NVIS PROPAGATION THEORY AND PRACTICE
|
|
- Albert McCoy
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 NVIS PROPAGATION THEORY AND PRACTICE Introduction Near-Vertical Incident Skywave (NVIS) propagation is a mode of HF operation that utilizes a high angle reflection off the ionosphere to fill in the gap between line-of-sight ground wave and long-distance skip sky wave communications. This mode of operation requires careful frequency selection, special antennas and in some cases, significant operator skill. We are all operating NVIS when we check into a state MARS net and can communicate with all stations (for example, the 0800 local net on KCE). This same frequency, KCE, does not presently perform well for early morning and evening nets because a certain controlling parameter of NVIS propagation is different for these two nets. German Panzer forces utilized NVIS propagation during WWII to maintain tactical communications at ranges out to 400 miles. The photo below shows a Panzer command vehicle with an NVIS loop antenna (looks like a canvas cover support frame). NVIS was more fully documented and used by US forces in Vietnam. A properly generated NVIS signal has a limited ground wave signal and the vertically propagating signal is very difficult for an enemy operator to Direction-Find. Definition NVIS propagation is considered to be F-layer ionospheric reflection at angles from 50º to 90º. The height of the F-layer of the ionosphere varies, as can be seen at the web site: A typical plot of the ionosphere for both day and night is shown in Figure 1. The 300km or mile height of the F2 layer allows NVIS propagation coverage out to a range of some 444 miles in all directions at an incident angle of 50º. 1
2 Figure 1: Day/Night Ionospheric Structure NVIS operation is optimized by understanding and controlling two factors: (1) accurate selection of the operating frequency, and (2) effective antenna design and placement. This document will cover NVIS propagation including selection of the proper frequency and other propagation effects. A separate document will cover antenna design with realworld examples of effective NVIS antennas. Frequency Selection Optimum NVIS propagation is achieved by operating at or slightly below the local Critical Frequency (CF). The CF is defined as the highest frequency signal that will reflect directly back to its transmission location as shown in Figure 2. Typically the signal will be reflected from the higher F-layer if the operating frequency is near the fof2 (frequency of the Ordinary wave reflected from the F2 layer) critical frequency. The CF is dependent on the intensity of the ultra-violet (UV) radiation from the sun and so varies with the time of day and day of the sunspot cycle. Increased UV radiation will increase the CF of the F-layer. The CF is measured by ionosondes located all over the world. An ionosonde measures the structure of the ionosphere directly overhead by transmitting a sequence of varying frequency pulses and then analyzing the echoes. Data from this 2
3 world-wide series of ionosondes can be found at: We are fortunate to have an ionosonde centrally located in Texas at Dyess AFB near Abilene. Clicking on Dyess iono.txt will bring up the last 24 hours of 15 minute data. The first four columns, as shown in Figure 3, are the date/time group of the measurement and the fifth column, fof2, is the Critical Frequency. Figure 2: Critical Frequency Definition 3
4 Figure 3: Tabulated Ionosonde Data Figure 4 shows a 24-hour plot of the CF for Oct. 3, 2006 during our current low sunspot period. When the 1 hour, daylight saving time bias is removed, you can see the reason for the poor NVIS performance of the Texas MARS 7 PM (local) and 6 AM (local) nets. Depending on the amount of UV ionization, and the exact time of the year, the rapid fall of the CF can perfectly coincide with our 7 PM Net. The extra deep drop to 2.5 MHz has been occurring near the beginning of the 7 PM net, preventing even KBN from being an effective NVIS frequency. From Figure 4 the following frequencies would be best for our nets: 7 PM (local) Net KBN or KAH, but expect periodic net failures 6 AM (local) Net KBN 8 AM (local) Net - KCE 1 PM(local) Net KCO or KDG As the days lengthen and we move back to CDST, we will recover the functionality of the 7 PM Net. The 6 AM Net only will have effective NVIS performance on KBN. 4
5 Dyess AFB Ionosonde Data (Oct. 3, 2006) Critical Frequency - MHz Time - hhmm (CDST) Figure 4: Critical Frequency Plot, Low Sunspot Cycle Period In contrast, Figure 5 shows the CF about 1 year before Figure 4, when the ionosphere was more highly ionized by increased UV radiation from the sun. Dyess AFB Ionosonde Data (Nov. 13, 2005) Critical Frequency (MHz) Time, local (HHMM) Figure 5: Critical Frequency Plot, Higher Sunspot Activity 5
6 Note that for this CF behavior, the following frequencies would be optimum for our net operations: 7 PM (local) Net KCE with a possible move to KBN near end of net. 6 AM (local) Net - KCE 8 AM (local) Net KDG 1 PM (local) Net KFF or KFH Another solar phenomenon, D-Layer absorption, limits our low frequency operation during the daylight hours. Most all the UV radiation from the sun is absorbed by the F- layer, producing the ionization we need for NVIS skip communications. The X-rays from the sun penetrate through the F and E-Layers and are absorbed by the D-layer. The ionization of the D-layer produces increased absorption of radio signals as they pass through on the way to and from reflections off the F-layer. D-layer absorption is inversely proportional to frequency squared (f 2 ), so operating at the highest useable frequency will minimize this loss. Figure 6 shows why longer distance stations will fade during the day. The lower slant angle path will travel a longer distance in the absorptive D-layer than a high angle wave, thus experiencing greater attenuation. Near the end of the 9 AM (local) nets, you may have noticed that some of the more distant net members begin to lose signal strength. This