The Numismatic Chronicle 174 Offprint

Transcription

1 The Numismatic Chronicle 174 Offprint COIN HOARDS 2014 MEDIEVAL and MODERN HOARDS A HOARD FROM THE TIME OF THE COLLAPSE OF THE SASANIAN EMPIRE (AD 638 9) PART II; ANALYSIS OF THE MINTING SYSTEM OF ARDASHĪR III 11. Unknown (probably historical Greater Iran), in European trade before 2012 by STEFAN HEIDEMANN LONDON THE ROYAL NUMISMATIC SOCIETY 2014

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3 MEDIEVAL AND MODERN HOARDS 333 MIDDLE EAST? A HOARD FROM THE TIME OF THE COLLAPSE OF THE SASANIAN EMPIRE (AD 638 9) PART II ANALYSIS OF THE MINTING SYSTEM OF ARDASHĪR III STEFAN HEIDEMANN [PLATES 53 72] 11. Unknown (probably historical Greater Iran), in European trade before 2012 Dep. 638/9 or later 176 Å Disp. In European and American trade Keywords: Sasanian numismatics, Ardashīr III, Yazdgard III, minting system, die alterations, erasures, new mint. Overview 1 A parcel ( parcel 1 ) of 66 coins was published by the present author in The Numismatic Chronicle This parcel, from a seemingly much larger hoard, had been recorded in March A second parcel of 176 coins was brought to the author s attention in September This contained 169 coins of Ardashīr III (AD ), five of Yazdgard III (AD ) and two, apparently unrelated ones, of Hormizd V (AD 632 3). The latter judgement is based on the different toning of these coins. This parcel was apparently part of the same hoard as parcel 1. 3 The closing coin of the second parcel is again from the seventh regnal year of Yazdgard III (AD 638/9), and again from the mint of NAL in Kirmān. This Kirmānī mint now seems much more significant in the make up of the hoard since about 12 13% of the recorded coins from the hoard originate from it. 4 1 I am most grateful to Katrin Gutberlet who carefully undertook the photographic documentations. 2 S. Heidemann, CH 13, NC 173 (2013), pp A group from parcel 2 was later sold at Album, (Santa Rosa) Auction 19 (15 May 2014). The sale also includes other, unrelated, coins of Ardashīr. 4 The Oddly Die-Linked Hoard from the time of Yazdgard in Kirmān with a closing date of Yazdgard s year 14, and the present hoard ending in year 7, seem to complement each other. The recorded parcel of the Oddly Die-Linked Hoard is missing the Ardashīr component, while the other is lacking the Khusrō II component. Both seem to have an assembling phase in Fārs or Kirmān, the first with an emphasis on the mint of BN, the latter on the mint of NAL. Both seem to have arrived in several parcels in the European and American trade at roughly the same time and both have a significant number of dipinti. Their toning, however, is clearly different: the first has a beige sandy clay on an almost unaged silvery surface, with light green corrosion spots while the latter exhibits a distinct greyish tone with occasional chloride horn silver. The different visual appearances indicate two different hoards. It may be that some Khusrō II coins with a greyish toning were included in Berlin parcel II of the Oddly Die- Linked Hoard. A discussion of this hoard will be found in S. Heidemann, J. Riederer and D. Weber, A hoard from the time of Yazdgard III in Kirmān, (forthcoming).

4 334 COIN HOARDS The problems of recording commercial parcels, without a proper archaeological context, were discussed in relation to the first parcel; likewise estimates about the original size of the hoard. The second parcel allows us to make further observations. The entire hoard is of course beyond reconstruction. Nonetheless significant information is yielded by this new parcel. The main reason for recording it is the scarcity of historical and numismatic evidence post the battle of al-qādisiyya (AD 636). Second, the coins of Ardashīr make up the largest group of his coins ever recorded and studied. The quantity of coins, but particularly the number of dies encountered, allows us to put forward some preliminary hypotheses on relative mint output. Third, alterations of some of these dies and the erasure of mints on the coins themselves give scope for preliminary hypotheses about the mint organisation. Finally, it is recorded to preserve the numismatic context for the phenomenon of ink dipinti and grafitti in the late Sasanian period. The reading of the dipinti will again be discussed in a different publication by Dieter Weber. 5 Character of the parcels The Ardashīr coins of both parcels seem to be a deliberate selection from a, presumably, much larger hoard which should have had a sizable portion of Khusrō II coins. When compared with other hoards buried about the same time and which include coins of Ardashīr, this one with, at the latest count, 235 coins of Ardashīr might have contained several thousand coins of Khusrō II coins as well. In the previous parcel there was a gap of about eight years between the closing date of the parcel, year 7 of Yazdgard (AD 638/9), and the parcel s next most recent coins from the last year of Ardashīr. The present parcel closes the gap a little. There are two coins of Yazdgard s, year 1 (AD 632/3) and one of his year 6 (AD 637/8). Comparing the Ardashīr portions of the two parcels one has the impression that the first parcel was a collector s careful selection of the available Ardashīr coins from the hoard. The coins were mostly in a flawless condition and well struck. Although almost every mint in the hoard was included, the more prolific mints were only represented by a limited number of specimens. The second parcel includes many more unpleasant looking coins struck with overused rusty dies, less carefully minted, and more coins from some mints. It reveals by its larger quantities and less selective attitude a much better impression of the regional distribution and the share of each mint in the overall production. Relative mint output and regional distribution A thorough die study has been carried out of the coins from the hoard. The results suggest minting patterns which may have existed during the first two years of the Sasanian wars of succession. The material is still not comprehensive enough for any unambiguous results. For example, the first parcel contained only two coins from the mint NAL (a mint in Kirmān) for year 2 (until then scarce), while the second 5 The philological treatment of the dipinti of the coins in the first parcel will be included in Heidemann, Riederer and Weber, A hoard from the time of Yazdgard III in Kirmān (forthcoming). The reading of the dipinti of the second parcel will follow in a separate publication.

