctrum scanning signals: W will start our practical work with
More informationConducted EMI of Switching Frequency Modulated Boost Converter
doi: 1.7/cc-13-9 13 / 3 Conductd of Switching Frquncy Modulatd Boost Convrtr Dniss Stpins (Rsarchr, Riga Tchnical Univrsity) Abstract In this papr conductd lctromagntic intrfrnc () of boost convrtr with
More informationCoexistence between WiMAX and Existing FWA Systems in the Band 3500 MHz
Procdings of th Intrnational MultiConfrnc of Enginrs and Computr Scintists 28 Vol II IMECS 28, 19-21 March, 28, Hong Kong Coxistnc btwn WiMAX and Existing FWA Systms in th Band 35 MHz Zaid A. Shamsan,
More informationPerformance Analysis of BLDC Motor for Sinusoidal and Trapezoidal Back-Emf using MATLAB/SIMULINK Environment
Prformanc Analysis of BLDC Motor for Sinusoidal and Trapzoidal Back-Emf using MATLAB/SIMULINK Environmnt Pramod Pal Dpartmnt of Elctrical Enginring Maulana AzadNational Institut of Tchnology Bhopal, India
More informationESX10-10x-DC24V-16A-E electronic circuit protector
Dscription Th plug-in typ ESX10 lctronic circuit protctor slctivly disconncts DC 2 V load circuits by rsponding fastr than th switch mod powr supply to ovrload conditions. Th manual ON/ OFF switch on th
More informationRETURN TO MAIN MENU ver-increasing computer calculation speed used for games such as Tomb Raider
E vr-incrasing computr calculation spd usd for gams such as Tomb Raidr mans that Lara Croft outprforms any charactr from th past. Th first succssful high-spd lctronic digital computr, ENIAC (lctronic numrical
More informationFuzzy Anti-Windup Schemes for PID Controllers
Intrnational Journal of Applid Enginring Rsarch ISSN 9734562 Volum Numbr 3 (26) pp. 29536 Rsarch India Publications http://www.ripublication.com/ijar.htm Fuzzy AntiWindup Schms for PID Controllrs E. Chakir
More informationGV60 VALORSTAT PLUS OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS. VALORSTAT PLUS GV60 Electronic Ignition Remote Control
GV60 VALORSTAT PLUS OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS VALORSTAT PLUS GV60 Elctronic Ignition Rmot Control Valor modls using th ValorStat PLUS Rmot Control Portrait 530I Vogu 1300 Horizon 534I Linar L1 1500 Horizon
More informationPAPR REDUCTION TECHNIQUES IN OFDM SYSTEMS USING DCT AND IDCT
PAPR REDUCTIO TECHIQUES I OFDM SYSTEMS USIG DCT AD IDCT 1 S. SUJATHA P. DAAJAYA 1 Rsarch Scholar, Dpartmnt ECE, Pondichrry Enginring Collg, Pondichrry, India Profssor, Dpartmnt of ECE, Pondichrry Enginring
More informationIntegrated INS/GPS Navigation System
Intrnational Journal on Elctrical Enginring and Informatics - Volum 10, Numbr 3, Sptmbr 2018 Intgratd INS/GPS Navigation Systm Targ Mahmoud and Bambang Riyanto Trilaksono School of Elctrical Enginring
More information1A Low Dropout Voltage Regulator Fixed Output, Fast Response
A Low Dropout Voltag Rgulator Fixd Output, Fast Rspons SPX3940 FEATURES % Output Accuracy SPX3940A Guarantd.5A Pak Currnt Low Quiscnt Currnt Low Dropout Voltag of 280mV at A Extrmly Tight Load and Lin
More informationWPCA AMEREN ESP. SEMINAR Understanding ESP Controls. By John Knapik. 2004, General Electric Company
WPCA AMEREN ESP SEMINAR Undrstanding ESP Controls By John Knapik 2004, Gnral Elctric Company Efficincy vs. Spcific Corona Powr KNOW WHERE YOUR ESP RUNS ON THE CURVE 99.9 99.0 Collction Efficincy (Prcnt)
More informationDepartment of Humanities & Religious Studies Assessment Plan (REV 6/16)
Dpartm of Humanitis & Rligious Studis Plan (REV 6/16) Larning Goals Outcoms 1. Knowldg of Human Culturs: Studs Humanitis & Rligious Studis should b abl to dmonstrat knowldg of human culturs, thir valus
More informationHardware Manual. STR4 & STR8 Step Motor Drives
Hardwar Manual STR4 & STR8 Stp Motor Drivs 92-3E 2/3/21 92-3E 2/3/21 STR Hardwar Manual Contnts Introduction... 3 Faturs... 3 Block Diagram... 4 Gtting Startd... 5 Mounting th Driv... 6 Conncting th Powr
More informationSGM8621/2/3/4 250µA, 3MHz, Rail-to-Rail I/O CMOS Operational Amplifiers
PRODUCT DESCRIPTION Th SGM86(singl), SGM86(dual), SGM86(singl with shutdown) and SGM864(quad) ar low nois, low voltag, and low powr oprational amplifirs, that can b dsignd into a wid rang of applications.
