Radio Communication. After Abt Associates, 2017 for NOAA. Ionosphere. Solar Radiation. HF Radio Communications. e - e - e - e - e - e - e -

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1 Radio Communication Solar radiation separates electrons from atoms (ions) in Earth s upper atmosphere: Layers of Ionization facilitate radio comm Irregularities affect GNSS/GPS and other signals Solar Radiation e - HF Radio Communications e -

2 Radio Communication Disruption Solar flares change the Layers of Ionization Radio comm disrupted / Irregularities strongly affect GNSS/GPS and other signals Solar particles change the polar HF radio comm Solar Dynamics Observatory e- e- e- e- X X Defensive Investments Receiver Quality

3 Radio Communication Disruption Solar flares change the Layers and depletions of ionization Radio comm disrupted / Irregularities strongly affect GNSS/GPS and other signals Solar particles change the polar HF radio comm Defensive Investments Receiver Quality

4 Radio Communication Disruption Solar flares change the Layers and depletions of ionization Radio comm disrupted / Irregularities strongly affect GNSS/GPS and other signals Solar particles change the polar HF radio comm $ Defensive Investments Receiver Quality $

5 Space Weather Prediction Center Courtesy NOAA SWPC NOAA SWPC The nation s forecast unit for space weather 24/ became part of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction Boulder, CO Radio Blackouts Space Radiation Geomagnetic Storms Operations Space Weather Forecast Office Daily forecast since Specifications; Current conditions Forecast; Conditions tomorrow Watches; Conditions are favorable for storm Warnings; Storm is imminent with high probability Alerts; observed conditions meeting or exceeding storm thresholds R & D Space Weather Prediction Testbed Transitioning models & data into operations R2O Research-to-Operations Applied Research Model Development Model Test/Evaluation Model Transition Operations Support Operations-to-Research Customer Requirements Observation Requirements Research Requirements O2R

6 Radio Communication Disruption: 10 September 2017 Courtesy NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center

7 Space Weather Effects: GNSS/GPS Disruption Solar radio noise can blind radars Overwhelming noise block signal GNSS loss of lock and ranging errors Sunlit regions are hard hit

8 Space Weather Effects: GNSS/GPS Disruption Solar radio noise can blind radars Overwhelming noise block signal GNSS loss of lock and ranging errors Sunlit regions are hard hit $

9 Space Weather Effects on Cellular Solar radio noise may be a source of dropped calls Based on work in early 2000 s and subsequent work in 2010 $ An analysis of the noise floor of typical base stations shows that bursts exceeding ~1000 solar flux units will double the noise and hence may begin to cause problems for the system if the horizon-looking antennas are pointed at the rising or setting Sun... Our work indicates that wireless system operating frequencies just above 2.6 GHz are the most favorable for avoiding impacts from solar bursts, but the impacts below 2.6 GHz and above about 10 GHz are significantly higher. Effects of Solar Radio Bursts on Wireless Systems, (2004) Dale E. Gary, Louis J. Lanzerotti, Gelu M. Nita and David J. Thomson (2004) New Jersey Institute of Technology Bell Laboratories, Lucent Technologies, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario CA