QUALITY CONTROL + VERTICAL INTEGRATION

Transcription

1 QUALITY CONTROL + VERTICAL INTEGRATION

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3 Specification Glossary Doc #: Subject: Glossary Owner: Quality Department Date: I. Overview 10 Mil A veneer face of any specie applied to a 10 mil paper back. Although face thickness may vary, the paper back thickness is consistent. 2-Ply A decorative wood veneer face with a utility grade wood backer applied at an opposing direction to the face veneer. Also referred to as wood on wood. 3-Ply Refers to a face core back glued together to make a 3-ply panel. 5-Ply Refers to a face core back and 2 crossbands to make a 5-ply panel. Generally used on core banded cores that are rectangular and square. The grain will run opposite the face and back. 7-Ply Refers to a face core back and 4 crossbands to make a 7-ply panel. A 7-ply construction is used on a curvilinear core banded cores, 1 crossband under the face has the grain running opposite the face grain and the 2 nd crossband goes toward the core and the grain direction is the same face. Abrasion NEMA/ANSI LD test method 3.13 used to measure the ability of the surface of resistance laminate to resist abrasive wear-through of the decorative layer. Angel Step Angel Step is an industry term for a particular grain pattern in Walnut veneer. "Butt" or stump wood is a close synonym but true "angel step" is usually associated with the interrupted grain structure immediately below a large limb and has an iridescent look. Gun stock manufacturers recognize the look and will saw blanks to showcase this for high grade gun stocks. Architectural Custom veneer match used for projects requiring a much higher level of detail. This is a manual Match matching that occurs throughout the process. Balanced A construction such that forces induced by uniformly distributed changes in moisture will not cause Construction warpage. In veneered panels, a construction in which back and face veneers are essentially equal in thickness, grain direction and properties is normally balanced construction. Balanced Match Two or more veneer components or leaves of equal size to make up a single face. Balanced Panel Panel that contains component segments of equal width and of like pattern. Bark Pocket Bark around which normal wood has grown. Bee s Wing Small and tight mottled figure similar in appearance to a bee s wing. Occurs mostly in East Indian Satinwood, also occasionally in mahogany and eucalyptus. Bird s Eye Due to local sharp depressions in the annual rings, accompanied by considerable fiber distortions. Once the depressions are formed, succeeding growth rings follow the same contour for many years. Rotary veneer cuts the depressions crosswise, and shows a series of circlets called bird s eyes. It occurs only in a small percentage of Maple trees. Blister figure Produced by an uneven contour of the annual rings. The veneer, while smooth, appears to be covered with blisters. The only difference between blister and quilt or Pommele is size of figure. Occurs mostly in West African redwoods such as Khaya (Mahogany) Sapeli and Makore. (example). Must be cut rotary or half-round. Block Mottle An irregular variegation in the cellular structure of the wood which shows as blocky patches across the grain of the veneer. It is commonly found in makore and anigre. Print Date: 2/9/2010 Controlled document if in RED Page 1 of 8

4 Book Matching Bubble Free Burl Butt Matching Butt Button Figure Cant Catalyst Cathedral Center Matching Checks Comb grain Component (of veneer panel) Compression Wood Converging Grain Core Core Banded Cores Achieved when successive veneer leaves in a flitch are turned over like the pages in a book and are glued in this manner. Since the reverse side of one leaf is a mirror image of the succeeding leaf, the result is a series of pairs. Individual panels can be matched this way or you can achieve this look over many panels by sequence-matching the panels. Book matching is the most common match. A common problem in book matching is when the tight and loose sides are matched and reflect light and stains differently. This may yield color variations in some species, which may be minimized by proper finishing techniques. A veneer face of any specie applied to a double paper layer of two 10 mil papers. With moisture resistant thermoset glue, the overall backer thickness is 22 mils. Produced from a large, wart-like growth on the trunk of the tree. The grain pattern typically resembles a series of eyes laid side by side. Obviously the veneers leaf sizes are generally small and additionally are defective. While producing beautiful patterns, burl veneer is difficult to work with. Achieved when veneers are matched as described for book matching but the ends of the sheets are also matched. At times, the veneer being used is not long enough to cover the desired panel heights. In this case the veneer