More informationAnalysis the Performance of Coded WSK-DWDM Transmission System
Intrnational Journal of Enginring and Tchnology Volum No., Dcmbr, Analysis th rformanc of Codd WSK-DWDM Transmission Systm Bobby Barua Assistant rofssor, Dpartmnt of EEE, Ahsanullah Univrsity of Scinc
More informationIEEE Broadband Wireless Access Working Group <
IEEE C802.16j-07/409 Projct Titl IEEE 802.16 Broadband Wirlss Accss Working Group A Proposal for Transmission of FCH, MAP, R-FCH, R-MAP in Non-transparnt Rlay Systm with Cntralizd
More informationTime of Arrival Estimation for WLAN Indoor Positioning Systems using Matrix Pencil Super Resolution Algorithm
Tim of Arrival Estimation for WLAN Indoor Positioning Systms using Matrix Pncil Supr Rsolution Algorithm Ali AASSIE ALI 1, and A. S. OMAR 2 FEIT- IESK,Chair of Microwav and Communication Enginring Postfach
More informationHigher-Order Differential Energy Operators
P Highr-rdr Diffrntial Enrgy prators Ptros Maragos and Alxandros Potaianos Instantanous signal oprators Abstract of intgr ordrs ar proposd to asur th cross nrgy btwn a signal and its drivativs. Ths highr-ordr
More informationControlling formations of multiple mobile robots with inter-robot collision avoidance
Controlling formations of multipl mobil robots with intr-robot collision avoidanc H.M. Ha, A.. Nguyn and Q.P. Ha ARC Cntr of Excllnc for Autonomous Systms, Faculty of Enginring, Univrsity of Tchnology,
More informationIMP528 IMP528. High-Volt 220 V PP Driv. ive. Key Features. Applications. Block Diagram
POWER POWER MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT High-Volt oltag E amp p Driv ivr 220 V PP Driv iv Th is an Elctroluminscnt (E) lamp drivr with th four E lamp driving functions on-chip. Ths ar th switch-mod powr supply,
More informationSGM8521/2/4 150kHz, 4.7µA, Rail-to-Rail I/O CMOS Operational Amplifiers
// PRODUCT DESCRIPTION Th (singl),sgm8 (dual) and SGM8 (quad) ar rail-to-rail input and output voltag fdback amplifirs offring low cost. Thy hav a wid input common-mod voltag rang and output voltag swing,
More informationRobust Sensorless Control of BLDC Motor using Second Derivative Function of the Sum of Terminal Voltages
SERBIAN JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Vol. 1, No., Jun 13, 75-91 UDK: 61.314.1:681.515 DOI: 1.98/SJEE131144B Robust Snsorlss Control of BLDC Motor using Scond Drivativ Function of th Sum of Trminal
More informationSemi Blind Channel Estimation with Training-Based Pilot in AF Two- Way Relaying Networks
Intrnational Journal of Currnt Enginring and chnology E-ISSN 77 406, P-ISSN 347 56 07 INPRESSCO, All Rights Rsrvd Availabl at http://inprssco.com/catgory/ijct Rsarch Articl Smi Blind Channl Estimation
More informationEMD4 / UMD4N V CC I C(MAX.) R 1 R 2. 50V 100mA. 47kW. V CC -50V -100mA 10kW. Datasheet
NPN + PNP Complx Digital Transistors (Bias Rsistor Built-in Transistors) Datasht Outlin Paramtr Valu EMT6 UMT6 V CC I C(MAX.) R 1 R 2 50V 100mA 47kW 47kW (1) (2) (3) (6) (5) (4) EMD4 (SC-107C)
More informationSample. Pearson BTEC Levels 4 Higher Nationals in Engineering (RQF) Unit 15: Automation, Robotics and Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs)
Unit WorkBook 2 Lvl 4 ENG U5: Autoation, Robotics and Prograabl Logic Controllrs (PLCs) 28 UniCours Ltd. All Rights Rsrvd. Parson BTEC Lvls 4 Highr Nationals in Enginring (RQF) Unit 5: Autoation, Robotics
More informationSGM8631/2/3/4 470µA, 6MHz, Rail-to-Rail I/O CMOS Operational Amplifiers
PRODUCT DESCRIPTION Th SGM86(singl), SGM86(dual), SGM86(singl with shutdown) and SGM864(quad) ar low nois, low voltag, and low powr oprational amplifirs, that can b dsignd into a wid rang of applications.
