On July 20, 1969, Buzz Aldrin and Neil Armstrong became the first human beings to walk on the moon. Armstrong stepped out first, followed 20 minutes

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1 On July 20, 1969, Buzz Aldrin and Neil Armstrong became the first human beings to walk on the moon. Armstrong stepped out first, followed 20 minutes later by Aldrin.

2 Why did Armstrong go first? a. He was the mission commander and pulled rank. b. They flipped a coin. c. Armstrong was seated next to the hatch and Aldrin would have had to climb over him in a bulky spacesuit. d. Aldrin said, You go first; you look like you could use a little fresh air. e. Aldrin was supposed to go first, but their boss, Deke Slayton, changed the order after briefing President Nixon, who knew Armstrong.

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4 100 Year Starship Crucible Virtual Human...toward a complete functional model of Human Health & Physiology Graz, Austria ~ November 2015 #MIGlobal Source:.100 Year Starship

5 CYCLING PATHWAYS TO MARS

6 BA Inclination The BA330 is an inflatable habitat that is leaner than the ISS and has lower costs, which are required in order stay in lower earth orbit, LEO. At an inclination of 30 the US can co-orbit with China s Space Station, offering opportunities to work together in Space. The Orion is a spacecraft designed for Human Spaceflight by Lockheed Martin. MANNED SPACECRAFT (Orion spacecraft shown) Once a rigid core module is docked at the center of the two BA330s, a Cycler has been built. Orion and similar spacecraft can dock at one of 4 ports on the Cycler. It is modular in design and can be upgraded with different habitats. D DEPARTING EARTH The BA330 habitats will undock and the central node will be propelled into a free return trajectory and with course corrections, can remain in an Earth-Moon cycling orbit. A manned spacecraft will rendezvous and dock with the cycler upon it s Earth

7 LUNAR CYCLER An Earth-Moon Lunar Cycler allows for regular travel between the Earth and Moon by using their gravitational fields. The time per cycles takes one month. Spacecraft such as Orion, can rendezvous with and depart from the Cycler, like a taxi or train. CYCLER DEPARTURE When the Cycler encounters the Moon or Earth, spacecraft can undock and either enter lunar orbit or land on the lunar surface. DESIGN Building on the design of the LEO Cycler, two cygnus habitation modules replace the inflatable bigelow BA330 modules. These habitats are rigid and will protect pioneering travellers who embark on deep space missions. CISLUNAR EXPLORATION Exploration of cislunar space, which can be advantageous for a variety of reasons, such as lunar ice which can processed to produce the propellant for spacecraft and can provide the most essential human nutrients, water, and oxygen. REFUELING Access to fuel depots lowers the cost of space travel by saving you the expense of launching from earth. The reusability of a Cyclers also lowers operating costs of a depot.

8 LUNAR BASE The lunar base is located in proximity to select craters in Moon s permanently shadowed regions (PSR) which holds large amounts of water in the form of ice crystals. The water trapped in the ice in the PSRs is used for making rocket fuel for the reusable hydrolox engines for the rockets which will take humans to Mars and other destinations. PREPARING FOR MARS Exploration of cis-lunar space to test exploration modules and other concepts applications for Mars exploration. Cis-lunar space provide locations to remotely construct an international lunar base, which helps to remotely construct (from Phobos) the base on Mars.

9 President Kennedy Challenges the U.S. We choose to go to the moon in this decade not because [it is] easy, but because [it is] hard because that challenge is one that we are willing to accept, one we are unwilling to postpone, and one which we intend to win. September 12, 1962

10 An Inclusive Audacious Journey Transforms Life Here on Earth and Beyond. #MIGlobal Source:.100 Year Starship