fading will grow worse as the sun rises, unless the net is moved up in frequency as we do during our extended /X and /E nets. Figure 6: D-Layer Absorption Note that unlike the CF phenomenon, D-Layer absorption can be partially compensated for by increasing transmit power or using modes that need less signal to noise ratio than SSB. Modes like CW, or certain digital modes (Olivia and MT-63), can be effective when SSB has faded. Fortunately, as night falls, the D-layer quickly dissipates (ions recombine), significantly increasing skip distances. The difference in re-combination rates between the D and F-layers at dusk is what produces Gray-Line enhanced propagation. For NVIS propagation users, we simply want to operate at the highest possible CF so as to minimize D-Layer absorption. In the low sunspot cycle period, we simply do not have much wiggle room and may have to accept limited NVIS ranges during the maximum sun period of the day. 6
7 The more general ionospheric-skip phenomena is shown in Figure 7. The Skip Zone is eliminated, as discussed above, by operating at or below the local CF of the ionosphere. If our operating frequency is above the local CF, then for higher incident angles, our signal will simply go straight through the ionosphere, never to return. The simple equation for this relationship is MUF = CF/cos Ө (Equation 1) where MUF Maximum Useable Frequency (between two locations) CF Critical Frequency Ө - Angle of the incident ray with a vertical line at the incident point Figure 7: Ionospheric Skip Propagation Note that if you know the CF and your operating frequency (above the CF), you can compute the skip zone dimension given the height (hmf2) of the ionosphere. For example, when the CF has drops to 2.5 MHz and I am attempting to operate on the 7 PM (local) Net at a frequency of KBN, my skip zone has a radius of 305 miles in every direction. From Austin, I will hear AAR6QE in far North Texas, but AAR6LN 90 miles away will not be detectable. The band goes-long, when the sun sets, because D- absorption and the CF both drop, allowing only longer distance stations to be received. To move traffic during this period of time it maybe necessary to go to another state s MARS net or to a distant MARS HF Winlink station. 7
8 Ionosonde Interpretation For Selection of Critical Frequency The actual ionosonde ionograms used to generate the data, shown in Figure 3, can be found at The two nearest Ionosondes are located Dyess AFB and Eglin AFB. The plots are stored by year, date and time. Typically a plot is available about 5 minutes after the actual measurement time. An idealized ionosonde plot is shown in Figure 8. Figure 8: Ionosonde Plot Definitions The Critical Frequency, fof2, is the frequency at which the Ordinary Wave reflection rises rapidly in height (Range). The Virtual height of the reflection is h F2. An actual ionogram from Dyess AFB is shown in Figure 9. 8
9 2 nd Echo Critical Frequency Electron Density (Height of F2 layer) MUF Chart Figure 9: Dyess AFB Ionogram Observe that the colors of the Ordinary and Extraordinary Wave plots are reversed from Figure 8. A typical second, ionosphere/ground/ionosphere reflection can be seen above the first reflection. If the controlling computer can interpret the data, the ionospheric parameters will be listed in upper left table. A very useful second table, the MUF Chart, can be seen in the lower left part of Figure 9. The parameter D is the skip (exclusion) distance in Km. For example, operating on a frequency of 5 MHz will result in a 600 Km skip zone around the transmitting station when the critical frequency is 3.8 MHz. Many times the computer is unable to interpret the date, but the plot is still available for your interpretation. Figure 10 shows an un-interpreted ionogram with a critical frequency of 3.8 MHz. 9
10 Computer failed to Compute critical frequency But you can do it! Critical Frequency Figure 10: Ionogram Without Computer Interpretation If the Dyess AFB Ionosonde is not reporting, a common occurrence, the ionosonde at Eglin AFB can be used. The longitude time between the Eglin AFB and Dyess AFB locations is 52 minutes, and the sun ionization moves East to West, so the data at Eglin one hour earlier will be approximately the same as present time at Dyess. If the sun and ionosphere are stable (no flares and the planetary K index is 1 or 2), the critical frequency for the previous 24 hour period can be used. Finally, if both ionosondes have not reported for several days and again the sun and ionosphere are stable, a Web software modeling prediction site, shown in Figure 11, can be used to get an approximate CF. 10
11 Figure 11: Web Critical Frequency Prediction Site Deployed MARS stations without Internet connectivity should rely on home based MARS stations with Internet connectivity to provide real-time critical frequency and other propagation information. If Internet connectivity is lost to all stations, then an approximate CF can be determined by HF stations received. You are operating below the local CF if you can hear stations outside your ground wave range,25-50 miles, but less than 100 miles. A pair of MARS stations at a range of about 100 miles can be directed by NCS to try assigned state MARS frequencies until connectivity is lost. Dropping down to the frequency below the connectivity loss frequency will be as close to the CF as the net can operate. Another option is to solve equation 1 for the CF using the highest receivable WWV signal. Use an F2 layer height of 186 miles and the range between your station and Fort Collins, CO to compute Ө. Note that the CF computed will be the CF of the F2 layer halfway between the two stations. Solar Effects on Ionospheric Propagation It is possible to obtain information about the factors that influence the ionosphere and to forecast what conditions might be like without using actual ionosonde soundings of the ionosphere. There are a number of indicators that are used and these include the solar flux index (SFI), a measure of the level of radiation from the sun, and the geomagnetic indices (Ap and Kp), a measure of the stability of the earth s magnetic field. The ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun makes ionospheric propagation possible but direct measurement of the level of UV radiation is difficult. Both the solar flux index and the sunspot number are indirect indicators of the level of UV radiation from the sun. The solar flux index is a measure of the level of radio noise from the sun at 2800 MHz. The 11