leaves can also be flipped end-for-end and the ends matched. See Stumpwood. Wood species with large medullary rays are quarter cut to reveal the harder and shinier rays. These rays show up as flakes or buttons on the straight grained background. Species such as white oak, lacewood and American sycamore are cut this way specifically to reveal this figure. That section of a log or piece of wood made ready, by sawing, for cutting into veneer in the proper manner desired. After cutting this section of the log, the sheets are kept together consecutively, as cut, and handled in sequence through process of clipping and drying, so that they are crated for shipment in the same order. This also is called flitch. An agent that is added to finish that causes a reaction in the coating. This reaction causes the finish to be more durable than without the catalyst. A grain appearance characterized by a series of stacked V and inverted V. Pattern common in plain-sliced (flat-cut) veneer. Each panel face is made with an even number of flitch sheets with a center line appearing at the midpoint of the panel and an equal number of veneer sheets on each side of the center line. The number of leaves on the face are always even, but the widths are not necessarily the same. Small slits running parallel to the grain of the wood, caused chiefly by strains produced in seasoning. These splits or separations run parallel with grain or lineal porous structures of the veneer. There is also cross checking which may appear in end woody types of veneer figure where separation is in the vertical porous structure. A quality of rift cut veneer with exceptionally straight grain and closely spaced growth increments resembling the appearance of long strands of combed hair. An individual piece of veneer that is jointed to other pieces to achieve a full length and width panel. Abnormal wood that can occur in non-pored timbers, characterized anatomically by short thickwalled cells showing spiral markings. The wood is denser, more brittle and prone to greater longitudinal shrinkage than normal wood. See Grain Slope. There are four types of core construction used in plywood panels: a) Lumber Core: Consists of a heavy core of sawn lumber between crossbands. The thick center core permits doweling, splining and dovetailing. B). Core: Method of plywood construction consisting of 3,5,7 or more plies of veneer laid with grain direction of adjacent plies at right angles to each other. C). Particle Board: This type of core consists of chips or flakes of resin-coated wood fused together under heat and pressure to form a core for plywood. D). Mineral Core: Used for fireproof panel construction. s are bonded to a hard noncombustible material. Refers to cores that have lumber bands glued to them on the edges. Print Date: 2/9/2010 Controlled document if in RED Page 2 of 8

5 Cross Fire Crossband Cross bar Cross ply Crotch Crown Cut Curly Figure Domestic Wood Doty Doze Edgeband Exotic Wood Face Fiddle Back Figure Filler Finish Checking Fish Eye Flake, Fleck Figure Flat Cut Flexible Flitch Flitch Match Figures that extend across the grain as mottle, fiddle-back, raindrop and finger-roll are often called cross figure or cross fire. A pronounced cross fire adds greatly to the beauty of the veneer. The veneer sheet between the core and face veneer for plywood with 5 or more plies. Crossbands usually run at right angles to the grain of adjacent layers, and typically are placed adjacent to the face and back. This provides for the remarkable stability of hardwood plywood. Type of figure or irregularity of grain resembling a dip in the grain running at tight angles, or nearly so, to the width of the veneer. Refers to the crossbanding used to make a 5-ply or 7-ply construction panel where core banded cores are used. They can be either veneer or synthetic. Produced from the portion of the tree just below the point where it forks into two limbs. The grain is twisted, creating a variety of flame figures. Often resembles a well formed feather. The outside of the block produces a swirl figure that changes to full crotch flame figure as the cutting approaches the center of the block. See Flat Cut (below). Found mostly in Maple or Birch, and is due to the fibers being distorted and producing a wavy or curly effect in the veneer. A reference to wood veneers commonly found in the United States and North America as a whole. Pockets of disintegrated wood (localized decay) caused by wood destroying fungi. These areas exhibit color change and are not structurally sound. See Doty. Thin strips of veneer used to cover the exposed edges of panel substrates. This veneer is usually available in rolls of various length and comes either pre-glued or unglued. A common reference to wood veneers not indigenous to or grown in North America. Some burls and figured woods might also fall into this category. The better side of any plywood panel in