The old ways will burn in the fires of industry

Transcription

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2 Aka ISENGARD The old ways will burn in the fires of industry JRR Tolkien

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4 Waitaminute.

5 A Major Change agrarian handmade goods rural industrial machine-made goods urban

6 Putting Out System Fun for the whole family!

7 Problems Difficult to supervise rural workers Holy Monday SOLUTION: Factory Production Photo by thedz_

8 beginnings Britain c Historians: Was there an Industrial Revolution?

9 Why Britain? Natural Advantages Lots of Rivers Cheap, easy transportation Water power Coal Iron Sheep (imported in 16 th century)

10 Why Britain? Human Advantages National Bank Chartered 1694 No NB in France Source of capital Private Property Rights Aristocrats invested in commerce/industry Not so in France Canals Invention

11 Why Britain??? Natural Advantages Rivers Coal Iron Sheep Human Advantages Canals Free Market Economy Capital National Bank Private Property Rights Enclosures

12 Inventions Inventions of the of the Industrial Revolution Industrial Revolution Spinning Jenny Water Frame Spinning Mule James Hargreaves 1764 Richard Arkwright 1768 Samuel Crompton 1779

13 Water Frame Richard Arkwright Held several hundred spindles and required water power to operate

14 MILLS The Water Frame could not be operated from home. Mills, housing dozens of water frames, were built near rivers.

15 Water Power Water power is finite only so many water frames could be built, and only by major rivers. Goods still produced on a small scale in the countryside.

16 Luddites Ned Ludd Mythical forest dweller Luddites smashed frames that made automated weaving possible. Modern Usage: Anti-technology

17 Smashing is what Luddites do best!

18 Coal The British had access to coal, which provided massive amounts of energy in comparison to water, but it was still finite. Photo by peterp

19 Scottish universities emphasized science and the mechanical arts. Oxford and Cambridge emphasized theology and the humanities.

20 Steam Engine E=mc First experimental steam engine invented 1769 James Watt (U. of Glasgow) made the existing steam engine (which was being used at Scottish universities for experiments) more efficient. 1770s Steam engine becomes a major producer of power. Watt A preserved Watt engine at Loughborough University

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22 The development of the steam engine allowed people to build factories anywhere. Many factories popped up in cities, such as Manchester and Liverpool.

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24 Railroads Transportation of goods was still a problem until railroads were developed Liverpool to Manchester Railway 1830 The Rocket clocked a record 16 MPH.

25 Railroads Goods can now be produced and transported in mass quantities.

26 Shorter Journeys

27 The Great Land Serpent

28 Alexis de Tocqueville Journeys to England and Ireland Visiting Manchester

29 WILL THINGS GET BETTER?

30 CHIld labour in coal mines Child hurriers

31 Stereotype of factory owner

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33 Factory Act of 1824: Workers associations became legal and an early form of labour unions were established to protect worker rights. Factory Act of 1802: Made it illegal to have children work more than 12 hours straight in cotton mills. Factory Act of 1819: Made it illegal to hire a child under 9 years of age to work in textiles. There were no inspectors and children continued to work.

34 Things DID get better. Photo by André Zahn

35 Standard of Living Depends on Time Period 1820 s, 1830 s, 1850 s Momentary shock, but conditions improved

36 Why did the Continent lag until 1815? Battle of Waterloo

37 The Continent in 1815 CHALLENGES 1. GB goods already dominant 2. tech. too complicated 3. pricey to invest 4. laborers resisted move to factories ADVANTAGES 1. strong tradition of cottage industry w/ experienced merchant capitalists & skilled artisans 2. borrow existing tech. 3. strong independent gov ts. (vs. nonwestern nations)

38 * Note that these technologies continued to be used during the 2 nd IR but new sources of power were introduced, in addition. Time Frame 1 st Ind. Rev. 2 nd Ind. Rev. c c Methods of Production Mass Production Power Sources New Engines Inventions Standard of Living for working class Hand Machine Textiles Water, Coal, & Steam * Steam Engine * Spinning Jenny Water Frame Spinning Mule Cotton Gin AWFUL Think Tocqueville in Manchester Increased Automation Steel (Bessemer Process) Petroleum & Electricity Internal Combustion Automobiles Chemicals Railroads (Prevalent) Telegraph, Telephone, Radio Still Bad, but improving (Sewers, Sanitation, etc.) Expansion of Middle Class

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