12 solar flux index has been found to be statistically related to the level of ionizing UV radiation reaching the ionosphere. Solar flux can vary from a low of about 65 to a high of 200. The smoothed sunspot number can vary from 0 to greater than 200. While UV radiation from the sun is beneficial, x-ray radiation, coronal mass ejections (CME) and high solar wind (coronal holes) can disturb or interrupt ionospheric propagation. The three types of disturbances the sun can cause are Geomagnetic and Ionospheric Storms, Solar Radiation Storms and Radio Blackouts. Geomagnetic and Ionospheric Storms CME s and to a lesser extent, coronal holes throw high-velocity charged particles into space. Figure 12 shows a CME striking the earth s geomagnetic field. Figure 12: CME Striking the Earth s Geomagnetic Field If this material impacts the earth s geomagnetic field, it can cause turbulence and disruptions in the ionosphere. The travel time for this material is between 1 and 2 days and its effects include depression of the Critical Frequency and increased D-absorption. Several satellites either located between the earth and the Sun (SOHO Solar and Heliospheric Observatory) or in a sun orbit on either side of the earth (STEREO - Solar TErrestrial RElations Observatory) watch for CME s and measure the solar wind. For solar wind velocity and other solar data See: There are two indices used to report the severity of the magnetic fluctuations in the earth s magnetic field. The K-index is a three hour measurement of the logarithmic variation of the magnetic field compared to that of a quiet day. Individual K-indices are measured around the world and a planetary or Kp index is reported. The Kp varies from 0 (very quiet) to 9 (major geomagnetic storm). The A-index is a linear number, derived from the K-index averaged over one day. The planetary A-index will vary from 0 (very quiet) to 400 (major storm). Solar Radiation Storms Solar disturbances may also eject vast quantities of high-energy protons. These typically take about four hours to reach the earth and will be directed by the earth s magnetic field into the polar regions. This will result in a Polar Cap Absorption event, a dramatic increase in D-absorption only in the polar regions. Unless very severe, only ionospheric propagation that passes through the polar regions will be affected. 12
13 Radio Blackouts A large M or X class solar flare will generate high levels of x-rays that will increase the D-layer absorption producing a radio blackout called a Sudden Ionospheric Disturbance (SID). A picture of a large Solar Flare can be seen in Figure 13. Figure 13: Solar Flare Since this radiation travels at the speed of light, there is no warning. This is a daylight affect and D-layer will quickly return to normal as soon the flare ends or the earth rotates away from the sun. The daily solar flux index (SFI), Kp and Ap and any other solar disturbances are reported on WWV at 18 minutes past each hour. The NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center at ay.html and other agencies maintain web sites that reports solar and geomagnetic conditions. Figure 14 and 15, from the NOAA site, show solar and geomagnetic conditions. Figure 14: Solar and Geomagnetic Conditions 13
14 Figure 15: Solar X-Ray Flux From Figure 14, a sudden increase in solar wind from a corona hole can be seen at time 0400Z SEP 28 first as a change in the GOES Hp (magnetic field) followed 4 hours later by a significant increase in the planetary Kp index to a value of 4. Any X-ray or proton emissions would have occurred several days before this event, but typically, a coronal hole event does not have a solar flare associated with it, so this event only caused minor changes in the ionosphere. Conclusions NVIS is a special form of ionospheric propagation that allows the use of the traditionally excluded or skipped zone of propagation to provide over-the-horizon communications out to ranges of approximately 400 miles. The operating frequency must be below the local Critical Frequency but high enough to minimize D-layer absorption during the daylight hours. The Critical Frequency is a function of the time of day and the day in the solar cycle and is best determined by real-time measurements using a local ionosonde. Disruptions of NVIS and normal long range propagation can occur during solar storm events like Coronal Mass Ejections and Solar Flares. 14
Chapter 7 HF Propagation. Ionosphere Solar Effects Scatter and NVIS
Chapter 7 HF Propagation Ionosphere Solar Effects Scatter and NVIS Ionosphere and Layers Radio Waves Bent by the Ionosphere Daily variation of Ionosphere Layers Ionospheric Reflection Conduction by electrons
More informationTerry G. Glagowski W1TR / AFA1DI
The Ionogram and Radio Propagation By Terry G. Glagowski / W1TR / AFA1DI - 9/29/2017 9:46 AM Excerpts from a presentation by Tom Carrigan / NE1R / AFA1ID by Terry G. Glagowski W1TR / AFA1DI Knowledge of
More information4/29/2012. General Class Element 3 Course Presentation. Radio Wave Propagation. Radio Wave Propagation. Radio Wave Propagation.
General Class Element 3 Course Presentation ti ELEMENT 3 SUB ELEMENTS General Licensing Class Subelement G3 3 Exam Questions, 3 Groups G1 Commission s Rules G2 Operating Procedures G3 G4 Amateur Radio
More informationHigh Frequency Propagation (and a little about NVIS)
High Frequency Propagation (and a little about NVIS) Tom McDermott, N5EG August 18, 2010 September 2, 2010 Updated: February 7, 2013 The problem Radio waves, like light waves, travel in ~straight lines.