which the outer plies are of different veneer grades. Also veneer spliced to a certain pattern and cut to exact size. A fine, strong, even, ripple figure as frequently seen on the backs of violins. It is found principally in Mahogany and Maple; cut occurs sometimes in other woods. This figure is somewhat similar in growth and effect to the curly type and is often referred to as Curly. However, Fiddleback refers only to a small roll appearance. The name is derived from the fact that, historically, this figure in Maple has been highly prized for making fine violins (fiddles). Not common, but occurs occasionally in Maple, Khaya, Makore, Douka, Black Bean, Koa, English Sycamore. The pattern produced in a wood surface by annual growth rings, rays, knots, deviations from natural grain such as interlocked and wavy grain, and irregular coloration. Appears across the grain. Mottle, fiddle back and raindrop are often called cross figure or cross fire. A very heavy bodied, slow drying pigment used to fill in grain and create a flat, smooth surface to topcoat. Small cracks or lines in the finish. A small crater or depression in the finish. Often caused by silicone or oil contamination. Flake figure is developed only in those species which have very heavy medullary ray growth, specifically Oak, Lacewood, and Sycamore. When the saw or knife cut is directly on or near to the radial, it is close to parallel with the medullary ray and therefore develops the Flake effect. Also called Plain Slicing, it is the most common method of veneer manufacturing, producing a grain pattern known as cathedral. is cut across the half log (tangential cut). Because each leaf in the flitch is similar, a consistent and even matching pattern is possible. Flat cut veneer is ideally suited for wall panels and furniture. Wood veneer that is joined, processed, sanded and backed with paper or other material to create a fully ready to use dimensional sheet of real wood veneer. That section of a log or piece of wood made ready, by sawing, for cutting into veneer in the proper manner desired. After cutting this section of the log, the sheets are kept together consecutively, as cut, and handled in sequence through process of clipping and drying, so that they are crated for shipment in the same order. Match used to provide color control. Provides no grain control. No additional drawings are required in order to proceed. Print Date: 2/9/2010 Controlled document if in RED Page 3 of 8

6 Ghost Figure Gloss Grading Grain Grain slope Gum Half Round Slicing Hardwood Heartwood Herringbone Holes, worm Hot cut veneer Joint Knife Marks Knots, Pin Knots, Open Knots, Sound, Tight Lamination Line Panel Loose side Marquetry Faces Master Panel Master Step Panel Matched Set Term generally applied to any cross figure which is not at all prominent, but is noticeable from certain angles and may show up to some extent under finish. The sheen or reflectivity of a coating. Classifying veneers according to quality standards for each species. This greatly impacts the price and end use of the veneer. Size and arrangement of the cells and pores of the living tree. Grain is not synonymous with figure. Woods fall into three groups: Fine grained (Birch, Cherry, Maple, etc.), medium grained (Walnut, Mahogany, etc.) and coarse grained (Oak, etc.).) Coarser grained woods can usually be cut to develop a more conspicuous pattern. Expression of the angle of the grain to the long edges or the length of the veneer. Patches or black spots occurring primarily in American Cherry. This undesirable characteristic is acceptable in varying degree in most grades of Cherry. Similar to rotary peeling, also producing a high veneer yield. Used primarily to add width to narrow stocks by increasing the plane of cut. Also used to enhance a particularly wild grain pattern. Matching is possible because the leaves can be kept in sequence. Half round cutting may be used to achieve flat cut veneer appearance. General term used to designate lumber or veneer produced from broad-leafed or deciduous trees in contrast to softwood, which is produced from evergreens or coniferous trees. The non-active center of a tree generally distinguishable from the outer portion (sapwood) by its darker color. strips are used and matched to both sides of the center line, at an angle. The resulting appearance is reminiscent of the bones of a fish as they are attached to the back bone. See also Roll Figure. Holes resulting from infestation of worms. A fuzzy appearance on the veneer surface is most commonly called hot cut and also results from the flitch being too hot and soft when sliced. Once sliced, a somewhat different color results, and the veneer has a tendency to buckle when dried. It will not accept finish like normal wood. Trees growing on steep hill sides with a crook at the base will have the same problem, at least in that portion of the tree. The line between the edges or