Ch. 9 Life in the Industrial Age. a British engineer who developed a new process for making steel from iron in 1856

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1 Ch. 9 Life in the Industrial Age Ch. 9.1 The Industrial Revolution Spreads a British engineer who developed a new process for making steel from iron in 1856 a Swedish chemist who invented dynamite in 1866 an English chemist who created the first electric motor in the 1800s a machine that is used to generate electricity the American inventor who made the first electric light bulb in the 1870s identical components that could be used in place of one another in manufacturing production method that breaks down a complex job into a series of smaller tasks American bicycle makers who designed and flew an airplane in 1903, ushering in the air age an Italian inventor who developed the radio in the 1890s shares of a company business owned by many investors who buy shares of stock and risk only the amount of their investment a group of companies that join together to control the production and price of a product How did science, technology, and big business promote industrial growth? The Industrial Revolution entered a by the mid-1800s. New. Giant companies arose due to changes in business organization. This second phase transformed economies. had been the first nation to industrialize. It tried to protect this head start by making rules against inventions. Nevertheless, a British mechanic opened factories in in 1807, making that country the second to industrialize. By the, other nations in Europe as well as the United States joined Britain in the race to industrialize. Germany, France, and the United States caught up to Britain quickly. They benefited from abundant supplies of. Europe and the United States also borrowed British. Following its unification in 1871, became Europe s leading industrial power. The United States also advanced rapidly after the.

2 Centers of industry were scattered across Europe and the United States by The world industrialized unevenly. The nations of Europe industrialized slowly. They lacked natural resources,, or ideal political conditions. However,, Australia, and New Zealand all industrialized during the late 1800s and built thriving economies. The effects of industrialization were both positive and negative. People worked very long hours in dangerous. But new goods became widely available at. Patterns of world trade changed. Western powers grew to dominate the world. Henry Bessemer patented a new process for making l in Because steel was so cheap and strong, it became the main material used to make tools, bridges, and. Innovations in changed how industry operated in the late 1800s. Inventor Major invention Year Dynamite 1866 First simple electric motor and the dynamo Late 1800s Electric light bulb 1870s New methods of production improved efficiency in factories. Making products with simplified both manufacture and repair. Workers on an added these parts to the product as it moved along a belt through the factory. Because goods could be produced more quickly and cheaply, prices decreased, and more people became consumers. The transportation revolution that began with the first railroads continued. railroads linked cities together. Automakers such as Nikolaus Otto, Karl Benz, and Gottlieb Daimler changed the way people traveled by using to power internal combustion engines. used the assembly line to mass-produce cars and make them affordable. The internal combustion engine also made sustained flight possible. flew the first airplane at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, in 1903.

3 The revolution in communication made the world seem smaller. Inventor Major invention Year Telegraph 1844 Telephone 1876 Radio Late 1890s Big business began to dominate industry in the late 1800s. Company owners sold to investors to get the capital needed to invest in new technology. Companies became, businesses owned by many stockholders. Some business leaders created monopolies and to control entire industries. The rise of sparked a fierce debate. Supporters said that monopolies made business more efficient and added to prosperity. Reformers said that monopolies unfairly interfered with free competition. They sought to break up monopolies and regulate corporations. Ch. 9.2 The Rise of the Modern City the idea that certain microbes cause specific infectious diseases a French chemist who showed the link between microbes and disease and developed vaccines against rabies and anthrax a German doctor who identified the bacterium that caused tuberculosis an army nurse in the Crimean War who worked to introduce sanitary measures in British hospitals and founded the world s first school of nursing the English surgeon who discovered how antiseptics prevent infection the process of fixing up the poor areas of a city a self-help group formed to aid sick or injured workers a measure of the quality and availability of necessities and comforts in a society How did the Industrial Revolution change life in the cities? Cities grew during the 1800s as moved into and the population continued to grow due to advances. Cities began to take on many of the features that they have today. Populations soared in Europe and America between 1800 and 1900.

4 The death rate fell due to improved nutrition and significant advances in. proved, showing that microbes cause specific illnesses. identified the cause of tuberculosis, a major cause of death. As people understood the causes of disease, they bathed and changed their clothes more often. Hospital care also improved during the 1800s and early 1900s. was first used in the 1840s and allowed doctors to experiment with new operations. However, hospitals were dangerous places before people understood the importance of. and worked to improve hospital conditions, drastically reducing deaths from infection. Cities changed as industrialization progressed. City planners led projects. Settlement patterns changed. The lived in slums at the center while the moved to the outskirts. Architects used to construct soaring skyscrapers. Use of electricity continued to grow in the twentieth century. Cities installed street lights, organized forces, and dug sewers. Despite these improvements, poor people lived in bad conditions in slums. On the whole, however, cities were very attractive. People were drawn by the excitement, the promise of work, and entertainment. Workers tried to improve their living conditions. By the they began to see progress. They formed to help sick or injured members. Union membership grew and workers used to demand wage increases. also responded to pressure and passed laws to regulate working conditions and ban child labor. As the Industrial Revolution drew to a close, the standard of living rose among city dwellers. Health improved and decreased. People had more time for such as going to zoos, circuses, sporting events, and movies. People ate better, dressed in mass-produced clothing, and bought more luxury goods. Some workers moved to the

5 The Causes and Effects of the Industrial Revolution