More informationChapter 6 Propagation
Chapter 6 Propagation Al Penney VO1NO Objectives To become familiar with: Classification of waves wrt propagation; Factors that affect radio wave propagation; and Propagation characteristics of Amateur
More informationGeneral Classs Chapter 7
General Classs Chapter 7 Radio Wave Propagation Bob KA9BHD Eric K9VIC Learning Objectives Teach you enough to get all the propagation questions right during the VE Session Learn a few things from you about
More informationIntroduction to HF Propagation. Rick Fletcher, W7YP FVARC November 20, 2018
Introduction to HF Propagation Rick Fletcher, W7YP FVARC November 20, 2018 Topics The HF Bands How HF propagation works Overview by HF band Sources of solar and propagation information Working HF during
More informationSpace Weather and Propagation JANUARY 14, 2017
Space Weather and Propagation MARTIN BUEHRING -KB4MG ELEC T R ICAL ENGINEER, A M AT EUR EXTRA CLASS LICENSE HOLDER JANUARY 14, 2017 Why know about Space Weather? Our SUN has an enormous affect not only
More informationMaximum Usable Frequency
Maximum Usable Frequency 15 Frequency (MHz) 10 5 0 Maximum Usable Frequency Usable Frequency Window Lowest Usable Frequency Solar Flare 6 12 18 24 Time (Hours) Radio Blackout Usable Frequency Window Ken
More informationIonospheric Propagation
Ionospheric Nick Massey VA7NRM 1 Electromagnetic Spectrum Radio Waves are a form of Electromagnetic Radiation Visible Light is also a form of Electromagnetic Radiation Radio Waves behave a lot like light
More informationReading 28 PROPAGATION THE IONOSPHERE
Reading 28 Ron Bertrand VK2DQ http://www.radioelectronicschool.com PROPAGATION THE IONOSPHERE The ionosphere is a region of the upper atmosphere extending from a height of about 60 km to greater than 500
More informationPropagation Tool.
Propagation Propagation Tool http://www.hamqsl.com/solar.html The Ionosphere is made up of several layers at varying heights above the ground: The lowest level is the D Layer (37 to 56 miles), which
More informationThe Effect of Geomagnetic Storm in the Ionosphere using N-h Profiles.
The Effect of Geomagnetic Storm in the Ionosphere using N-h Profiles. J.C. Morka * ; D.N. Nwachuku; and D.A. Ogwu. Physics Department, College of Education, Agbor, Nigeria E-mail: johnmorka84@gmail.com
More informationAntennas and Propagation Chapters T4, G7, G8 Antenna Fundamentals, More Antenna Types, Feed lines and Measurements, Propagation
Antennas and Propagation Chapters T4, G7, G8 Antenna Fundamentals, More Antenna Types, Feed lines and Measurements, Propagation =============================================================== Antenna Fundamentals
More informationPolarization orientation of the electric field vector with respect to the earth s surface (ground).
Free space propagation of electromagnetic waves is often called radio-frequency (rf) propagation or simply radio propagation. The earth s atmosphere, as medium introduces losses and impairments to the
More informationCRITICAL FREQUENCY By Marcel H. De Canck, ON5AU
CRITICAL FREQUENCY By Marcel H. De Canck, ON5AU Before reading onward, it would be good to refresh your knowledge about refraction rules in the section on Refraction of the earlier "Wave Propagation Direction
More informationOBJECTIVES: PROPAGATION INTRO RADIO WAVES POLARIZATION LINE OF SIGHT, GROUND WAVE, SKY WAVE IONOSPHERE REGIONS PROPAGATION, HOPS, SKIPS ZONES THE
WAVE PROPAGATION OBJECTIVES: PROPAGATION INTRO RADIO WAVES POLARIZATION LINE OF SIGHT, GROUND WAVE, SKY WAVE IONOSPHERE REGIONS PROPAGATION, HOPS, SKIPS ZONES THE IONOSPHERIC LAYERS ABSORPTION AND FADING
More informationRadiation and Particles from the. Sun
2017 Radiation and Particles from the Photons Sun Photons (300000km/s ~ 8m 20s) radio waves, infra red, visible light, ultra violet, x-ray, x galactic waves, Solar Flux (30000km/s ~ 8m 20s) The 10.7 cm
More informationStorms in Earth s ionosphere
Storms in Earth s ionosphere Archana Bhattacharyya Indian Institute of Geomagnetism IISF 2017, WSE Conclave; Anna University, Chennai Earth s Ionosphere Ionosphere is the region of the atmosphere in which
More informationA first study into the propagation of 5 MHz (60 m) signals using the South African ionosonde network
A first study into the propagation of 5 MHz (60 m) signals using the South African ionosonde network Hannes Coetzee, B. Eng. (Electronics), M. Sc. (Physics), ZS6BZP The SARL has purchased two 5 MHz test
More informationSw earth Dw Direct wave GRw Ground reflected wave Sw Surface wave
WAVE PROPAGATION By Marcel H. De Canck, ON5AU Electromagnetic radio waves can propagate in three different ways between the transmitter and the receiver. 1- Ground waves 2- Troposphere waves 3- Sky waves
More informationRF Propagation. By Tim Kuhlman, PE KD7RUS
RF Propagation By Tim Kuhlman, PE KD7RUS Purpose of this Seminar In this seminar we will attempt to answer the following questions: What is RF propagation? What are the different types of propagation?