ends of two adjacent sheets of veneer or strips of lumber in the same plane. A raised or hollowed cross grain cut caused generally by a nick in the peeling or slicing knife. Sound knots ¼ inch or less that do not contain dark centers. Inconspicuous or blending pin knots are barely detectable at a distance of 6 to 8, do not seriously detract from the overall appearance of the panel, and are permitted in all grades. Opening produced when a portion of the wood substance of a knot has dropped out, or where cross checks have occurred to produce an opening. Knots that are solid across their face and fixed by growth to retain their place. The process of gluing or bonding the component sections of the plywood into a single permanent until stronger than the original wood itself. Solid colored panels on the finish line used to match color. Line panels include: NGR or toner, washcoat, stain, and shade. In knife-cut veneer, that side of the sheet that was in contact with the knife as the sheet was being cut. The bending of the wood at the knife edge causes cutting checks. A background face of veneer into which has been inlaid a decorative or picture design by use of segments of woods of various character and color. Panel used in final inspect for quality purposes. The color of each unit should match the corresponding master panel. Panel that has been blocked off to show how each finish step should appear to the viewer. Match used to provide color control and grain control. Requires additional drawings in order to proceed. Print Date: 2/9/2010 Controlled document if in RED Page 4 of 8

7 Medium Density Fiberboard (MDF) Medullary Ray Mineral Streak Mottle Figure NGR No Black Line, NBL Particleboard Peanut Shell Figure Pecky Pin Knot Phenolic Backer Phenolic Plain Sliced Pommele Figure Premium Grade Plank Match PSA Quarter Slicing / Cut Quilted Figure Random Matched (Sound) Raw A panel or substrate material manufactured from wood fiber and resin. Generally considered the best substrate for laminating veneers. The medullary ray is an arrangement of cellular structure in a tree which radiates out from the center to the perimeter of the log. In other words, this medullary ray growth is perpendicular to the growth ring line. It is in some evidence in veneer of various species, such as Maple, African Mahogany, Beech and Brown Elm, but to a comparatively limited extent, In most hardwood species, it is not of any significance in appearance. On the other hand, the Oaks and American Sycamore or English Plane Tree and Lacewood or Silky Oak have characteristically heavy medullary ray growth, and the quartered flake figure in these woods is the result. A dark patch or discoloration in the wood which occurs because of the presence of minerals in the soil in which the tree is growing. A variegated pattern which consists principally of irregular, wavy fibers extending for short distances across the face. If there is also some irregular cross figure in a log with a twisted interwoven grain, the broken stripe figure becomes a mottle (Non-Grain-Raising) - Usually refers to certain stains that do not raise the fiber of the wood when applied. Same as Wood on Wood or 2-Ply. A panel composed of small particles of wood and wood fiber that are bonded together with synthetic resin adhesives in the presence of heat and pressure. A type of figure occurring in some woods similar to quilted or blistered figure. These woods are typically cut to promote a random and wild grain effect with a three dimensional feel. Occurring most commonly in Tamo Ash and Bubinga. Pockets of disintegrated wood caused by localized decay or wood areas with abrupt color change related to localized injury such as bird peck. Peck is sometimes considered as a decorative effect such as bird peck in pecan and hickory or pecks in cypress. See Knots, Pin. Used as a balancing backer in the fabrication of 3-ply plastic laminate panels. Typically, the backer is the same thickness as the face laminate. This allows for a balanced panel. A flexible veneer face with a phenolic type backing material. Sometimes referred to as laminate veneer. See Flat Cut. This figure resembles a puddle surface during a light rain a dense pattern of small rings enveloping one another. Some say it has a "suede" or "furry" look. It is usually found in extremely large trees of African species, such as sapele, bubinga and makore. Some domestic species with a sparser, larger figure are referred to as "blistered". A common reference to AA Grade veneer when veneer grading standards are applicable This specification indicated veneers are put together for the face of a piece of plywood at random, with no matching grain character in the same face. When sliced veneers are used, this results in the surface appearance of jointed solid lumber in furniture. Pressure Sensitive Adhesive, often referred to as peel and stick veneer. This is a self adhesive veneer which