ADS APPLICATION IN FILTER DESIGN. EKT 345 Microwave Engineering
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1 ADS APPLICATION IN FILTER DESIGN EKT 345 Microwave Engineering
2 1.0 FILTER DESIGN PROCESS Filter Specification Low-pass Prototype Design Done using ADS Scaling & Conversion Optimization & Tuning Filter Implementation 2
3 1.2 GENERAL STEPS IN FILTER DESIGN A. Know your filter specifications 1. Max Flat/Equal Ripple, 2. LPF/HPF/BPF/BSF 3. Desired freq of operation 4. Passband & stopband range 5. Max allowed attenuation (for Equal Ripple) B. Design your LPF Prototype 1. Min Insertion Loss level, No of Filter Order/Elements 2. Determine whether shunt cap model or series inductance model to use 3. Determine elements values from Prototype Table 3
4 1.3 FILTER DESIGN PROCESS Filter Specification Low-pass Prototype Design Done using ADS Scaling & Conversion Optimization & Tuning Filter Implementation 4
5 1.4 GENERAL STEPS IN FILTER DESIGN C. Scaling & Conversion 1. Draw LPF filter prototype 2. Determine if there are any conversion to HPF/BPF/BSF required 3. If yes, convert the LPF to the desired HPF/BPF/BSF filter prototype. If no, move on to step Use equations to de-normalize cap & inductance values 5. Re-draw de-normalized filter prototype 5
6 1.4 GENERAL STEPS IN FILTER DESIGN D. Filter Implementation & Optimization 1. Draw de-normalized LPF filter prototype with elements values 2. Implement filter prototype on software 3. Optimize & tune filter to get best response To do this you have to be familiar with ADS 6
7 2.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - BASIC 2.1 Simulate the following design in ADS. Save the file. To start the simulation, click on the Simulate button at the top toolbar. 7
8 2.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - BASIC 2.2 Adding result Graphs & Charts Add Graph After clicking the Simulate button, a pop up window like this will appear, showing the progress of the simulation 8
9 2.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - BASIC 2.3 Adding result Graphs & Charts Graph Types Rename the graph as preferred After simulation completion, a Data Display Window will appear. 9
10 2.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - BASIC 2.4 Adding result Graphs & Charts Add Graph To display the S parameters of this simulation, a rectangular plot graph type is selected. Drag and drop the graph onto the display area. 10
11 2.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - BASIC 2.5 Adding result Graphs & Charts Select Meas After inserting the appropriate graph type, it still does not know what type of parameters that is to be plotted on it. To define this, double click on the parameters S11 and S21. Choose the display units (in db) A pop-up window like this will appear, select the appropriate parameters to be displayed in rectangular form 11
12 2.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - BASIC 2.6 Adding result Graphs & Charts Simulate The graph will show the results as displayed here. 12
13 db(s(2,1)) db(s(1,1)) 2.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - BASIC 2.7 Adding result Graphs & Charts Results m2 m1 Filter Design Criteria A good S 11 will have a response at the desired -25 design freq with < -10dB value in pass band -30 A good S 21 will have almost 0dB response in pass band, & infinite response in stop band m1 freq= 2.000GHz db(s(1,1))= m2 freq= 1.510GHz db(s(1,1))= m3 freq= 2.800GHz db(s(1,1))= m4 freq= 2.800GHz db(s(2,1))= m3 m4 freq, GHz 13
14 3.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - INTERMEDIATE 3.1 Selecting & Setting Variables 3.2 Analyzing & Tuning 14
15 3.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - INTERMEDIATE 3.1 Selecting & Setting Variables To start manual tuning of certain parameters in a schematic, the Tune Parameter in the schematic should be selected 15
16 3.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - INTERMEDIATE 3.1 Selecting & Setting Variables Immediately after the Tune button is clicked, a Status Window and a Tuning Controller window will appear 16
17 3.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - INTERMEDIATE 3.1 Selecting & Setting Variables The parameters values that are to be tuned can be selected from the schematic. Once selected effectively, it will appear in the tuning controller as shown on the left 17
18 3.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - INTERMEDIATE 3.1 Selecting & Setting Variables The parameters values that are to be tuned can be selected from the schematic. Once selected effectively, it will appear in the tuning controller as shown on the left 18
19 3.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - INTERMEDIATE 3.1 Selecting & Setting Variables 19
20 3.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - INTERMEDIATE 3.1 Selecting & Setting Variables A variable tuning toolbar like this will appear before you. The nominal, max, min and step of tunable values/range can be set here by users 20
21 3.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - INTERMEDIATE 3.2 Analyzing & Tuning Ensure that the variable tuner controller slider bar is also easily accessible. Notice the difference of S 11 and S 21 values when sliding the values of the capacitance up and down 21
22 3.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - INTERMEDIATE 3.2 Analyzing & Tuning To further observe the effect of capacitance values, the Store button can be pressed to hold the initial (old) values before tuning 22
