Project OASIS: A Network of Spaceports

Transcription

1 The Space Congress Proceedings 2012 (42nd) A New Beginning Dec 7th, 11:00 AM Project OASIS: A Network of Spaceports Robert P. Mueller NASA, KSC Tracy Gill NASA, KSC Jeffrey Brink NASA, KSC Wiley Larson Stevens Institute of Technology Follow this and additional works at: Scholarly Commons Citation Mueller, Robert P.; Gill, Tracy; Brink, Jeffrey; and Larson, Wiley, "Project OASIS: A Network of Spaceports" (2012). The Space Congress Proceedings This Event is brought to you for free and open access by the Conferences at Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Space Congress Proceedings by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact commons@erau.edu.

2 Project OASIS: A Network of Spaceports Robert P. Mueller Tracy R. Gill Wiley J. Larson Jeffrey S. Brink 42nd Space Congress Cape Canaveral, FL December 7 th, 2012 Presented by: Kristin Freeman 1

3 Inspiration VIDEO 2

4 Introduction History proves that open networks developed step by step offer tremendous results Roman roads Spice trade network US Interstate highway system Same concept can be applied to Space Sustainable and affordable Spaceport Network Architecture Starts here on Earth Includes in-space fuel depots Propellant derived from in situ planetary resources 3

5 Solar System Resources Limited mineral resources on Earth Almost no limit in the solar system Estimated 600 million tons of water ice on Moon s NP Helium-3 found in lunar regolith Continual sunlight exposure near the lunar poles Vast quantity of water predicted on Europa and Ceres In Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) Propellant and oxygen from water Metal and other materials from regolith 4

6 Spaceport Benchmark Study Capabilities of over 30 spaceports studied Baikonur Cape Canaveral Jiuquan Air Force Station Kennedy Space Center Kourou MARS Sea Launch SHAR Taiyuan Tanegashima Vandenberg Official Name Baikonur Cosmodrome Cape Canaveral Jiuquan John.F.Kennedy Air Force Station Satellite Launch Space Center Center (JSLC) Guiana Space Center Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport Sea Launch / Sathish Dhawan Taiyuan Tanegashima Odyssey Launch Space Center Platform Satellite Launch Space Center Center (TSLC) Vandenberg Air Force Base Founded N/A Location Kazakhstan Cape Canaveral, Florida, USA Operator Suborbital Launch Vehicles Russian government Small Orbital Tsiklon, Rokot, Launch Vehicles Zenit 2 Federal US Government, Air Force 45th Space Wing Gansu province, China Chinese government /CGWIC/China Satellite Launch, Tracking and Control General (CLTC) N/A No Sounding rockets(includin g meteorological rockets) Merritt French Guiana island,florida,u SA Federal US Government, NASA Yes, e.g. NASA Morpheus Lander Pegasus XL N/A Future Capability Flexible Pad LC- 39 Medium Orbital Soyuz Delta IV, Atlas V, LM-2C, LM-2D, Launch Vehicles Falcon 9 LM-2F, LM-4 Heavy Orbital Launch Vehicles Reusable Launch Vehicles Future Capability Flexible Pad LC- 39 Proton Delta IV Heavy No Future Capability Flexible Pad LC- 39 No No No Future Capability Flexible Pad LC- 39 CNES/ESA No Virginia, USA, colocated with NASA Wallops Virginia Commercial Spaceflight Authority Sounding rockets rails Long Beach, California, USA / Launch from Equator, 154 West Pacific Sriharikota,And hrapradesh,ind IA Kelan, Xinzhou, Mazu,Kukinaga, California, USA Shanxi province, Kagoshima, China Japan Ocean Sea Launch AG ISRO Cosmodrome Chinese Canaveral JAXA Air Federal Satellite US government/cg Government, Air WIC /China Force Station Force 30th Satellite SpaceWing Launch, (JSLC) Tracking and Control General (CLTC) No Sounding No Yes Missile Defence rockets Vega Minotaur I, IV, V No PSLV,GSLV N/A Yes Falcon I, Taurus, Operator Federal US Pegasus Chinese XL Soyuz Orbital Sciences Antares No PSLV LM-2C, LM-4 Yes Atlas V, Delta IV Ariane 5 No Zenit 3SL PSLV No Yes Delta IV Heavy No Yes No Nil No No No Hypergols Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes, for Block DM-SL Upper Suborbital Stage Yes Yes Yes Yes Cryogenics Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes N/A Yes Yes, Falcon 1, Launch Atlas V, Delta IV Solids Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes, Vega and Ariane 5 boosters, designated booster facilities Yes, Minotaur Official Name No, except for retrorockets Baikonur Baikonur Cape Canaveral Air Cape Yes Yes Yes Yes, Taurus Jiuquan Kennedy Space Center Jiuquan John.F.Kenned y Space Center Launch Center Founded Location Kazakhstan Cape Canaveral, Florida, USA Russian government Government, Vehicles Air Force 45th Space Wing Gansu province, China government /CGWIC/China Satellite Launch, Tracking and Control General (CLTC) N/A No Sounding rockets(includ ing meteorologica l rockets) Merritt island,florida, USA Federal US Government, NASA Yes, e.g. NASA Morpheus Lander 5 5