5 MEDIEVAL AND MODERN HOARDS 335 provides an additional 26 specimens. Rarity can be misleading. A die count revealed 25 obverse and 26 reverse dies for NAL year 2. This seems to be a significant large output, in the light of the few die studies of late Sasanian mints. The prolific Bīshāpūr mint in Khusrō s year 13 registered 11 obverse, and 12 reverse dies for coins with the ʾpd mark, which might account for about a third of the year s production. 6 While NAL is a mint in Kirmān, the suggested identification with Narmashīr is not yet proven by supporting evidence such as seals. 7 The number of dies imply that NAL was among the major mints of Ardashīr s reign. The further major mints for year 2 remain, of course, the mint of the capital WH (Vēh-Ardashīr?, Ctesiphon: 33 obverse, 21 reverse dies), and the major mints in greater Fārs such as YZ (Yazd: 25 obverse, 26 reverse dies) and DA (Dārābgerd: 17 obverse, 18 reverse dies). The number of dies for hitherto scarcer mints was surprisingly high: AYL (unknown location, 11 obverse, 10 reverse dies) and AW (Hormizd Ardashīr: 10 obverse, 10 reverse dies) seem to have produced large quantities of dies as well as NAL (Narmashīr?) as already mentioned. The regional distribution is much more pronounced than could be assumed from the first parcel. The majority of the coins in the combined parcels come from the provinces of Fārs (82), Khuzistān (49), and the Iraqi region (35, mainly Ctesiphon). In addition the mint of NAL in Kirmān (32) emerges as a significant supplier of coins in Ardashīr s reign. It allows us to make the preliminary assumption that there was an enormous production in Ardashīr s second year (AD 629/30), in Central Iraq and in Fārs and also the adjacent provinces of Khūzistān and Kirmān. The die analysis reveals very few die links within a given year and mint, allowing for much higher estimates of actual dies used for these issues. On the other hand this makes a more precise estimate of the original number of dies difficult. Whatever the background of this surge in coin, or more accurately die, production, compared with what we know about die production for the period of Khusrō II 8 we can assume there was a political and / or military reason relating to the Sasanian wars of succession. 9 While the first, more selective, parcel contained a number of the scarcer year 1 coins, this parcel does not contain any, though it does have a year 2 coin with the first crown (BN 2, no. 59/6861) and a coin of a mysterious new mint of W/N-S/A-S/A (year 2, no. 144/6974). 6 Szaivert, Bishapur. These ʾpd-marked dies are so tightly die linked they must be a parcel from the mint which suggests they are from one period of minting. The Ardashīr III coins here are an accumulation over a period of perhaps years. 7 See recently Malek, Late Sasanian coinage, p NAL continues into the series of Arab coins in Sasaninan style. The continuation of the mint for the reformed, Arab-Umayyad, coinage is in doubt. Two coins have tentatively been attributed to that mint. Shams Eshragh, Silver Coinage, no. 253, suggested the reading of Narmāshir for a coin dated year 80 H in blundered style. A coin even more bundered stylistically but not die-linked was in Morton & Eden, Auction 63, no. 33, with the suggested mint reading (Narm)āshir, but the first part of the mintname would be missing, and it could be a warped bi-l-jisr as well. 8 Further die studies on coins of Khusrō II in the years before his regnal year 12, will be published in the upcoming study of Susan Tyler-Smith on the Shīrāz hoard. 9 Pourshariati, Decline and Fall, pp