23 3.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - INTERMEDIATE 3.2 Analyzing & Tuning The old (initial) values of capacitance are indicated by the thin line, and the current (tuned) values are shown in the graph as the thick line 23
24 3.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - INTERMEDIATE CASE STUDY Let s say our engineering manager has given to us the following task, which is to design a low pass filter according to the spec below: 24
25 3.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - INTERMEDIATE CASE STUDY Design requirements LPF 5 elements symmetrical design Insertion loss > -0.5 db from 403 MHz to 440 MHz Allow 50 MHz guard band to -3 db roll off 2fc attenuation > 35 db Return loss > 15 db in pass band 25
26 3.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - INTERMEDIATE CASE STUDY The filter below is designed: 26
27 db(s(2,1)) 3.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - INTERMEDIATE CASE STUDY The transmission coefficient response is as follow: freq, GHz 27
28 3.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - INTERMEDIATE CASE STUDY To zoom in the response on the Y-axis, double click on the graph and edit the Plot Options 28
29 db(s(2,1)) 3.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - INTERMEDIATE CASE STUDY Zooming m1 m2 in on the Y-axis response; m3 3 db rollout too far (more than 50 MHz guard band) freq, GHz m1 freq= 400.0MHz db(s(2,1))= m2 freq= 440.0MHz db(s(2,1))= m3 freq= 720.0MHz db(s(2,1))=
30 3.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - INTERMEDIATE CASE STUDY We are supposed to have only < 50 MHz guard band, i.e = 490 MHz. Use the tune tool to tune the -3dB roll off point to 490 MHz. You are allowed to change the values of cap and inductors accordingly. However, note that they must be symmetrical; i.e C 1 = C 2 = C 3 and L 1 = L 2 30
31 3.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - INTERMEDIATE What about using the variable feature? Click on the Variable icon at the top tool bar 31
32 3.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - INTERMEDIATE Adding Variables Double click on the VAR icon to invoke the window 32
33 3.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - INTERMEDIATE Adding Variables Enable the Tuning Status and vary the max, min and step values accordingly Add a parameter named LCoil and click on the Tune/Opt/Stat/DOE option 33
34 3.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - INTERMEDIATE Adding Variables LCoil Add LCoil with the following limits: Min = default (leave it as it is) Max = 30 nh Step = Default (Leave it as it is) Then change the Values of the inductor (note: not the name of inductor) in the schematic to be LCoil 34
35 3.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - INTERMEDIATE Adding Variables The new variable, LCoil and its ranges will be shown here Change both of the inductor values to the specific variable LCoil 35
36 3.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - INTERMEDIATE Adding Variables Add another two variables using the way the previous LCoil variable is defined 1. Cend for the left and right capacitor on the edges 2. Cmid for the center capacitor 36
37 3.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - INTERMEDIATE Adding Variables Cmid and Cend Add Cmid and Cend with the following limits: Min = default (leave it as it is) Max = 20 pf Step = Default (Leave it as it is) Then change the Values of the inductor (note: not the name of capacitors) in the schematic to be CMid and Cend respectively Click on the Tune Parameters icon to invoke the tuning tool bar 37
38 3.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - INTERMEDIATE Adding Variables Tuning Close the previous data display window Click on simulate icon at the top tool bar Finally, click on the Tune Parameters icon to invoke the tuning tool bar Changes will be applied to the variables simultaneously (meaning: we can keep the symmetrical characteristic of the filter while tuning our components easily) 38
39 3.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - INTERMEDIATE Notice that there are now only 3 slider bars as there are only 3 parameters to be tuned 39
40 3.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - INTERMEDIATE Tune the variables and we will still get the symmetrical LPF as required 40
41 3.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - INTERMEDIATE TASK 1 Tune the filter to have the following characteristics: Insertion loss > -0.5 db from 403 MHz to 440 MHz Allow 50 MHz guard band to -3 db roll off 2fc attenuation > 35 db Return loss > 15 db in pass band 41
42 db(s(1,1)) db(s(2,1)) 3.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - INTERMEDIATE TASK 1 (Cont) The current filter characteristic is shown as follow: m1m2m3 m5 m4-50 The level of insertion loss meets the spec of db(s(2,1))= having at least -0.5 db m5-60 in passband freq= 500.0MHz freq, GHz m1 freq= 400.0MHz db(s(2,1))= m2 freq= 440.0MHz db(s(2,1))= m3 freq= 490.0MHz db(s(2,1))= m4 freq= 750.0MHz db(s(1,1))=
43 db(s(1,1)) db(s(2,1)) 3.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - INTERMEDIATE TASK 1 (Cont) The level of return loss meets the -50 spec of having at least -10 db in passband 0 m1m2m3 The current filter characteristic is shown as follow: m5 m4 m10 m5 freq= 420.0MHz db(s(1,1))= m10 freq= 840.0MHz db(s(2,1))= m1 freq= 400.0MHz db(s(2,1))= m2 freq= 440.0MHz db(s(2,1))= m3 freq= 490.0MHz db(s(2,1))= m4 freq= 750.0MHz db(s(2,1))= freq, GHz 43
