23. The Pseudo-Byzantine Coinage.

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1 23. The Pseudo-Byzantine Coinage. The earliest Arab-Byzantine coins: (Foss; 2008). Emperor and Empress standing (Goodwin Type A) gms m; NIUKO below gms * 5.24 gms Three standing figures each holding globus cruciger or cross (Goodwin Type B). Type B (i) (M); Cyprus imitations. PS&S Class I.1a; pseudo-mint mark (a). M, X/u/II to right, à beneath, KVâP below gms * 5.66 gms gms * 5.63 gms

2 Type B (i) (M); Cyprus imitations. PS&S Class I.1a; pseudo-mint mark (a). Type B (ii) (M); other imitations citing year 17 (mainly X/u/II). PS&S Class I.1; pseudo-mint marks b-d * 4.11 gms * NñuP; à. MIB x gms gms Nñu; à gms * 3.69 gms X/1/I. CON; à gms gms * VOk; à gms

3 Year 7 (I1 or 1/I) ñcp; B. MIB x gms * NIKO; B gms CON;» gms * CON; à gms ñcp; B. MIB x gms Year 12 (IX/I) or X/II). Type B (iii) (M); other pseudo-dates/mint marks. PS&S Class I.1; pseudo-mint marks b-d. Year 5 (u) * NIKO gms NIKO; A gms ñ gms

4 Type B (iii) (M); other pseudo-dates/mint marks. Year 16 (X/1). Year 13 (X/II/I or X/III) CON; à gms B gms Year 14 (X/IIII) * thp; B. MIB x gms CON; à gms * ION; A gms thp; B. MIB x gms Year 20 (X/X) * KYZ; A gms thp; B. MIB x gms

5 Type B (iii) (M); other pseudo-dates/mint marks. PS&S Class I.1; pseudo-mint marks b-d. Year 20 (X/X) i gms thñup; ñ gms gms * B gms Uncertain year å gms uh; È gms Two standing male figures (PS&S Class II.1). Cyprus imitation; year 17 (X/u/II) * 4.51 gms * Vãâ; à. PS&S pl. VI, gms

6 Two standing figures; main figure in military dress holding a long cross (Goodwin Type C) M between A/N/N/O and A/í/ã, ñ beneath, COtK below gms PS&S Class I.2. Three standing figures; central figure in military dress holding a long cross. Year 13 (X/III) * A beneath gms Year 15 (X/u) ã beneath gms ñ beneath gms Heraclian monogram to right gms a Half folles (K); two standing figures * gms X/I to right, à beneath gms b gms

7 Facing bust: (Foss; 2008). Beardless bust (Goodwin Type G). Cyprus imitation; year 17 (X/u/II) * Kñâ; à gms gms r.90. PS&S Class III.1b (pl. VII, 3). M, ñ/o to right, O3O below. PS&S Class III.1a. Obverse legend INPñR CONSt * 4.36 gms * M between A/N and A/II/ñ gms Other pseudo-dates and mint marks gms * M between A/N/O and 1/I, å beneath, KYZ below gms gms A gms

8 PS&S Class III CON; A gms gms Bearded bust (Goodwin Type H) gms * M, 1/II to right gms M, ã beneath gms q gms The Imitative Coinage: (PS&S Class IV). Imperial figure standing wearing crown with cross and holding long cross and globus cruciger. A/N/A N/ñ/O (or similar) around m gms m; close imitations (Goodwin Type E); (Foss; 2008) * 8.81 gms m between A/N/N and A/ú/ã gms a

9 Poor imitations (Goodwin Type E); (Foss; 2008). The Lazy S coinage CON gms * m; 3/È/N/O to left gms gms m between X/S and K/N/S, A beneath gms gms m between A/3 and 3/ñ/O. D. O. (Foss) gms Standing figure with M gms Close imitations (Foss; 2008) * M, à beneath, NIK below gms gms

10 Standing figure with M: Close imitations (Foss; 2008) * M, 1/I to right, B beneath, KYZ below gms PS&S pl. X, gms gms gms Type I (circa 670); copying a Sicilian follis of Constantine IV. Poor imitations (Foss; 2008). Bust facing wearing cuirass and helmet with plume and holding a globus cruciger. M between two figures; SCL below * PS&S pl. X, gms D. O gms REFERENCES AND GENERAL NOTES PS&S pl. X, gms Goodwin, T., Arab-Byzantine Coinage, Studies in the Khalili Collection, London, This is the best introduction. It classifies the Pseudo- Byzantine coinage by iconographical type (Types A- I), building, perhaps, on an initial survey of the subject by Shraga Qedar in Copper Coinage of Syria in the Seventh and Eighth Century A. D., Israel Numismatic Journal, volume 10 ( ), pp A great deal of information is also provided in 317