More informationFAN A, 1.2V Low Dropout Linear Regulator for VRM8.5. Features. Description. Applications. Typical Application.
www.fairchildsmi.com 2.7A, 1.2V Low Dropout Linar Rgulator for VRM8.5 Faturs Fast transint rspons Low dropout voltag at up to 2.7A Load rgulation: 0.05% typical Trimmd currnt limit On-chip thrmal limiting
More informationPerformance of Extended Super-Orthogonal Space -Time Trellis Coded OFDM system
Prformanc of Etndd Supr-Orthogonal Spac -im rllis Codd OFDM systm Ilsanmi B. Oluwafmi, Studnt Mmbr,IEEE, and Stanly H. Mnny, Mmbr IEEE School of Elctrical, Elctronic and Computr Enginring Univrsity of
More informationReal Time Speed Control of a DC Motor Based on its Integer and Non-Integer Models Using PWM Signal
Enginring, Tchnology & Applid Scinc Rsarch Vol. 7, No. 5, 217, 1976-1981 1976 Ral Tim Spd Control of a DC Motor Basd on its Intgr and Non-Intgr Modls Using PWM Signal Abdul Wahid Nasir Elctrical & Elctronics
More informationTransient Voltage Suppressors / ESD Protectors
Transint Voltag Supprssors / ES Protctors PACN04/4/44/45/46 Faturs Two, thr, four, fiv, or six transint voltag supprssors Compact SMT packag savs board spac and facilitats layout in spac-critical applications
More informationJ. Electrical Systems 9-3 (2013): Regular paper
Z.M.S. El- Barbary J. Elctrical Systms 9-3 (13): 31-38 JES Corrsponding author: Dpartmnt of Elctrical Enginring, Kafrlshikh Univrsity, Tanta, Egypt, Egypt Dpartmnt of Elctrical Enginring, King Khalid Univrsity,
More informationSGM721/2/3/4 970µA, 10MHz, Rail-to-Rail I/O CMOS Operational Amplifiers
PRODUCT DESCRIPTION Th SGM7 (singl), SGM7 (dual), SGM7 (singl with shutdown) and SGM74 (quad) ar low nois, low voltag, and low powr oprational amplifirs, that can b dsignd into a wid rang of applications.
More informationAsian Power Electronics Journal
Asian Powr Elctronics Journal, Vol.5 No.1 Aug 211 Asian Powr Elctronics Journal PERC, HK PolyU i Asian Powr Elctronics Journal, Vol.5 No.1 Aug 211 Copyright Th Hong Kong Polytchnic Univrsity 211 All right
More informationSGM Ω, 300MHz Bandwidth, Dual, SPDT Analog Switch
GENERAL DESCRIPTION Th SGM4717 is a dual, bidirctional, singl-pol/ doubl-throw (SPDT) CMOS analog switch dsignd to oprat from a singl 1.8V to 5.5V supply. It faturs high-bandwidth (300MHz) and low on-rsistanc
More informationA DSP-based Discrete Space Vector Modulation Direct Torque Control of Sensorless Induction Machines
25 A DSP-basd Discrt Spac ctor Modulation Dirct orqu Control of Snsorlss Induction Machins F. Khoucha, K. Marouani, A. Khloui, K. Aliouan UER Elctrotchniqu, EMP(Ex-ENIA) BP 7 Bordj-El-Bahri, Algirs, Algria
More informationA Novel Improved Soft Switching PWM DC-DC Converter
A Novl Imrovd Soft Switching PWM DC-DC Convrtr Swanajit Pattnaik *, Anu Kumar Panda, Kamal Kanta Mahaatra * * National Institut of Tchnology, Dt. of Elctrical Enginring, Rourkla, India, swanajit.attnaik@gmail.com
More informationPacing Guide for Kindergarten Version GLE Checks for Understanding Vocabulary Envision Textbook Materials
Pacing Guid for indrgartn Vrsion 0 GL Chcs for Undrstanding Vocabulary nvision Txtboo Matrials GL 0006.3. Rcogniz 0006.3.4 Sort, ordr and classify attributs (such as color, shap, siz) and pattrns (such
More informationEngagement Schedule. Schedule M-3 Tutorial. December 07 United States
Engagmnt Schdul M-3 Tutorial Schdul M-3 Tutorial Dcmbr 07 Unitd Stats Schdul M-3 Schdul M-3 applis to: C and S Corporations whr Total Assts ar qual or gratr than $10 million OR consolidatd d ntity Partnrships
More informationEnhancing the Performance of Ultra-Tight Integration of GPS/PL/INS: A Federated Filter Approach
Journal of Global Positioning Systms (2006) Vol. 5, No. 1-2:96-104 Enhancing th Prformanc of Ultra-ight Intgration of GPS/PL/INS: A Fdratd Filtr Approach D. Li, J. Wang, S. Babu School of Survying and
More informationChapter 2 Fundamentals of OFDM
Chaptr 2 Fundamntal of OFDM 2. OFDM Baic [9] Th baic principl of OFDM i to divid th high-rat data tram into many low rat tram that ach i tranmittd imultanouly ovr it own ubcarrir orthogonal to all th othr.