6 336 COIN HOARDS Sasanian mint organisation under Ardashīr III The re-engraving of dies allows us a glimpse into mint organisation under Ardashīr III. François Gurnet has already discussed a die of Ardashīr which has been reengraved to carry the ART (Ardashīr Khurra) mint abbreviation. In addition the year was altered from year 1 to year In the time of Khusrō II, at least, it is assumed that there was a regulated central engraving office for the main mints. Whether the dies were sent out to the mints, as in the middle ʿAbbāsid period, 11 or the coins themselves were centrally minted and sent then off to the district capitals, remains unclear. 12 Evidence for the first practice would be re-engraved mint abbreviations on dies showing dies had been sent to the wrong provincial authority and were then recut with the correct administrative abbreviation. Evidence for the second would be impossible die links, where obverse dies were shared by different mints. Reengraving of mint abbreviations is known from the time of Hormizd IV. 13 For Khusrō II, such re-engraving of mint names has not yet(?) been established for any major mint abbreviation. 14 Several instances of re-engraving have been noted for coins of Ardashīr III. The present hoard suggests this was a wider phenomenon than previously assumed. The original abbreviation is not always discernable, but its alteration is clearly visible. In the current hoard there is an example of an abbreviation, probably APL (year 2) which has been recut from an unidentifiable abbreviation (fig. 1). 15 Fig. 1. Ardashīr III, APL year 2. Heidemann, Hoard, p. 420, no. 5 (detail). 10 Gurnet, Some considerations, no Ilisch, Stempelveränderungen. 12 The phenomenon of centralized coin production for different regions or cities is known for other periods and regions in numismatic history, notably for imperial Asia Minor and Roman Britain, but not yet for the Sasanian Empire. For Roman Britain see Sellwood, Roman coins, pp For a different system of die sharing in Asia Minor, where certain workshops produced civic coinages for a number of cities, see Kraft, System, and following him Johnston, New problems, and Johnston, Die sharing. A similar phenomenon of impossible die sharing between different mints occurred during the early Umayyad period in Syria. 13 Photo archive at Universität Hamburg: SB (Hormizd IV, MY 11, recut from another mint abbreviation); SB (Hormizd IV, YZ 2; YZ re-engraved from AT or AM), SB (Hormizd IV, ŠYT [sic] 12, recut from ART?). 14 Mochiri, Réemploi, describes a similar phenomenon for some Khusrō II coins. He published five die-identical coins of Khusrō II mentioning an unlocated mint, LY of year 15, which is die-linked with a reverse of an equally unidentified mint, LAN, year 23. The three coins of LAN 23 share two different obverse dies. Because of the rarity of both mint abbreviations, and their undefined location, the coins seem more likely to be contemporary forgeries. 15 APL 2; dies A-a; mint recut (?), first engraving two teeth or ʾ before L: Heidemann, Hoard, no. 5.

7 MEDIEVAL AND MODERN HOARDS 337 Fig. 2. Ardashīr III, ART, year 2 engraved over ST(?), year 1. No. 2/6806 (detail). Fig. 3. Ardashīr III, ART, year 2, re-engraved from ST(?), year 1. Heidemann, Hoard, p. 420, no. 7 (detail). Three reverse dies with the abbreviation ART are now known, engraved over another abbreviation, which is hard to determine. Gurnet s suggestion that the original is ST is not without problems (fig. 2). Whatever the original abbreviation, it is the same on all three altered dies. The year was changed on all three coins from year 1 to year 2 (fig. 3). 16 Coin no. 6/6805 shows that in the same years an unaltered die of ART, year 2 was used at the mint. Fig. 4. Ardashīr III, AYL probably re-cut from AH, year 2. No. 46/6848 (detail). 16 The altered reverse die a was first published by Paruck, Monnaies sassanides, p. 48, fig. 19. This die was linked with at least four different obverse dies: Paruck, Monnaies sassanides, fig. 19 (first crown), dies A, B, and C (all second crown). In detail: ART 2; dies A (second crown)-a; mint recut ST?, year 1: Heidemann, Hoard, no. 7. Dies B (second crown)-a; nos 6806, 6809, Dies C (second crown)-a: no Dies D (first crown)-b*: Gurnet, Some considerations, fig.10 (ART 2, obv. first crown: recut ST?, year 1) has an obverse and an altered reverse die not yet linked to the others. Reverse dies E (first crown)-c*: coll. Susan Tyler-Smith (ART, year 2 recut from ST?, year 1; 4.16g; 3h).

8 338 COIN HOARDS More than one die was obviously wrongly sent to Ardashīr Khurra. One die of AYL, year 2, was a recut from, probably, AH or AHM(?), year 2(?) (fig. 4). 17 Also a die of YZ, year 2, was altered perhaps also from AH (fig. 5). 18 Fig. 5. Ardashīr III, YZ possibly re-cut from AH, year 2. No. 156/6971 (detail). These wrongly addressed dies, together with the large number of dies produced in Ardashīr s short reign, may be evidence of serious disturbances in the minting system at a time of enormous output. Impossible die links of an obverse with reverses with different abbreviations have not yet been found. It seems clear that, in continuation of earlier practices, dies were engraved centrally and then sent out to the mint. This was probably later changed to a system of centralised minting under Yazdgard III. This might either have been an itinerant mint or, more likely, a central mint sending out the coins to the appropriate administrative centres. This phenomenon will be treated in a separate article. 19 Erasing mint names on coins This phenomenon, which is quite often encountered on late Sasanian coins, may be connected with the minting system. Mints were scratched out too often for this to be a random occurrence, or a doodle by a bored contemporary. On Khusrō II s coins the erasure of the mint is quite often found, especially on coins of BBA, the court mint, but it has also been observed for other mint abbreviations. In addition the mark of guarantee of value ʾpd is affected. 20 The careful observation of the inscriptions on coins is also seen on drachms of the usurper Vistahm (591 c.597?), where his name and his remarkable loose hair are sometimes carefully scratched out. 21 Later we often find the bismillāh on Arab coins of Sasanian type erased. 22 This phenomenon can also be seen on two coins of Ardashīr: coin no. 169/6868 probably struck in Yazd (fig. 6), and coin no. 154/6960 which is definitely from Yazd (fig. 7). That Yazd might twice be the victim must be taken as contingent until further information becomes available. Whether this phenomenon is connected with the presumed errors in sending out dies, discussed above, cannot yet be answered. 17 No (dies D-d); no (dies K-d). 18 No (dies P-p); no (dies X-p). 19 Heidemann, Riederer, Weber, Hoard (forthcoming). 20 All erased mint marks and ʾpds on coins Khusrō II, known to the author, are to be found in Heidemann, Riederer, Weber, Hoard (forthcoming). 21 Schindel, Damnatio. The coin belongs to the collection of Robert Schaaf. 22 For example Hamburg photo files SB 09604, Khusrō II type, mint BYŠ, year 25 Yazdgard era, bismillāh erased on a coin of the type Album-Goodwin, Pre-Reform Coinage, no. 110.

