Hydroelectric Operations and Expansion Planning in Iceland.

Transcription

1 University of Auckland, New Zealand May 7 th 2001 Hydroelectric Operations and Expansion Planning in Iceland. Egill B. Hreinsson Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Iceland

2 Plan of the Presentation 1. An overview of Iceland and its electrical energy supply 2. Efficiency Data for short term hydro operations planning 3. Operations and expansion planning in a hydro based power system

3 Part I: An Overview of Iceland and its Electrical Energy Supply Iceland-location-characteristics Energy recources Power system

4 The Location of Iceland in the North Atlantic Ocean 70 Greenland Reykjavík Iceland Reydarfjörður Sweden Faroe Islands Norway 60 Orkney Shetland Bergen Scotland Edinburgh Ireland England Denmark Germany Netherlands

5 Iceland - A Few General Facts Size km 2 First settlement Year 874 Settlers Mainly from Norway Independent republic Year 1944 Present population Governmental system Parliamentary democracy elections every 4 years Main resource base Fishing grounds, hydro- and geothermal resources, human resources

6 Presently Exploited Hydro and Geothermal Electrical Resources as Compared to the Assumed Resources' Total Size 50 Economic Capability (TWh/year) Already harnessed (GWh/year) Primary Source Use * in * with losses General demand 45 Geothermal 40 Unused 8000 Geoth Hydroelectric 15 Hydroelectric Intens- Power ive Industry 4485

7 Iceland's Electrical Potential Present Utilization and a Future Scenario % Geothermal resources 80 (TWh/a) Hydroelectric resources Present Power Intensive Industry General market Historical Aluminium smelter Future Submarine cable 2 Submarine cable (%)

8 Electricity Production Per Capita; 1997 Norway Iceland Canada Sweden Luxembourg Finland United States Australia New Zealand Japan Belgium Switzerland France Austria Germany Denmark Netherlands Czech Republic United Kingdom Ireland Korea Italy Spain Greece Portugal Hungary Poland Mexico Turkey OECD Source: International Energy Agengy (IEA) MWh per capita

9 Hydroelectric Economic Capability and Generation Per Capita Iceland Tajikistan Norway Bhutan Gabon Canada Paraguay Kyrgyzstan New Zealand Sweden Costa Rica Chile Congo Papua N G Laos Cameroon Austria Georgia Bolivia Angola Russia Bosnia-H. Brazil MWh/year per capita Unused Economic Capability Generation 1996

10 The Historical Substitution of Renewable Energy for Oil in Space Heating % 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Oil Electricity (~hydro) Direct Use of Geothermal Heat

11 Utilization of Geothermal Energy in China France Georgia Hungary Iceland Indonesia Italy Japan Mexico New Zealand Philippines Romania Russian Fed. Serbia Slovakia Tunisia Turkey USA Others Several Countries Electricity generation Direct use Geothermal Utilization (TWh/year)

12 Development of the Icelandic Electricity Supply System Laxá 14 MW Laxá 28 MW Krafla 30 MW Grímsá Bjarnarflag 3 MW Reykjavík Sog 90 MW Sog 90 MW Sigalda 150 MW Transmission line Substation Hydro power station Geothermal power station Power intensive industry Búrfell 210 MW Blanda 150 MW Laxá 28 MW Krafla 30 MW Bjarnarflag 3 MW Mjólká Geiradalur Glerárskógar Laxá 28 MW Laxárvatn Rangárvellir Krafla 60MW Varmárhlíð Bjarnarflag 3 MW Blanda 150 MW Hrútatunga Hryggstekkur Sog 90 MW Hrauneyjafoss 210 MW Sigalda 150 MW Búrfell 210 MW Vatnshamrar Brennimelur Sultartangi Fe-Si Nordic Aluminum 120 MW Korpa Geitháls Sog 90 MW ISAL Hamranes Nesjavellir 2x30 MW Hágöngur reservoir Hrauneyjafoss 210 MW Sigalda 150 MW Búrfell 270 MW Prestbakki Hólar Teigarhorn Under construction 1998

13 The 220/132 kv Interconnected Network Kópasker Raufarhöfn Skeiðsfoss Húsavík Þórshöfn Mjólká 8.1 MW Laxárvatn Sauðárkrókur Rangárvellir Laxá 28 MW Vopnafjörður Geiradalur Blanda 150 MW Varmahlíð Akureyri Bjarnarflag 3 MW Egilsstaðir Lagarfoss 7.5 MW Glerárskógar Hrútatunga Hryggstekkur Fáskrúðsfjörður Stöðvarfjörður Vatnshamrar Teigarhorn Brennimelur HS REYKJAVÍK OR ISAL NAL Írafoss Búrfell 210 MW Hrauneyjafoss 210 MW Sigalda 150 MW Hólar Smyrlabjargaá 1.0 MW Power Plant and substation Substation Svartsengi km Vík Prestsbakki Transmission lines : 220 kv 132 kv 66 kv 22/33 kv Vestmannaeyjar

14 Thjórsá River Basin Hydropower Projects Hofsjökull glacier Norðlingaalda reservoir 325 Gl Kvíslaveita diversion Hágöngur reservoir 320 Gl Norðlingaalda diversion 0 Iceland 500 km Thjórsá Búrfell 210 MW+35 MW Sultartangi 125 MW Sultartangi reservoir 114 Gl Búrfell extension 100 MW Hekla Thjórsá Hrauneyjafoss Búðarháls 110 MW 210 MW Sigalda 150 MW Vatnsfell 115 MW Krókslón reservoir Tungnaá Thórisvatn reservoir 1330 Gl N 1 Gl = 10 6 m 3 Dam Tunnel Canal Road In operation Planned Urriðafoss km Atlantic ocean Mýrdalsjökull Glacier

15 Arnardalur dam East Iceland Power Projects Herðubreið Arnardalur reservoir 544,5 m a.s.l Gl Arnardalur 180 MW Reykjaá Brú Jökulsá á Eiríksstaðir Brú reservoir 354 m a.s.l. Lagarfljót Brú 375 MW 26 m a.s.l. Kárahnúkar 500 MW Fljótsdalur 250 MW Jökulsá á Fjöllum Háls reservoir 616 m a.s.l Gl Kárahnúkar dam Jökulsá í Fljótsdal N Kverkfjöll Kreppa Vatnajökull Glacier Snæfell Eyjabakkar reservoir 664 m y.s. 500 Gl Hraun diversion Dam Tunnel Powerhouse km

16 The Rapid Growth in Geothermal Electricity Generation Electricity generation (GWh/year) Nesjavellir Bjarnarflag 200 Krafla Svartsengi

17 Submarine Cable Routes 70 Greenland Reykjavík Iceland Reydarfjörður Sweden km Orkney Faroe Islands 1250 km Shetland Bergen Scotland Edinburgh 2000 km Norway Ireland England Grain 760 km Denmark Germany Netherlands

18 Profile of Cable Route Between Iceland and Scotland Depth m Iceland Faeroe islands Scotland Dounreay km

19 Export of Electrical Energy by HVDC Distance 950 km km Maximum depth: 1000 m (3000 ft) Voltage: up to +/ kv Long term contracts - spot market Increased flexibility for an island system Keep environmental commitment