More information4/18/2012. Supplement T3. 3 Exam Questions, 3 Groups. Amateur Radio Technician Class
Amateur Radio Technician Class Element 2 Course Presentation ti ELEMENT 2 SUB-ELEMENTS Technician Licensing Class Supplement T3 Radio Wave Characteristics 3 Exam Questions, 3 Groups T1 - FCC Rules, descriptions
More informationWhat is Space Weather? THE ACTIVE SUN
Aardvark Roost AOC Space Weather in Southern Africa Hannes Coetzee 1 What is Space Weather? THE ACTIVE SUN 2 The Violant Sun 3 What is Space Weather? Solar eruptive events (solar flares, coronal Mass Space
More informationIf maximum electron density in a layer is less than n', the wave will penetrate the layer
UNIT-7 1. Briefly the describe the terms related to the sky wave propagation: virtual heights, critical frequency, maximum usable frequency, skip distance and fading? Ans: Sky wave propagation: It is also
More informationLesson 12: Signal Propagation
Lesson 12: Signal Propagation Preparation for Amateur Radio Technician Class Exam Topics HF Propagation Ground-wave Sky-wave Ionospheric regions VHF/UHF Propagation Line-of-sight Tropospheric Bending and
More informationPropagation During Solar Cycle 24. Frank Donovan W3LPL
Propagation During Solar Cycle 24 Frank Donovan W3LPL Introduction This presentation focuses on: The four major fall and winter DX contests: CQ WW SSB and CW ARRL DX SSB and CW The years of highest solar
More informationSPACE WEATHER SIGNATURES ON VLF RADIO WAVES RECORDED IN BELGRADE
Publ. Astron. Obs. Belgrade No. 80 (2006), 191-195 Contributed paper SPACE WEATHER SIGNATURES ON VLF RADIO WAVES RECORDED IN BELGRADE DESANKA ŠULIĆ1, VLADIMIR ČADEŽ2, DAVORKA GRUBOR 3 and VIDA ŽIGMAN4
More informationSpace Weather and the Ionosphere
Dynamic Positioning Conference October 17-18, 2000 Sensors Space Weather and the Ionosphere Grant Marshall Trimble Navigation, Inc. Note: Use the Page Down key to view this presentation correctly Space
More informationStudy of small scale plasma irregularities. Đorđe Stevanović
Study of small scale plasma irregularities in the ionosphere Đorđe Stevanović Overview 1. Global Navigation Satellite Systems 2. Space weather 3. Ionosphere and its effects 4. Case study a. Instruments
More informationUNIT Derive the fundamental equation for free space propagation?
UNIT 8 1. Derive the fundamental equation for free space propagation? Fundamental Equation for Free Space Propagation Consider the transmitter power (P t ) radiated uniformly in all the directions (isotropic),
More information3 Methods of radiocommunication
+ + & & * * ) ) From the ITU Emergency Telecommunications handbook; prepared for the 54 th JOTA 2011. 3 Methods of radiocommunication 3.1 Frequencies Radio frequencies should be selected according to propagation
More informationInfluence of Major Geomagnetic Storms Occurred in the Year 2011 On TEC Over Bangalore Station In India
International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering. ISSN 0974-2166 Volume 6, Number 1 (2013), pp. 105-110 International Research Publication House http://www.irphouse.com Influence of Major
More informationGlobal Maps with Contoured Ionosphere Properties Some F-Layer Anomalies Revealed By Marcel H. De Canck, ON5AU. E Layer Critical Frequencies Maps
Global Maps with Contoured Ionosphere Properties Some F-Layer Anomalies Revealed By Marcel H. De Canck, ON5AU In this column, I shall handle some possibilities given by PROPLAB-PRO to have information
More informationTHE IONOSPHERE AND RADIO PROPAGATION
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY (IJECET) International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 ISSN 0976 6464(Print)
More informationVI. Signal Propagation Effects. Image courtesy of
VI. Signal Propagation Effects Image courtesy of www.tpub.com 56 VI. Signal Propagation Effects Name Date Class At Home Assignment Tune to the most remote AM station you can find. You should attempt to
More informationRF Propagation. By Tim Kuhlman, PE KD7RUS
RF Propagation By Tim Kuhlman, PE KD7RUS Purpose of this Seminar In this seminar we will attempt to answer the following questions: What is RF propagation? What are the different types of propagation?
More information14. COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
14. COMMUNICATION SYSTEM SYNOPSIS : INTRODUCTION 1. The exchange of information between a sender and receiver is called communication. 2. The arrangement of devices to transfere the information is called
More informationMonitoring Solar flares by Radio Astronomy
Monitoring Solar flares by Radio Astronomy Presented at the RASC Sunshine Coast Centre, February 8th, 2013, 7:30 pm Mike Bradley, RASC Sunshine Coast Centre Solar flares Solar flares occur when sunspots
More information# DEFINITIONS TERMS. 2) Electrical energy that has escaped into free space. Electromagnetic wave
CHAPTER 14 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE PROPAGATION # DEFINITIONS TERMS 1) Propagation of electromagnetic waves often called radio-frequency (RF) propagation or simply radio propagation. Free-space 2) Electrical
More informationRegional and Long Distance Skywave Communications
Regional and Long Distance Skywave Communications F LAYER SKYWAVE ELEVATION ANGLE STATION - A STATION - B Ken Larson KJ6RZ October 2010 1 Page Title 3 1.0 Introduction 3 2.0 The Earth s Ionosphere 6 3.0
More informationBroad Principles of Propagation 4C4
Broad Principles of Propagation ledoyle@tcd.ie 4C4 Starting at the start All wireless systems use spectrum, radiowaves, electromagnetic waves to function It is the fundamental and basic ingredient of
More informationEarthquake Analysis over the Equatorial
Earthquake Analysis over the Equatorial Region by Using the Critical Frequency Data and Geomagnetic Index Earthquake Analysis over the Equatorial Region by Using the Critical Frequency Data and Geomagnetic
More information1. Terrestrial propagation
Rec. ITU-R P.844-1 1 RECOMMENDATION ITU-R P.844-1 * IONOSPHERIC FACTORS AFFECTING FREQUENCY SHARING IN THE VHF AND UHF BANDS (30 MHz-3 GHz) (Question ITU-R 218/3) (1992-1994) Rec. ITU-R PI.844-1 The ITU
More informationRadio Communication. After Abt Associates, 2017 for NOAA. Ionosphere. Solar Radiation. HF Radio Communications. e - e - e - e - e - e - e -
Radio Communication Solar radiation separates electrons from atoms (ions) in Earth s upper atmosphere: Layers of Ionization facilitate radio comm Irregularities affect GNSS/GPS and other signals Solar
More informationEmergency Antennas VHF / UHF - FM. HF Voice, CW, or Digital
1 Emergency Antennas VHF / UHF - FM HF Voice, CW, or Digital 2 Antennas for VHF Quarter Wave Vertical Half Wave Vertical Vertical Dipole J-Pole 3 Design Parameters Primarily line of sight Mounted on trunk
More informationCHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION The dependence of society to technology increased in recent years as the technology has enhanced. increased. Moreover, in addition to technology, the dependence of society to nature
More informationRadio Frequency Propagation: A General Overview from LF to VHF.