9 MEDIEVAL AND MODERN HOARDS 339 Fig. 6. Ardashīr III, YZ mint erased, year 2. No. 169/6868 (detail). Fig. 7. Ardashīr III, YZ mint partially erased, year 2. No. 154/6960 (detail). A rare mint abbreviation W/N-A/S-A/S As a final note the parcel brought to light an apparently rare mint abbreviation. The letters appear clear and read W/N, second letter ʾ or an S and the third letter seems to be also an ʾ or S (figs 8 to 10). Malek mentions a coin of this mint from the Johnson collection, London, 23 but no coin with this clearly discernable mint has been illustrated so far. A third coin is preserved in the collection of S. Tyler-Smith. All three coins are struck from different dies, allowing the assumption of a regular mint. Also, as far as the style is concerned, the coins are apparently part of the official minting system. Currently no suggestion about its location can be made. Fig. 8. Ardashīr III, W/N-A/S-A/S, year 2. No. 144/6874 (detail). Fig. 9. Ardashīr III, W/N-A/S-A/S, year 2, 3.02g. Johnson coll. no Malek, Late Sasanian coinage, p. 488, fn. 86; here read as NAS.

10 340 COIN HOARDS Fig. 10. Ardashīr III, W/N-A/S-A/S, year 2, 4.08g, 3h. S. Tyler-Smith coll. WORKS CITED S. Album (Santa Rosa) Auction 19 (15 17 May 2014). S. Album T. Goodwin, The Pre-Reform Coinage of the Early Islamic Period (Sylloge of Islamic Coins in the Ashmolean 1) (Oxford, 2002). R. Göbl, Sasanian Numismatics (Brunswick, 1971). F. Gurnet, Some considerations on the re-use of dies in Sasanian numismatics, ONSN 141 (Summer 1994), pp R. Gyselen, La géographie administrative de l empire sassanide (Res Orientalis 1), (Paris, 1989). S.R. Hauser, Veh Ardashīr and the identification of the ruins at al-madāʾin, in A. Hagedorn, A. Shalem (eds). Facts and Artefacts: Festschrift for Jens Kröger on his 65th Birthday (Leiden, 2007), pp S. Heidemann, A hoard from the time of the collapse of the Sasanian empire (AD 638 9), NC 173 (2013), pp (Abbreviated Heidemann, Hoard.) S. Heidemann, J. Riederer, D. Weber, A hoard from the time of Yazdgard III in Kirmān, Iran (2014, forthcoming). L. Ilisch, Stempelveränderungen an islamischen Münzen des Mittelalters als Quelle zur Münzstättenorganisation, in T. Hackens and R. Weiller (eds), Proceedings of the 9th International Congress of Numismatics, Berne, September 1979 (Louvain-la Neuve / Luxemburg, 1982), pp A. Johnston, New problems for old: Konrad Kraft on die-sharing in Asia Minor, NC 7 14 (1974), pp Die sharing in Asia Minor: the view from Sardis, INJ 6 7 (1982 3), pp K. Kraft, Das System der kaiserzeitlichen Münzprägung in Kleinasien Materialien und Entwürfe (Berlin, 1972). H.M. Malek, Late Sasanian coinage and the collection in the Muzeh Melli Iran, NC 173 (2013), pp M.I. Mochiri, Étude de numismatique iranienne sous les Sassanides et Arabe-Sassanides, vol. 2, 2nd revised edition (Tehran, 1983). Réemploi de coins des monnaies sassanides, NC 158 (1998), pp Morton & Eden (London) Auction 63 (23 April 2013). F.D.J. Paruck, Sur quelques monnaies inédites, RN 36 (1933), pp A. Shams Eshragh, Silver Coinage of the Caliphs (London, 2010). P. Pourshariati, Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire. The Sasanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran (London, 2008). N. Schindel, Ein Beispiel für damnatio memoriae auf einer Münze des sasanidischen Usurpators Wistahm, Geldgeschichtliche Nachrichten 254 (March 2011), pp

11 MEDIEVAL AND MODERN HOARDS 341 L. Sellwood, Roman coins from the Sacred Spring at Bath, in B. Cunliffe et al. (eds), The Temple of Sulis Minerva at Bath. Vol. 2 The Finds from the Sacred Spring, (Oxford University Committee for Archaeology 16) (Oxford, 1988), pp W. Szaivert, Der Fund von Bišapur, JNG 28 9 (1978 9), pp S. Tyler-Smith, Coinage in the name of Yazdgard III (AD ) and the Arab conquest in Iran, NC 160 (2000), pp (Abbreviated as STS.) CATALOGUE (All coins are illustrated on pls 53 72, in the order of the Catalogue) The arrangement of the Catalogue is the same as that used in NC A four-digit photo number has been used to identify each coin for future reference. A running number has also been added. Die combinations for each mint have been designated by capital letters for the obverse and lower case for the reverse. Die numbers are continued from those used for the first parcel. The numbers of coins in parcel 1 and 2 are indicated, separated by a slash, for each mint and type at the first occurrence of the mint in the list. Coins from parcel 1 are not relisted individually. The mint abbreviations have been identified according to the latest discussion in the forthcoming book by Susan Tyler-Smith, The Coinage Reform of Khusrū II. Over Page.