7 Vision Advances in technology ISRU prototypes, Robotics, Manufacturing New resource discoveries Space transportation can become affordable through a lunar expansion Problem? Initial investment is financially & politically prohibitive Missing step to enable this architecture 6

8 International, Intercultural, and Interdisciplinary Team Study by International Space University students 7

9 The OASIS Solution Multi-purpose logistics network of spaceports Spaceport: Infrastructure waypoint providing services for space vehicles and facilitating departure and arrival ISECG: Mars is the ultimate goal 8

10 OASIS Philosophy How to fill the financial gap to build this revolutionary architecture? Develop the network step by step Space transportation markets emerge Invest commercial profits of each iteration into the next phase Extend terrestrial architecture into Space through phased approach of multiple nodes Identify the market Suggest organization and legal framework 9

11 Legal Framework ISPA Treaty Regulate International Spaceports Authority (ISPA) Member States Private companies Private Investment The Spaceports Company (SPC) Public Investment Operate 10

12 Node Selection Criteria Accessibility (travel time and velocity change) Environment (Gravity, Radiation, Space debris, Temperature gradients, Power generation, Resources availability, etc.) Maturity of technology required Contribution/value of each element for the network Extend terrestrial architecture into Space through 3 nodes Node 0: Kennedy Space Center Node 1: LEO ( ) Node 2: Moon ( ) Node 3: Phobos (2045-onwards) 11

13 The OASIS Network 12

14 Detailed Roadmap 13 1

15 Services at Node 1: LEO Main Services Tug service from LEO to GEO On-orbit fueling in LEO for exploration missions The spaceport will produce cryogenic propellant from water electrolysis Additional Capabilities On-orbit servicing for GEO satellites: Repair, Salvage Space debris removal Space Structure decommission Warm back-up 14

16 Phase 1 Roadmap: MISSIONS PHASE 1 Small Scale Analog Test Operation Start Assembly of Node 1 LEGEND Mission Ongoing Mission(s) ELEMENTS AND TECHNOLOGIES 3 Re-usable Cryogenic Engines 3 On-Orbit Refueling 4 Autonomous Rendezvous & Docking 3 On-Orbit Propellant Production 4 High-Output Power Systems Tug Servicer Orbital Platform Mobile Water Tank 2 Stoichiometric (8:1) Cryogenic Engines 3 Deployable Aerobrake 3 Cryogenic Management TECHNOLOGY 2 Element Technology Readiness Level In-Space Propulsion Technologies (TA 02) Space Power & Energies (TA 03) Robotics, Tele-Robotics and Autonomous Systems (TA 04) Human Exploration Destination Systems (TA 07) Entry, Descent and Landing (TA 09) 15

17 Node 1: LEO - Business Case Main Market: Allowing customers to place heavier spacecraft in GEO for less cost How? Launch 9 metric tons into GEO Lowering the price by always sending the maximum mass Always launch 9 metric tons to LEO If payload <9mt we launch water to refill the spaceport Using small size launch vehicles to enter GEO market New opportunity for heavy launchers to send higher mass to Moon/Mars/Beyond 16

18 Node 1: LEO - Business Case If we consider Falcon 9: Commercial Price: 54 Million USD Maximum mass to GTO: 4.85 Tons Mass sent to GTO (Tons) Cost per kg ($/kg) Case 1 Case ,134 13,500 21% increase in cost! Our solution is cheaper as we always use the maximum mass 17

19 Propellant Comparison - Mars Possible Routes Propellant Mass 100% L1 74% LEO 35% 18

20 Node 1: LEO Description Spaceport: Unmanned modular platform Location at 300km at 28.5 Contains: Water tank, Water electrolyzer producing cryogenic propellant, solar panel and docking adapter 19

21 Node 1: LEO Description Tug servicer: Spacecraft with robotic arms Tele-operated from Earth Transfers satellites from LEO to GEO (0 to 51.6 ) Uses cryogenic propellant from Spaceport 20