Radio Frequency Propagation: A General Overview from LF to VHF. Presented by: Mike Parkin GØJMI Slide 1 Introduction Mike Parkin: First licensed as G8NDJ in 1977. Became GØJMI in 1988. Interests in Radio
More informationSSB Basics. La Cruz Marina 12/27/13
SSB Basics La Cruz Marina 12/27/13 About Me David DeLong 40 years radio experience At 13 youngest to get extra class license & built my own transmitter Work for for 28 years Started out as a hardware engineer
More informationIntroduction To The Ionosphere
Introduction To The Ionosphere John Bosco Habarulema Radar School 12 13 September 2015, SANSA, What is a radar? This being a radar school... RAdio Detection And Ranging To determine the range, R, R=Ct/2,
More informationright during the VE Session Have fun Bob, KA9BH Eric, K9VIC
Radio Wave Propagation Teach you enough to get all right during the VE Session Learn a few things from you Have fun Finish everything on time (if the propagation questions about your experiences not a
More informationPresented by: Mark Landress WB5ANN
Presented by: Mark Landress WB5ANN Distribution of Licensed Amateur Radio Operators in the US 2016 Courtesy ARRL Ham Radio Mapping - WB5ANN 1 Outline Basics Latitude and Longitude Map Types and Projections
More informationThe CY9C 6-Meter Opening on August 24, 2016 Carl Luetzelschwab K9LA October 2016
The CY9C 6-Meter Opening on August 24, 2016 Carl Luetzelschwab K9LA October 2016 During the summer of 2016 (specifically August 19 29), St. Paul Island was activated as CY9C on 160-Meters through 6-Meters
More informationA Review of WICEN HF Communications Capability
A Review of WICEN HF Communications Capability Abstract During a recent event, some problems were experienced with the traditional lower HF band communications often used for WICEN events. This paper describes
More informationOutlines. Attenuation due to Atmospheric Gases Rain attenuation Depolarization Scintillations Effect. Introduction
PROPAGATION EFFECTS Outlines 2 Introduction Attenuation due to Atmospheric Gases Rain attenuation Depolarization Scintillations Effect 27-Nov-16 Networks and Communication Department Loss statistics encountered
More informationTechnician License Course Chapter 4
Technician License Course Chapter 4 Propagation, Basic Antennas, Feed lines & SWR K0NK 26 Jan 18 The Antenna System Antenna: Facilitates the sending of your signal to some distant station. Feed line: Connects
More informationAnalysis of Ionospheric Anomalies due to Space Weather Conditions by using GPS-TEC Variations
Presented at the FIG Congress 2018, May 6-11, 2018 in Istanbul, Turkey Analysis of Ionospheric Anomalies due to Space Weather Conditions by using GPS-TEC Variations Asst. Prof. Dr. Mustafa ULUKAVAK 1,
More informationRADIO WAVE PROPAGATION
CHAPTER 2 RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION Radio direction finding (RDF) deals with the direction of arrival of radio waves. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the basic principles involved in the propagation
More informationTopics in Propagation
Topics in Propagation Extra Class Course Spring 2013 Andy Durbin k3wyc Propagation The magic that allows a signal to travel between the transmitting antenna and the receiving antenna. This course is limited
More informationIRI-Plas Optimization Based Ionospheric Tomography
IRI-Plas Optimization Based Ionospheric Tomography Onur Cilibas onurcilibas@gmail.com.tr Umut Sezen usezen@hacettepe.edu.tr Feza Arikan arikan@hacettepe.edu.tr Tamara Gulyaeva IZMIRAN 142190 Troitsk Moscow
More informationThe Earth s Atmosphere
ESS 7 Lectures 15 and 16 May 5 and 7, 2010 The Atmosphere and Ionosphere The Earth s Atmosphere The Earth s upper atmosphere is important for groundbased and satellite radio communication and navigation.
More informationA Study of the Effects of Sunrise and Sunset on the Ionosphere as Observed by VLF Wave Behavior
A Study of the Effects of Sunrise and Sunset on the Ionosphere as Observed by VLF Wave Behavior By Leandra Merola South Side High School Rockville Centre, New York Abstract The purpose of this study was
More informationESS 7 Lectures 15 and 16 November 3 and 5, The Atmosphere and Ionosphere
ESS 7 Lectures 15 and 16 November 3 and 5, 2008 The Atmosphere and Ionosphere The Earth s Atmosphere The Earth s upper atmosphere is important for groundbased and satellite radio communication and navigation.
More informationIonospheric Sounders What are they? How can you use them?
Ionospheric Sounders What are they? How can you use them? History of the ionosphere Jan. 1901 Marconi sends signals from Isle of Wight to The Lizard, Cornwall Dec. 1901 Marconi crosses Atlantic, from Poldhu
More informationSolar Radar Experiments
Solar Radar Experiments Paul Rodriguez Plasma Physics Division Naval Research Laboratory Washington, DC 20375 phone: (202) 767-3329 fax: (202) 767-3553 e-mail: paul.rodriguez@nrl.navy.mil Award # N0001498WX30228
More informationIonospheric sounding at the RMI Geophysical Centre in Dourbes: digital ionosonde performance and ionospheric monitoring service applications
Solar Terrestrial Centre of Excellence Ionospheric sounding at the RMI Geophysical Centre in Dourbes: digital ionosonde performance and ionospheric monitoring service applications S. Stankov, T. Verhulst,
More informationCHAPTER 6. Propagation
CHAPTER 6 Propagation TOC: INTRO RADIO WAVES POLARIZATION LINE OF SIGHT, GROUND & SKY WAVES IONOSPHERE REGIONS IONOSPHERIC LAYERS PROPAGATION, HOPS, SKIPS ZONES ABSORPTION AND FADING SOLAR ACTIVITY AND
More informationMitigation of Effects of the Atmosphere on Radio Wave Propagation.