12 342 COIN HOARDS ARDASHĪR III Cat./ photo no. Mint abbreviation and identification Regnal year Type no. Die nos Number: parcel 1/ parcel 2 Wt (g) Die axis (h) Comments AHM (Hamadhān, Media or Jibāl) 2 G. II/1 (winged crown) 1/6804 AM (Āmul, Ṭabaristān) 2 G. II/1 B-b 1 / Crystallised margin, partly broken off. Album, Auction 19, lot 59. APL (Ābarshahr, Khurāsān) 2 G. II/1 1 / 0 See Mochiri, Étude, figs 72, 73. ART (Ardashīr Khurra, Fārs) 1 G. I/1 (wingless crown) 3 / 0 1 / 0 2/6806 ART 2 G. II/1 B-a 1 / Die re-engraved from possibly ST (?), year 1 (see also fig. 2); see Gurnet, Some considerations, fig. 10, and Paruck, Monnaies sassanides, p. 48, no. 19). Rev. dipinto. 3/6809 ART 2 G. II/1 B-a /6810 ART 2 G. II/1 B-a Obv. and rev. dipinto. 5/6808 ART 2 G. II/1 C-a Reverse double struck. 6/6805 ART 2 G. II/1 D-b Reverse die b is a perfectly original ART 2 reverse die. Obv. slightly double struck; rev. slight traces of a dipinto. AT (Āṯurbadagān, Azarbaijān?) 1 G. I/1 1 / 0 7/6807 AT 2 G. II/1 B-b 1 /

13 MEDIEVAL AND MODERN HOARDS 343 Cat./ photo no. Mint abbreviation and identification 8/6811 AW (Hormizd Ardaxšīr? later Sūq al-ahwāz, in Khuzistān) Regnal year Type no. Die nos Number: parcel 1/ parcel 2 Wt (g) Die axis (h) Comments 2 G. II/1 A-a 0 / See Mochiri, Étude, fig for type. Rev. traces of dipinto. 9/6812 AW 2 G. II/1 B-b Rev. dipinto. 10/6813 AW 2 G. II/1 C-c Rev. traces of dipinto. 11/6814 AW 2 G. II/1 D-d Rev. traces of dipinto; this coin Album, Auction 19, lot /6817 AW 2 G. II/1 E-d /6815 AW 2 G. II/1 F-e /6816 AW 2 G. II/1 G-f Rev. traces of dipinto. 15/6818 AW 2 G. II/1 H-g Rev. traces of dipinto. 16/6819 AW 2 G. II/1 I-h /6820 AW 2 G. II/1 J-i /6829 AY (Ērān-Xvarrah-Shābuhr, 2 G. II/1 I-i 9 / See Mochiri, Étude, figs 436, 1110 for type.this Khuzistān?) mint was extremely prolific with nine coins in the previous parcel and 28 coins in the new parcel. There were only three die linked coins (6829, 6842 and 6831, all with reverse die i) among these 37 coins and two in the previous parcel (p. 420, nos 14 and 15, both with reverse die e). 19/6842 AY 2 G. II/1 V-i Rev. traces of dipinto. 20/6831 AY 2 G. II/1 K-i /6830 AY 2 G. II/1 J-j Rev. traces of dipinto between 10h and 12.30h. 22/6832 AY 2 G. II/1 L-k Album, Auction 19, lot /6833 AY 2 G. II/1 M-l /6834 AY 2 G. II/1 N-m

14 344 COIN HOARDS Cat./ photo no. Mint abbreviation and identification Regnal year Type no. Die nos Number: parcel 1/ parcel 2 Wt (g) Die axis (h) Comments 25/6835 AY 2 G. II/1 O-e Reverse die more worn than when used to strike nos 14 and 15 of parcel 1. 26/6836 AY 2 G. II/1 P-o Rev. traces of dipinto. 27/6837 AY 2 G. II/1 Q-p /6838 AY 2 G. II/1 R-q /6839 AY 2 G. II/1 S-r /6840 AY 2 G. II/1 T-s Rev. traces of dipinto. 31/6841 AY 2 G. II/1 U-t Rev. traces of dipinto. 32/6843 AY 2 G. II/1 W-u Rev. traces of dipinto. 33/6844 AY 2 G. II/1 X-v Rev. dipinto. 34/6845 AY 2 G. II/1 Y-w Obv. grafitto at 4. 35/6846 AY 2 G. II/1 Z-x Rev. grafitto. The coin is seemingly from a different hoard context, because of its surface toning. 36/6847 AY 2 G. II/1 AAn Rev. dipinto. 37/6821 AY 2 G. II/1 AB-y Rev. at 11h grafitto, Pahlavi mīm. 38/6822 AY 2 G. II/1 AC-z /6823 AY 2 G. II/1 ADaa Rev. traces of dipinto, slightly hammered edge. 40/6824 AY 2 G. II/1 AEab 41/6825 AY 2 G. II/1 AFac 42/6826 AY 2 G. II/1 AGad