doesn't require the application of glue and is used much the same way as contact paper. This cut requires the largest diameter logs and produces straight grained veneers. The quarter slicing of oak can result in the appearance of flake. A larger, more exaggerated version of pommele or blister figure. The cellular figure is elongated and closely crowded giving it a pillowy three-dimensional effect. It is most commonly found in Maple, Mahogany, Moabi and Sapele. This specification indicates veneers, either sliced or rotary, are put together at random for the face of a piece of plywood, with no attempt to match grain. However, it is generally understood the purpose here is to give a general semblance of overall uniformity, as compared to contrast plank effect intended in the Plank Match. Wood veneer cut from any log by any slicing method that is dried and then used as a natural flitch or leaf of veneer. Much production and machining of this veneer has to be accomplished prior to the final application to a substrate. Print Date: 2/9/2010 Controlled document if in RED Page 5 of 8

8 Reconstituted Ribbon Stripe Reverse Slip Match (Swing Match) Rift Cut Roll Figure Ropey Figure Rotary Slicing, Rotary Cut Rotary Grain Look Running Match Sapwood Sealer Seasoning Checks Select Grade Sequence Matching Shale, Shaly Sheet Sketch Face Sliced Slip Matching Soft-form Softwood Spliced Face A man-made veneer which uses real wood fiber with natural colorants to simulate various color, figure and grain seen in real wood veneers. Result of quarter-slicing a log and the appearance actually is between broken stripe and plain stripe. It gives the general appearance of a ribbon sometimes slightly twisted. The variation from slip match is that every other piece of veneer in the face is reversed, end for end, with the adjoining sheet which balances the characteristics of the pieces of veneer in the face. It eliminates the marching of character marks across the face. It is the ideal way of taking advantage of the natural character of the veneer with good balance in the face. This description of figure or grain character is most commonly applied to veneer or lumber cut from those species having a heavy medullary ray growth. It is now almost synonymous with White Oak, in view of the popularity of Rift White Oak veneer. The effect in veneer is straight grain and no flake, produced by a cut near enough to radial to be across the growth rings and yet, at all times, enough off the true radial cut to avoid any direction of the cut parallel with the medullary ray. In description of Fiddleback Figure, reference is made to small roll appearance. While fiddleback figure is usually fairly horizontal to the length of the veneer, roll figure will appear as larger rolls or twists running more likely at some diagonal degree. Thus, when book matched, the herringbone description evolves. If the twist in the grain of broken stripe is all in one direction, a rope figure results. The log is turned in a circular motion against a knife, peeling off a continuous thin sheet of wood veneer (like unrolling wrapping paper). It is the most economical method of producing veneer, resulting in the highest yield. The grain is inconsistent and leaves are most difficult to match. This type of veneer is best suited for paint grade or utility surfaces. Short stocky heavy grained (figure) pattern throughout a veneer face. The panel face is made from components running through the flitch consecutively. Any portion of a component or leaf in starting the next panel. This is the outer portion of the tree. As additional layers of growth accumulate on the outer perimeter, the inner layers of the sapwood become heartwood. Sap is lighter in color and the differentiation in color and thickness of the sap layer varies considerably by species. An undercoat of finish that s function is to stop further absorption of successive coats into the wood, thus helping the successive coats to level. See Checks. A common reference to A Grade veneers when veneer grading standards are applicable. A method of arranging veneer faces such that each face is in order relative to its original position in the tree and, therefore, contains features of grain and figures similar to adjacent faces. appears to be separating in layers, much like shale. This is a natural defect, and cannot be removed by sanding. Same as Flexible. A method of joining individual leaves of veneer together to create a single, standard dimensional sheet veneer. This method uses a combination of book matching and butt matching and is commonly used with burl and crotch veneers. produced by thrusting a log or sawn flitch into a slicing machine which shears off the veneer in sheets. Means that veneer leaves in a flitch are "slipped." Successive veneer leaves in a flitch are "slipped" one alongside the other and edge-glued in this manner. The result is a series of grain repeats, but no pairs. The danger with this method derives from the fact that grain patterns are rarely perfectly straight. Sometimes a grain pattern "runs off" the edge of the leaf. A series of leaves with this condition could usually make a panel look like it is leaning. In the book matching the pairs balance each other. Refers to the application of edge veneer to a machined profiled edge. General term used to describe lumber or veneer produced from needle and/or cone-bearing trees. (See Hardwood) Face veneers that have been joined in any one of several matching effects through the careful factory process of tapeless splicing. Print Date: 2/9/2010 Controlled document if in RED Page 6 of 8