Mitigation of Effects of the Atmosphere on Radio Wave Propagation. A.S. Adegoke, M.Sc., MNSE Department of Computer Engineering, Yaba College of Technology Yaba-Lagos, Nigeria. E-mail: adegokeas2000@yahoo.com
More informationMonitoring the polar cap/ auroral ionosphere: Industrial applications. P. T. Jayachandran Physics Department University of New Brunswick Fredericton
Monitoring the polar cap/ auroral ionosphere: Industrial applications P. T. Jayachandran Physics Department University of New Brunswick Fredericton Outline Ionosphere and its effects on modern and old
More informationPlasma in the ionosphere Ionization and Recombination
Plasma in the ionosphere Ionization and Recombination Jamil Muhammad Supervisor: Professor kjell Rönnmark 1 Contents: 1. Introduction 3 1.1 History.3 1.2 What is the ionosphere?...4 2. Ionization and recombination.5
More informationAmateur Radio License. Propagation and Antennas
Amateur Radio License Propagation and Antennas Todays Topics Propagation Antennas Propagation Modes Ground wave Low HF and below, ground acts as waveguide Line-of-Sight (LOS) VHF and above, radio waves
More informationSummary of Findings Associated with the 5 MHz Experiment. Marcus C. Walden G0IJZ Space Weather Knowledge Exchange Workshop: HAMSCI UK 13 October 2017
Summary of Findings Associated with the 5 MHz Experiment Marcus C. Walden G0IJZ Space Weather Knowledge Exchange Workshop: HAMSCI UK 13 October 2017 Overview of Presentation Introduction The 5 MHz Experiment
More informationSPIDR on the Web: Space Physics Interactive
Radio Science, Volume 32, Number 5, Pages 2021-2026, September-October 1997 SPIDR on the Web: Space Physics Interactive Data Resource on-line analysis tool Karen Fay O'Loughlin Cooperative Institute for
More informationIonospheric Effects on Aviation
Ionospheric Effects on Aviation Recent experience in the observation and research of ionospheric irregularities, gradient anomalies, depletion walls, etc. in USA and Europe Stan Stankov, René Warnant,
More informationPoS(2nd MCCT -SKADS)003
The Earth's ionosphere: structure and composition. Dispersive effects, absorption and emission in EM wave propagation 1 Observatorio Astronómico Nacional Calle Alfonso XII, 3; E-28014 Madrid, Spain E-mail:
More informationPropagation Software Review rev 1
Propagation Software Review rev 1 Carl Luetzelschwab K9LA k9la@arrl.net :KDW:H UH*RLQJWR&RYHU The model of the ionosphere :KDW VFRPPRQDPRQJDOOWKHVRIWZDUH Getting started with propagation predictions :KDW
More informationAWESOME for educational and research use
SuperSID - a small-version AWESOME for educational and research use By Deborah Scherrer Tim Huynh Stanford University Solar Center 1 What I am going to talk about What is this project? What can the instrument
More informationRFI Monitoring and Analysis at Decameter Wavelengths. RFI Monitoring and Analysis
Observatoire de Paris-Meudon Département de Radio-Astronomie CNRS URA 1757 5, Place Jules Janssen 92195 MEUDON CEDEX " " Vincent CLERC and Carlo ROSOLEN E-mail adresses : Carlo.rosolen@obspm.fr Vincent.clerc@obspm.fr
More informationRADIOWAVE PROPAGATION
RADIOWAVE PROPAGATION Physics and Applications CURT A. LEVIS JOEL T. JOHNSON FERNANDO L. TEIXEIRA The cover illustration is part of a figure from R.C. Kirby, "Introduction," Lecture 1 in NBS Course in
More informationDYNAMIC POSITIONING CONFERENCE October 17 18, 2000 SENSORS. Space Weather and the Ionosphere. Grant Marshall Trimble Navigation Inc.
DYNAMIC POSIIONING CONFERENCE October 17 18, 2000 SENSORS Space Weather and the Ionosphere Grant Marshall rimble Navigation Inc. Images shown here are part of an animated presentation and may not appear
More informationNVIS. Near Vertical Incident Skywave. Norm Fusaro, W3IZ 05/19/2007 1
NVIS Near Vertical Incident Skywave Norm Fusaro, W3IZ 05/19/2007 1 Introduction What Is NVIS? What are the advantages of NVIS? How to deploy NVIS. 05/19/2007 2 What Is NVIS? NVIS, or Near Vertical Incidence
More informationSolar Activity Effects on Propagation at 15 MHz Received at Anchorage, Alaska USA on 10 September 2017 Whitham D. Reeve. 1.