More informationA Synthesis-free Directional Modulation Transmitter using Retrodirective Array
A Synthsis-fr Dirctional Modulation Transmittr using Rtrodirctiv Array Ding, Y., & Fusco, V. (06. A Synthsis-fr Dirctional Modulation Transmittr using Rtrodirctiv Array. IEEE Journal of Slctd Topics in
More information4NPA. Low Frequency Interface Module for Intercom and Public Address Systems. Fig. 4NPA (L- No )
ow Frquncy Intrfac Modul for Intrcom and Public ddrss ystms Fig. ( No. 2.320) t a Glanc: ow frquncy (F) control of thirdparty amplifirs in intrcom systms onncting call stations with lin control in public
More informationAssembly Instructions for Model: VMAA18
Assmbly Instructions for Modl: VMAA18 Thank you for choosing a Sanus Systms VisionMount wall mount. This modl will hold 30-50 inch Plasma and LCD TVs wighing up to 130 lbs to a vrtical wall. It is a full
More informationUS6H23 / IMH23 V CEO 20V V EBO 12V. 600mA R k. Datasheet. Outline Parameter Tr1 and Tr2 TUMT6 SMT6
NPN 600m 20V Digital Transistors (Bias Rsistor Built-in Transistors) For Muting. Datasht Outlin Paramtr Tr1 and Tr2 TUMT6 SMT6 V CO 20V V BO 12V I C 600m R US6H23 1 4.7k IMH23 SOT-457 (SC-74) Faturs 1)
More informationEMA5 / UMA5N / FMA5A. V CC -50V -100mA 2.2kW 47kW I C(MAX.) R 1 R 2. Datasheet
M5 / UM5N / FM5 PNP -100m -50V Complx Digital Transistors (Bias Rsistor Built-in Transistors) Datasht Faturs Paramtr V CC -50V -100m 2.2kW 47kW I C(MX.) R 1 R 2 1) Built-In Biasing Rsistors. 2) Two DT123J
More informationAdaptive Power System Stabilizer Using ANFIS and Genetic Algorithms
Procdings of th 44th IEEE Confrnc on Dcision and Control, and th Europan Control Confrnc 005 Svill, Spain, Dcmbr -5, 005 ThC0. Adaptiv Powr Systm Stabilizr Using ANFIS and Gntic Algorithms J. Frail-Ardanuy,
More informationDTA123E series V CC I C(MAX.) R 1 R 2. 50V 100mA 2.2k 2.2k. Datasheet. PNP -100mA -50V Digital Transistors (Bias Resistor Built-in Transistors)
DT123 sris PNP -100m -50V Digital Transistors (Bias Rsistor Built-in Transistors) Datasht Paramtr V CC I C(MX.) R 1 R 2 Valu 50V 100m 2.2k 2.2k Faturs 1) Built-In Biasing Rsistors, R 1 = R 2 = 2.2k. Outlin
More informationEfficient loop-back testing of on-chip ADCs and DACs
Efficint loop-back tsting of on-chip ADCs and DACs Hak-soo Yu, Jacob A. Abraham, Sungba Hwang, Computr Enginring Rsarch Cntr Th Univrsity of Txas at Austin Austin, TX 787, USA Jongjin Roh Elctrical and
More informationAssembly Instructions for Model: VMDD26
Assmbly Instructions for Modl: VMDD26 Thank you for choosing a Sanus Systms Vision Mount wall mount. Th VMDD26 is dsignd to mount up to 63 Flat panl tlvisions wighing up to 175 lb. to a vrtical wall. It
More informationMaking the Leap: Achieving Centimeter-Range Accuracy with UAVs. Francois Gervaix Product Manager, Surveying
Making th Lap: Achiving Cntimtr-Rang Accuracy with UAVs Francois Grvaix Product Managr, Survying About snsfly A tam of ovr 150 passionat popl 100-200 units/month #1 in fixd-wing mapping drons (worldwid
More information