15 MEDIEVAL AND MODERN HOARDS 345 Cat./ photo no. Mint abbreviation and identification Regnal year Type no. Die nos 43/6827 AY 2 G. II/1 AHae Number: parcel 1/ parcel 2 Wt (g) Die axis (h) Comments Obv. dipinto similar to no /6828 AY 2 G. II/1 AI-af /6887 AY 2 G. II/1 AJag Rev. dipinto. 46/6848 AYL (unknown location) 2 G. II/1 D-d 3 / AYL recut from AH?; rev. dipinto (see also fig. 4). 47/6855 AYL 2 G. II/1 K-d AYL recut from AH?, rev. traces of dipinto. 48/6849 AYL 2 G. II/1 E-e /6850 AYL 2 G. II/1 F-f /6851 AYL 2 G. II/1 G-g /6852 AYL 2 G. II/1 H-h /6853 AYL 2 G. II/1 I-i This coin Album, Auction 19, lot /6854 AYL 2 G. II/1 J-j Crystallised, parts of the margin broken off. 54/6856 AYL 2 G. II/1 L-k /6858 AYLAN (Ērān-āsān-kar- 2 G. II/1 B-e 5 / See Mochiri, Étude, fig. 927 for type. Earlier stage Kavād, later Hulwān, Media of die B than no. 23 of the first parcel or Jibāl?) 56/6860 AYLAN 2 G. II/1 G-e /6857 AYLAN 2 G. II/1 E-d /6859 AYLAN 2 G. II/1 F-g /6861 BN (unidentified mint in 2 G. I/1 B-b 1 / This coin Album, Auction 19, lot 63. Kirmān) 60/6862 BYŠ (Bīshāpūr, Fārs) 2 G. II/1 B-a 2 / Rev. traces of dipinto. 61/6863 BYŠ 2 G. II/1 C-b Rev. dipinto. 62/6865 BYŠ 2 G. II/1 C-b /6866 BYŠ 2 G. II/1 C-b Rev. faint traces of a dipinto.

16 346 COIN HOARDS Cat./ photo no. Mint abbreviation and identification Regnal year Type no. Die nos Number: parcel 1/ parcel 2 Wt (g) Die axis (h) Comments 64/6864 BYŠ 2 G. II/1 D-c /6869 BYŠ 2 G. II/1 E-d /6867 BYŠ 2 G. II/1 E-d Later stage of both dies. 67/6870 BYŠ 2 G. II/1 F-e Obv. traces of dipinto; mint abbreviation uncertain, probably BYŠ. DA (Dārābgerd, Fārs) 1 G. I/1 1 / 0 68/6872 DA 2 G. I/1 A-a 0 / /6874 DA 2 G. II/1 H-b 5 / This coin Album, Auction 19, lot 65; (see also fig. 8). 70/6878 DA 2 G. II/1 D-j Rev. traces of dipinto. 71/6881 DA 2 G. II/1 D-m /6877 DA 2 G. II/1 K-i Obv. traces of dipinto. 73/6879 DA 2 G. II/1 K-k /6889 DA 2 G. II/1 K-t /6875 DA 2 G. II/1 I-g Curls under diadem; rev. faint traces of dipinto. 76/6876 DA 2 G. II/1 J-h Curls under diadem. 77/6884 DA 2 G. II/1 O-p Curls under diadem. 78/6871 DA 2 G. II/1 F-e /6873 DA 2 G. II/1 G-f Rev. dipinto. 80/6880 DA 2 G. II/1 L-l /6882 DA 2 G. II/1 M-n Rev. pellet behind date. 82/6883 DA 2 G. II/1 N-o /6885 DA 2 G. II/1 P-q /6886 DA 2 G. II/1 Q-r Rev. dipinto. 85/6888 DA 2 G. II/1 R-s

17 MEDIEVAL AND MODERN HOARDS 347 Cat./ photo no. Mint abbreviation and identification Regnal year Type no. Die nos Number: parcel 1/ parcel 2 Wt (g) Die axis (h) Comments 86/6890 GW (Qumm, Media or Jibāl) 2 G. II/1 B-b 1 / See Mochiri, Étude, fig for type. Rev. dipinto. KL (Sīrajān?, Kirmān) 2 G. II/1 2 / 0 87/6891 LAM (Rām Hormizd?, Khūzistan) 2 G. II/1 A-a 0 / Rev. traces of a dipinto. 88/6892 LAM 2 G. II/1 B-b ML (Marv, Khurāsān) 2 G. II/1 1 / 0 MY (Mēshān?, southern Iraq) 2 G. II/1 1 / 0 98/6893 NAL (Narmāshīr?, Kirmān) 2 G. II/1 C-c 2 / /6894 NAL 2 G. II/1 D-d Obv. dipinto; hammered edge. 91/6895 NAL 2 G. II/1 E-e /6896 NAL 2 G. II/1 F-f /6897 NAL 2 G. II/1 G-g /6898 NAL 2 G. II/1 H-h Rev. traces of dipinto. 95/6899 NAL 2 G. II/1 E-i /6900 NAL 2 G. II/1 I-j Rev. traces of dipinto. 97/6901 NAL 2 G. II/1 J-k /6902 NAL 2 G. II/1 H-l /6903 NAL 2 G. II/1 K-m /6904 NAL 2 G. II/1 L-n Rev. dipinto. 101/6905 NAL 2 G. II/1 N-o Rev. dipinto. 102/6916 NAL 2 G. II/1 N-o Rev. traces of dipinto. 103/6906 NAL 2 G. II/1 M-p /6907 NAL 2 G. II/1 O-q Rev. dipinto. 105/6908 NAL 2 G. II/1 P-r Rev. dipinto.