Solar Activity Effects on Propagation at 15 MHz Received at Anchorage, Alaska USA on 10 September 2017 Whitham D. Reeve 1. Introduction Solar cycle 24 continued its downward trend throughout 2017 but a
More informationThe Ionosphere and its Impact on Communications and Navigation. Tim Fuller-Rowell NOAA Space Environment Center and CIRES, University of Colorado
The Ionosphere and its Impact on Communications and Navigation Tim Fuller-Rowell NOAA Space Environment Center and CIRES, University of Colorado Customers for Ionospheric Information High Frequency (HF)
More informationRadar astronomy and radioastronomy using the over-the-horizon radar NOSTRADAMUS. ONERA, Département Electromagnétisme et Radar
Radar astronomy and radioastronomy using the over-the-horizon radar NOSTRADAMUS J-F. Degurse 1,2, J-Ph. Molinié 1, V. Rannou 1,S. Marcos 2 1 ONERA, Département Electromagnétisme et Radar 2 L2S Supéléc,
More informationNVIS. Norm Fusaro, W3IZ 7/25/2007 2
7/25/2007 1 NVIS Near Vertical Incident Skywave Norm Fusaro, W3IZ 7/25/2007 2 Introduction What Is NVIS? Advantages of NVIS? How to deploy NVIS. 7/25/2007 3 What Is NVIS? Near Vertical Incidence Skywave:
More informationNVIS Near Vertical Incident Skywave 5/25/2015 1
NVIS Near Vertical Incident Skywave 5/25/2015 1 The Problem 8/15/06 2 Introduction to NVIS What Is NVIS? What are the advantages of NVIS? How to deploy NVIS. 8/15/06 3 What Is NVIS? NVIS, or Near Vertical
More informationDate(2002) proton flux Dst (pfu) 11-Jan nt 23-May nt 17-Jul nt 22-Aug nt 7-Sep nt 10-Nov nt 21-Apr nt
3.1 Solar energetic particles effect on the Earth/ionosphere in quiet geomagnetic condition Paul J Marchese, Donald E. Cotten *, and Tak David Cheung City University of New York Queensborough Community
More informationA Neural Network tool for the interpolation of fof2 data in the presence of sporadic E layer
A Neural Network tool for the interpolation of fof data in the presence of sporadic E layer Haris Haralambous, Antonis Ioannou and Harris Papadopoulos Computer Science and Engineering Department, Frederick
More informationIonospheric and cosmic ray monitoring: Recent developments at the RMI
Solar Terrestrial Centre of Excellence Ionospheric and cosmic ray monitoring: Recent developments at the RMI Danislav Sapundjiev, Stan Stankov, Tobias Verhulst, Jean-Claude Jodogne Royal (RMI) Ringlaan
More informationNear Earth space monitoring with LOFAR PL610 station in Borówiec
Near Earth space monitoring with LOFAR PL610 station in Borówiec Hanna Rothkaehl 1, Mariusz Pożoga 1, Marek Morawski 1, Barbara Matyjasiak 1, Dorota Przepiórka 1, Marcin Grzesiak 1 and Roman Wronowski
More informationChapter 15: Radio-Wave Propagation
Chapter 15: Radio-Wave Propagation MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Radio waves were first predicted mathematically by: a. Armstrong c. Maxwell b. Hertz d. Marconi 2. Radio waves were first demonstrated experimentally
More informationChapter 1: Telecommunication Fundamentals
Chapter 1: Telecommunication Fundamentals Block Diagram of a communication system Noise n(t) m(t) Information (base-band signal) Signal Processing Carrier Circuits s(t) Transmission Medium r(t) Signal
More informationAn Introduction to HF propagation and the Ionosphere
Page 1 of 9 An Introduction to HF propagation and the Ionosphere Chirp Sounding Precision Carrier Analysis Ranging Techniques Digital Propagation Logging Introduction This page is about the Ionosphere,
More informationScientific Studies of the High-Latitude Ionosphere with the Ionosphere Dynamics and ElectroDynamics - Data Assimilation (IDED-DA) Model
DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Scientific Studies of the High-Latitude Ionosphere with the Ionosphere Dynamics and ElectroDynamics - Data Assimilation
More informationGAVIN DOCHERTY & CRAIG ROBERTS School of Surveying & Spatial Information Systems. University of NSW
FIG2010, Sydney, Australia 15 April 2010 The impact of Solar Cycle 24 on Network RTK in Australia GAVIN DOCHERTY & CRAIG ROBERTS School of Surveying & Spatial Information Systems University of NSW School
More informationSudden Frequency Deviations Caused by Solar Flares Part II ~ Instrumentation and Observations Whitham D. Reeve
Sudden Frequency Deviations Caused by Solar Flares Part II ~ Instrumentation and Observations Whitham D. Reeve 2-1. Instrumentation The following equipment was used for sudden frequency deviation observations
More informationNewspaper cartoon from the early 60 s
Newspaper cartoon from the early 60 s NVIS for Emergency Communications Ross Mazzola Monroe County (NY) ARES Why NVIS? Damage to Infrastructure Inoperative Towers & Repeater Sites Loss of Backup Power
More informationIonospheric Propagation
Ionospheric Propagation Page 1 Ionospheric Propagation The ionosphere exists between about 90 and 1000 km above the earth s surface. Radiation from the sun ionizes atoms and molecules here, liberating
More informationA FEASIBILITY STUDY INTO THE POSSIBILITY OF IONOSPHERIC PROPAGATION OF LOW VHF (30 ~ 35 MHZ) SIGNALS BETWEEN SOUTH AFRICA AND CENTRAL AFRICA
A FEASIBILITY STUDY INTO THE POSSIBILITY OF IONOSPHERIC PROPAGATION OF LOW VHF (30 ~ 35 MHZ) SIGNALS BETWEEN SOUTH AFRICA AND CENTRAL AFRICA A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the
More informationThree-dimensional and numerical ray tracing on a phenomenological ionospheric model
Three-dimensional and numerical ray tracing on a phenomenological ionospheric model Lung-Chih Tsai 1, 2, C. H. Liu 3, T. Y. Hsiao 4, and J. Y. Huang 1 (1) Center for Space and Remote Sensing research,
More information