22 Sample Mission VIDEO 21

23 Node 2 and 3 Node 2: Lunar Surface ISRU will drastically lower the cost of propellant at Node 1 LEO Test bed for critical technologies Increase payload capability to targets beyond the Moon Stepping stone to expand human presence in Space Node 3: Phobos Allows easier access to Mars surface (significantly if ISRU on Phobos) Payload Mass increase Flight duration decrease Potential port of transportation of resources and people 22

24 Phase 2: MISSIONS PHASE 2 Lunar Polar Prospector Communications Relay for the Moon Full Scale ISRU Analog Testing Construction of Node 2 Small Scale ISRU Testing on the Moon Operation Start ELEMENTS AND TECHNOLOGIES 4 High Bandwidth Communications LEGEND 3 Solar Panel Production on Moon Mission Ongoing Mission(s) 2 Ultra Cold Lunar Ice Excavation 4 Regolith Processing Reusable Lunar Lander Regolith Excavator Moon Surface Facilities Hauler Small Cryogenic Tank Small Water Tank TECHNOLOGY 2 Technology Readiness Level Communication and Navigation Systems (TA 05) Human Exploration Destination Systems (TA 07) Element 23

25 Node 2: Lunar Surface 24

26 Phase 3: ELEMENTS AND MISSIONS TECHNOLOGIES Prospect Potential Resources on Asteroids Exploration of Phobos and Deimos 3 Advanced Propulsion LEGEND Mission Element 2 Enhanced Deep Space Navigation Ongoing Mission(s) PHASE 3 Communications Relay for Phobos 3 Losely-supervised Autonomous Robotics Mobile Resource Gatherer Electric Water Tug Construction of Node 3 Phobos Surface Facilities Operation Start Resource Gathering and Transport to Phobos Advanced Tug Servicer TECHNOLOGY 2 Technology Readiness Level In-Space Propulsion Technologies (TA 02) Robotics, Tele-Robotics and Autonomous Systems (TA 04) Communication and Navigation Systems (TA 05) NETWORK FULLY OPERATIONAL 25

27 Summary of Technologies Phase Critical Technology TRL TA Comment Production of LH2 and LO2 in orbit 4 07 Propellant production takes place at Node 1 Phase 1 In orbit refueling Necessary for profitable tug operations Reusable cryogenic rocket engines Necessary for profitable tug operations Phase 2 Phase 3 High-output power systems Needed for electrolysis Deployable aerobraking thermal protection system Soft aerobraking is performed from GEO to LEO Autonomous rendezvous and docking Unmanned systems Ultra cold Lunar ice excavators 2 07 Needed for Lunar ISRU Regolith processing facilities Needed for Lunar ISRU Tele-operated robotics for Lunar base operations 5 04 Needed for unmanned Lunar ISRU systems Reusable Lunar lander To refuel the tug and bring water to LLO Stoichiometric ratio (8:1) engines 2 02 To utilize the mined water better High bandwidth communication (e.g. optical) For HD video from the moon Solar panels production from regolith 3 07 Launch cost reduction through ISRU Launch pad on Moon surface 4 07 To avoid dust contamination Low-boil off cryogenic propellant tanks (Kutter et al., 2005) / 14 Needed for profitable propellant storage in space Autonomous robotics for operations beyond Moon (Fink et al., 2011) Unmanned systems, unacceptable timedelay for tele-operation 26

28 Conclusion Defined a spaceport network with 3 nodes LEO Moon Martian moon Phobos Game changing solution with profitable services Lowering overall cost of access to space Boosting commercial space market Flexible network architecture able to adapt to different exploration destinations 27

29 OASIS Metro Map 28

30 Questions? 29

31 Thank you! 30

32 Network Overview 31 31

33 Price Fuel: tug+ payload LEO to GTO: 8,730 kg Water: LEO to GTO: 11,174kg Earth to GTO = $71.8M for 9t payload (payload: $4000 / kg & water: $3200 / kg ) + 10% operating cost + 20% profit margin = $98.7M $10,963/Kg for 9t < $11,134 /kg for 4.85t on Falcon 9 32

34 Costs Node 1: $300M - $1B ( ) (5 year dev period) Node 2: $5B - $10B ( ) (10 year dev period) If 10 countries commit: Node 1: $6M-20M/Year/Country for the first 5 years ( ) Node 2: $50M-100M/Year/Country for the first 10 years ( ) 33

35 Cost of propellant 34

36 Tug Servicer 35 35

37 Phased Approach Node 0 Earth (KSC) Node 1 Low Earth Orbit Highly Elliptical Orbit EML1/2 Phase 1 Low Lunar Orbit Node 2 Moon Surface EML1/2 Mars & Asteroids Phase 2 Mars Surface Low Mars Orbit Node 3 Phobos Asteroids Phase 3 36