18 348 COIN HOARDS Cat./ photo no. Mint abbreviation and identification Regnal year Type no. Die nos Number: parcel 1/ parcel 2 Wt (g) Die axis (h) Comments 106/6909 NAL 2 G. II/1 Q-s Obv. traces of dipinto. 107/6910 NAL 2 G. II/1 R-t /6911 NAL 2 G. II/1 S-u /6912 NAL 2 G. II/1 T-v /6913 NAL 2 G. II/1 U-w /6914 NAL 2 G. II/1 V-x /6915 NAL 2 G. II/1 W-y /6918 NAL 2 G. II/1 X-z Rev. traces of dipinto. 114/6919 NAL 2 G. II/1 Y-aa Rev. dipinto. 115/6920 NY (Nēmāvand / Nēhāvand? 2 G. II/1 A-a 0 / See Gyselen, La géographie, p. 54; rev. dipinto. Jibāl or Media) PL (Furāt-i Mēshān? Southern Iraq) 2 G. II/1 A-a 1 / 0 ST (Iṣṭakhr, Fārs) 2 G. I/1 1 / 0 116/6921 ST 2 G. II/1 C-c 1 / See Mochiri, Étude, fig for type. 117/6923 WH (Vēh-Ardashīr? Central 2 G. II/1 G-g 6 / See Mochiri, Étude, fig. 842 for type. Rev. tiny Iraq) spot of ink. 118/6924 WH 2 G. II/1 H-h Hammered edge. 119/6937 WH 2 G. II/1 T-h /6925 WH 2 G. II/1 I-i /6926 WH 2 G. II/1 J-j Rev. traces of dipinto. 122/6927 WH 2 G. II/1 K-k /6928 WH 2 G. II/1 L-l Corrosion. 124/6929 WH 2 G. II/1 M-m /6931 WH 2 G. II/1 N-n Rev. slight traces of dipinto.

19 MEDIEVAL AND MODERN HOARDS 349 Cat./ photo no. Mint abbreviation and identification Regnal year Type no. Die nos 126/6950 WH 2 G. II/1 AGn Number: parcel 1/ parcel 2 Wt (g) Die axis (h) Comments Rev. dipinto. 127/6932 WH 2 G. II/1 O-o /6933 WH 2 G. II/1 P-p /6934 WH 2 G. II/1 Q-q /6935 WH 2 G. II/1 R-r /6936 WH 2 G. II/1 S-s Hammered edge. 132/6938 WH 2 G. II/1 U-t /6939 WH 2 G. II/1 V-u Extremely brittle and glued together. 134/6940 WH 2 G. II/1 W-v /6941 WH 2 G. II/1 X-w /6942 WH 2 G. II/1 Y-x /6943 WH 2 G. II/1 Z-y /6944 WH 2 G. II/1 AA-z Extremely brittle and glued together. 139/6945 WH 2 G. II/1 ABaa 140/6946 WH 2 G. II/1 ACab 141/6947 WH 2 G. II/1 ADac 142/6948 WH 2 G. II/1 AEad 143/6949 WH 2 G. II/1 AFae WLC (unknown) 2 G. II/1 1 / Rev. traces of a dipinto Rev. traces of a dipinto Rev. traces of a dipinto Rev. dipinto similar to Rev. dipinto.

20 350 COIN HOARDS Cat./ photo no. Mint abbreviation and identification Regnal year Type no. Die nos Number: parcel 1/ parcel 2 Wt (g) Die axis (h) Comments 144/6974 W/N A/S S/A (unknown) 2 G. II/1 A-a 0 / This seems to be a new mint abbreviation. Rev. dipinto. 145/6930 WYHC (Vēh-az-Andiyōk- 2 G. II/1 E-e 4 / See Mochiri, Étude, fig. 701 for type. Husru, later Birāmqubādh, Fārs?) 146/6951 WYHC 2 G. II/1 F-f YZ (Yazd, Fārs) 1 G. I/1 1 / 0 147/6952 YZ 2 G. II/1 I-i 8 / See Mochiri, Étude, fig. 967 for type. Rev. traces of a dipinto. 148/6953 YZ 2 G. II/1 J-j Double struck, shift of the dies on the reverse by 30 degrees, to a lesser extend on the obverse. 149/6954 YZ 2 G. II/1 K-k /6955 YZ 2 G. II/1 L-l Rev. traces of dipinto. 151/6956 YZ 2 G. II/1 M-m Rev. grafitto between 9h and 12h. 152/6957 YZ 2 G. II/1 N-n /6958 YZ 2 G. II/1 O-o /6960 YZ 2 G. II/1 O-q Scratches across mint abbreviation extending on the left side to the circle and on the right side beyond, (see also fig. 7). 155/6959 YZ 2 G. II/1 P-p Mint abbreviation recut, perhaps from AH; rev. traces of a dipinto. 156/6971 YZ 2 G. II/1 X-p Mint abbreviation manipulated or recut on coin, perhaps from AH (see also fig. 5); rev. faint traces of dipinto. 157/6961 YZ 2 G. II/1 Q-r /6970 YZ 2 G. II/1 Q-r Rev. dipinto.