9 . Step Panel Streaks, Mineral Stumpwood Stump Substrate Sugar Swirl Grain Sycamore figure Telegraphing Tension Wood Tight Side Toner Topcoat Face Log Vine mark Viscosity Washcoat Wind shake Wood on Wood Worm Holes Worm tracks Panel that has been blocked off to show how each finish step should appear to the viewer. See Mineral Streak. Stumpwood is that portion of the tree just below the surface and for some 30 above the ground. cut from this portion is more commonly called Butt. Produced from the base of the tree. Here the grain pattern is always swirly twisted and often accompanied by cross fire and patches of burl. The sizes are normally small. The material or product to be coated. Color streaks or spots attributed to discoloration involving sap in maple veneer. A lesser degree of crotch figure. The grain tends to swirl around in a random pattern. This figure frequently appears in cherry, mahogany, walnut and maple. Visible irregularities in the surface of the face of the veneered panel or plywood caused by corresponding irregularities in the underlying core such as voids, zigzag stitches etc. Reaction wood formed typically on the upper sides of branches and leaning or crooked boles of hardwood trees. Characterized anatomically by little or no lignification and by presence of an internal gelatinous layer in the fibres. It has an abnormally high longitudinal shrinkage, tending to cause warping and splitting, and the machined surface tends to be fibrous or woolly especially when green. In knife-cut veneer, that side of the sheet that was farthest from the knife as the sheet was being cut and containing no cutting checks (lathe checks). A pigmented sealer or topcoat reduction that is used to color certain areas of the wood over the existing stain, giving a uniform look to the stain. The final finish coat, usually a specific finish product designed to give better flow out and durability than the sealer coat. A thin sheet of wood, rotary cut, sliced or sawn from a log or flitch. ing goes back to the early days of the Egyptians, about 3,500 years ago. Down through the years and cultures, veneering has enriched furniture and architectural interiors with sheets of rare and beautiful woods bonded to other plain, sturdy wood based substrates to form a panel. See description for Spliced Face. Logs, either hardwood or softwood, which have specific characteristics (traits) which qualify them to be sliced for veneer use only. Less than 5% of all logs are of veneer quality. Bands of irregular grain running across or diagonally to the grain. This is caused by the growth of climbing vines around the tree. The thickness of a coating in its liquid state. A reduced finish that is applied over raw wood to reduce stain penetration, or over stains and fillers to promote adhesion of the next coat. A crack or separation between growth rings in timber, attributed to the straining of tree trunks in high winds. These areas of grain are different in density than surrounding fibers, and take stains and finishes differently that surrounding fibers. Sometimes called Compression Wood. Same as 2-Ply and commonly interpreted as no black line veneer. Holes resulting from worm infestation. Marks caused by various types of wood-attacking larvae. Often appear as sound discolorations running with or across the grain in straight to wavy streaks. Sometimes referred to as pith flecks in certain species of maple, birch, and other hardwoods because of a resemblance to the color of pith. II. REVISION HISTORY Rev #: Rev Date: Revised by: Reason for update: lmm New specification Lmm Added DOTY to list Lmm Added more terrms. Print Date: 2/9/2010 Controlled document if in RED Page 7 of 8

10 Lmm Added additional terms Lmm Moved to separate directory Lmm Added additional terms KLD Added hyperlinks for sugar and vine mark JAC Added hyperlinks JAC Added 3-ply, 5-ply, 7-ply, cross ply, core banded cores, soft-formed, and phenolic backer JAC Added fish eyes, finish checking, line panel, step panel, master panel, master step panel, NGR, washcoat, viscosity, toner, topcoat, substrate, sealer, gloss, filler, and catalyst LMM Added Architectural match, matched set, flitch match. Print Date: 2/9/2010 Controlled document if in RED Page 8 of 8