11 Pottier, Schulze and Schulze, Pseudo-Byzantine Coinage in Syria under Arab Rule (638 - c. 670); classification and dating; in Revue Belge de Numismatique, CLIV (2008), pp ; (Pottier et al., or PS&S). On some of the coins with date arrangements, see Goodwin, T., A Mint Striking Early Dated (?) Arab-Byzantine Coins, Numismatic Circular (NC) April 2011, pp. 8-12; for catalogue numbers 23.46; and A basic chronological structure is given in Foss, C., Arab-Byzantine Coins, An Introduction with a catalogue of the Dumbarton Oaks collection (D. O. Byzantine Collection Publications 12), Washington DC, The classification provided by Goodwin has been modified slightly for the purposes of this catalogue and references to Pottier et al., and Foss are included as sub-headings where this is helpful. The coin descriptions are intended to be brief with only the salient features picked out. Mint signatures, officina letters and date arrangements are, in general, only reproduced in the text boxes where they are clearly visible, the original has some claim to be meaningful, and it is realistic to do so in terms of the limits of the available fonts. Type A (23.1). Goodwin describes the type (which copies folles of Phocas and Leontia) as extremely rare and I am not sure that this specimen, which is larger and heavier than is typical, and seems to be struck on a fresh flan, properly belongs here. It may be a simple contemporary forgery and its inclusion is mainly for the purpose of illustration. Type B ( ). Reflecting the approach in the works cited above (which generally refer only to Cyprus imitations ), the three standing figure coins are sub-classified. There are those with a pseudo-cyprus mint mark and the date arrangement for year 17 (PS&S pseudo-mint mark a); there are also coins combining both year 17 (as well as other dates) with other forms of mint signature (pseudo-mint marks b-d). PS&S date the group as a whole to Struck from the same dies as There is a B above the denominational mark M; see PS&S plate III, no Much of the reverse is illegible, but the initial letter of the mint mark, the officina letter and the bottom part of the date are all clear. The centre figure is heavily bearded. The coin is of crude manufacture Struck from the same dies as It is possible that there are traces of a date arrangement in the obverse left field All of the reverse is retrograde Intriguingly, there seems to be a u in the left hand obverse field of MIB x44 (plate 15). See also V. C. Vecchi auction no. 7 (March 1982), lot 521, for a similar coin to on which the same symbol is visible in the obverse left field The date arrangement is to the left of the M and is retrograde but year 17 seems to be intended Partly retrograde reverse No obverse legend but of a good standard of manufacture The coin may be a regular class 4 follis of Heraclius, but these are not known for regnal year 11 and the fabric, style and blundered lettering of the coin point towards a copy of some kind. There is probably an officina letter Struck from the same pair of dies as MIB x43 and also See also PS&S pl. IV, The pseudo-mint mark is known from a dielinked coin in a private collection in the UK. It imitates the Class 4 folles of Heraclius with a Heraclian monogram to the left of M and ANNO above. Here, the monogram degenerates into a series of unassociated and garbled letters Although the mint signature KYZ occurs anachronistically on Pseudo-Byzantine coins dateable to the late 630s and 640s, this may be a contemporary forgery struck soon after The obverse is quite crude. It is possible that the reverse was struck by a die made at the Thessalonica mint. The coin is probably nonregular Overstruck on a cut-down follis. The third figure is indistinct Pottier et al. date a small group of imitations with two standing male figures to Here, the reverse is derived from a year 17 follis of Cyprus muled, incongruously, with a two standing figure obverse. The coin at PS&S pl. VI, 1 is struck from the same dies. A further die duplicate is described in Phillips, M. S., and Goodwin, T., A Seventh Century Syrian Hoard of Byzantine and Imitative Copper Coins, Numismatic Chronicle 157, 1997, pages (C67). The obverse inscription on the hoard coin, which is a little better preserved, appears to read F[ ]A C in part. See also: Foss pp Pottier et al. (p. 120) describe the Class I.2 imitations of Class 6 folles of Heraclius (regnal years 30-31) as making up only a small group five are listed in their paper. The reverse of the second coin is muddled the lower digit may simply be a poorly engraved pellet - but the obverse could pass as regular A better preserved specimen, almost certainly from the same hand (Penn collection), 318

12 has the date arrangement II and officina letter B. Goodwin, Early Dated Coins (op. cit.). Types G and H ( ) The facing bust type with X/u/II is rare Goodwin, Early Dated Arab-Byzantine Coins (op. cit.). One of several coins known with a redundant mint mark (Cyzicus here), and, in some cases, a date arrangement including the symbol 1 (retrograde in this case); see This and the next two coins are die-linked by reverse to PS&S Class III.1b (pl. VII, 3) and to C/O/T in obverse left field. Goodwin, Early Dated Arab-Byzantine Coins, Baldwins, January Originally lot 479 in V. C. Vecchi auction no Lanz Numismatik, January Hoard A, Numismatic Chronicle 2013, no W. Leimonstoll, May Ex Goodwin collection. 7 Ex Goodwin collection. 8 Ex Goodwin collection. 9 The gift of Andreas Sommer, January Sayles and Lavender, August Type E ( ). This is an extremely large group of imitatives Pottier et al. examined over 1,000 specimens. There is often an obverse legend - ñn TÕT ONIKA, normally badly blundered. The reverses copy the early issues of Constans II although the lettering varies widely, for example ú is often found. Only the salient features are described in the text boxes There is a large star that obscures the reverse legend at bottom right. It is presumably part of an undertype which, in view of the high weight, could be a cut down sixth century follis. The Lazy S coinage (Foss; pp ). These three coins ( ) are characterised by a leaning S presumably meant to be the last letter of the A/N/A N/ñ/O/S legend - that is placed below the exergual line. Of the three coins, only belongs with certainty, although the others may be associated with it. On 23.72, the Emperor s left arm appears to be held at his sword hilt, although it may simply be the standard long cross and globus cruciger type Possibly A below Goodwin, Early Dated Arab-Byzantine Coins. I suspect that is dated but with the date arrangement off-flan Struck from the same dies. Die-linked by reverse to Type I (23.80). See Oddy, W. A., Constantine IV as a Prototype for Early Islamic Coins, Coinage and History in the Seventh Century Near East 2, pp , London,

The Pseudo-Byzantine Coinage

23. The Pseudo-Byzantine coinage Classification suggested by Goodwin, A., An Introduction to Arab-Byzantine Coinage ch. 1 of Arab-Byzantine Coins from the Irbid Hoard, RNS 2015 (Goodwin 2015). Goodwin