21 MEDIEVAL AND MODERN HOARDS 351 Cat./ photo no. Mint abbreviation and identification Regnal year Type no. Die nos Number: parcel 1/ parcel 2 Wt (g) Die axis (h) Comments 159/6962 YZ 2 G. II/1 R-s Obv. dipinto; this Album, Auction 19, lot /6963 YZ 2 G. II/1 S-t /6964 YZ 2 G. II/1 O-u /6965 YZ 2 G. II/1 T-v Pellet after date. 163/6966 YZ 2 G. II/1 U-w /6967 YZ 2 G. II/1 L-x /6968 YZ 2 G. II/1 V-y /6969 YZ 2 G. II/1 W-u /6972 YZ 2 G. II/1 Y-z /6973 YZ 2 G. II/1 Z-aa /6868 YZ 2 G. II/1 AAab Mint scratched out on coin (see also fig. 6). HORMIZD V 170/6975 WYHC 2 G. I/1 A-a 0 / /6976 WYHC 2 G. I/1 B-b YAZDGARD III 172/6801 DA 1 G. I/1 A-a 0 / STS type 1/1, p. 158, nos /6802 DA 1 G. I/1 B-b Part of the margin broken off. 174/6917 NAL 6 A-a 0 / STS type 2/2, p. 159, no. 20. Rev. dipinto. 175/6803 NAL 7 G. II/2 B-b 1 / STS type 3/3, p. 159, nos /6922 ST 1 G. I/1 A-a 0 / STS type 1/1, p. 158, nos 7 8.

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23 PLATE HEIDEMANN, A HOARD FROM THE TIME OF THE COLLAPSE OF THE SASANIAN EMPIRE (AD 638 9) PART II (1)

24 PLATE HEIDEMANN, A HOARD FROM THE TIME OF THE COLLAPSE OF THE SASANIAN EMPIRE (AD 638 9) PART II (2)

25 PLATE HEIDEMANN, A HOARD FROM THE TIME OF THE COLLAPSE OF THE SASANIAN EMPIRE (AD 638 9) PART II (3)

26 PLATE HEIDEMANN, A HOARD FROM THE TIME OF THE COLLAPSE OF THE SASANIAN EMPIRE (AD 638 9) PART II (4)

27 PLATE HEIDEMANN, A HOARD FROM THE TIME OF THE COLLAPSE OF THE SASANIAN EMPIRE (AD 638 9) PART II (5)

28 PLATE HEIDEMANN, A HOARD FROM THE TIME OF THE COLLAPSE OF THE SASANIAN EMPIRE (AD 638 9) PART II (6)

29 PLATE HEIDEMANN, A HOARD FROM THE TIME OF THE COLLAPSE OF THE SASANIAN EMPIRE (AD 638 9) PART II (7)

30 PLATE HEIDEMANN, A HOARD FROM THE TIME OF THE COLLAPSE OF THE SASANIAN EMPIRE (AD 638 9) PART II (8)

31 PLATE HEIDEMANN, A HOARD FROM THE TIME OF THE COLLAPSE OF THE SASANIAN EMPIRE (AD 638 9) PART II (9)

32 PLATE HEIDEMANN, A HOARD FROM THE TIME OF THE COLLAPSE OF THE SASANIAN EMPIRE (AD 638 9) PART II (10)

33 PLATE HEIDEMANN, A HOARD FROM THE TIME OF THE COLLAPSE OF THE SASANIAN EMPIRE (AD 638 9) PART II (11)

34 PLATE HEIDEMANN, A HOARD FROM THE TIME OF THE COLLAPSE OF THE SASANIAN EMPIRE (AD 638 9) PART II (12)

35 PLATE HEIDEMANN, A HOARD FROM THE TIME OF THE COLLAPSE OF THE SASANIAN EMPIRE (AD 638 9) PART II (13)

36 PLATE HEIDEMANN, A HOARD FROM THE TIME OF THE COLLAPSE OF THE SASANIAN EMPIRE (AD 638 9) PART II (14)

37 PLATE HEIDEMANN, A HOARD FROM THE TIME OF THE COLLAPSE OF THE SASANIAN EMPIRE (AD 638 9) PART II (15)

38 PLATE HEIDEMANN, A HOARD FROM THE TIME OF THE COLLAPSE OF THE SASANIAN EMPIRE (AD 638 9) PART II (16)

39 PLATE HEIDEMANN, A HOARD FROM THE TIME OF THE COLLAPSE OF THE SASANIAN EMPIRE (AD 638 9) PART II (17)

40 PLATE HEIDEMANN, A HOARD FROM THE TIME OF THE COLLAPSE OF THE SASANIAN EMPIRE (AD 638 9) PART II (18)

41 PLATE HEIDEMANN, A HOARD FROM THE TIME OF THE COLLAPSE OF THE SASANIAN EMPIRE (AD 638 9) PART II (19)

42 PLATE HEIDEMANN, A HOARD FROM THE TIME OF THE COLLAPSE OF THE SASANIAN EMPIRE (AD 638 9) PART II (20)

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