44 db(s(2,1)) 3.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - INTERMEDIATE TASK 1 (Cont) (Zooming in) m6 m7m8 The current filter characteristic is shown as follow: m9 The frequency at -3 db cutoff should be about 490 MHz instead of 720 MHz to allow for 50 MHz rolloff margin m6 freq= 400.0MHz db(s(2,1))= m7 freq= 440.0MHz db(s(2,1))= m8 freq= 490.0MHz db(s(2,1))= m9 freq= 720.0MHz db(s(2,1))= freq, GHz 44
45 db(s(1,1)) db(s(2,1)) 3.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - INTERMEDIATE TASK 1 (Cont) (Zooming in) The current filter characteristic is shown as follow: m1m2m3 m5 m4 m10 The attenuation level at 2fc (2 x 420 MHz = 840 MHz) should have a value of > 35 db from att level at fc. m10 freq= 840.0MHz db(s(2,1))= m1 freq= 400.0MHz db(s(2,1))= m2 freq= 440.0MHz db(s(2,1))= m3 freq= 490.0MHz db(s(2,1))= m4 freq= 750.0MHz db(s(2,1))= m5 freq= 500.0MHz db(s(1,1))= freq, GHz 45
46 3.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - INTERMEDIATE TASK 1 (Cont) Tune the filter to have the following characteristics: Insertion loss > -0.5 db from 403 MHz to 440 MHz (OK) Allow 50 MHz guard band to -3 db roll off 2fc attenuation > 35 db Return loss > 15 db in pass band (OK) So how are we going to tune to meet the specs in red while keeping the specs that are already met (in green)? 46
47 3.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - INTERMEDIATE TASK 1 (Cont) Tune the by increasing/decreasing the inductor/cap values till specs are met 47
48 4.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - ADVANCED Steps to be followed when instructing the OPTIMIZER: 1. Select components to be optimized 2. Specify optimization parameters (min, max) 3. Insert OPTIM component 4. Insert GOAL component 5. Simulate to optimize 6. Update optimized values 48
49 4.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - ADVANCED 1. Select components to be optimized 2. Specify optimization parameters (min, max) 3. Insert OPTIM component 4. Insert GOAL component 5. Simulate to optimize 6. Update optimized values 49
50 4.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - ADVANCED 1. Select components to be optimized 2. Specify optimization parameters (min, max) 3. Insert OPTIM component 4. Insert GOAL component 5. Simulate to optimize 6. Update optimized values 50
51 4.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - ADVANCED The OPTIM icon has several important settings, which are: 1. OptimType: defines the type of optimization to be applied, either 2. Desired Error: Defines the smallest error that is tolerable in the optimization 3. MaxIters: Defines the max no of repeats for error minimization in the optimization process 51
52 4.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - ADVANCED The OPTIM icon can be found from the drop down menu at the top tool bar. Select the Optim/Stat/Yield/DOE option 52
53 4.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - ADVANCED Select the OPTIM button at the left hand side tool bar, and place it on the schematic 53
54 4.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - ADVANCED 1. Select components to be optimized 2. Specify optimization parameters (min, max) 3. Insert OPTIM component 4. Insert GOAL component 5. Simulate to optimize 6. Update optimized values 54
55 4.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - ADVANCED Some overview of goals Define the expression to be optimized Define simulation Define expression target box 55
56 4.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - ADV Some overview of goals (cont) Specify minimum & maximum based on target box Min & max can be left blank for don t care conditions Weight: Leave blank unless want to emphasize certain goals Specify range variable, min, and max based on target box 56
57 4.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - ADVANCED Setting Optimization Goals Insertion Loss Example Expression: db(s21) Simulation: SP1 Target box: 57
58 4.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - ADVANCED Optimization Goals - Passband Symmetrical 5-element filter using same coil Insertion loss (S21) < 0.5 db from 403 to 490 MHz (50 MHz guard band from 440 MHz) 2fc attenuation > 35 db for freq > 750 MHz Return loss (S11) > 15 db 58
59 4.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - ADVANCED Optimization Goals - Passband Symmetrical 5-element filter using same coil Insertion loss (S21) < 0.5 db from 403 to 490 MHz (50 MHz guard band from 440 MHz) 2fc attenuation > 35 db for freq > 750 MHz Return loss (S11) > 15 db 59
60 4.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - ADVANCED Optimization Goals - Passband Symmetrical 5-element filter using same coil Insertion loss (S21) < 0.5 db from 403 to 490 MHz (50 MHz guard band from 440 MHz) 2fc attenuation > 35 db for freq > 750 MHz Return loss (S11) > 15 db 60
61 4.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - ADVANCED Optimization Goals - Stopband Symmetrical 5-element filter using same coil Insertion loss (S21) < 0.5 db from 403 to 490 MHz (50 MHz guard band from 440 MHz) 2fc attenuation > 35 db for freq > 750 MHz Return loss (S11) > 15 db 61
62 4.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - ADVANCED Optimization Goals - Stopband Symmetrical 5-element filter using same coil Insertion loss (S21) < 0.5 db from 403 to 490 MHz (50 MHz guard band from 440 MHz) 2fc attenuation > 35 db for freq > 750 MHz Return loss (S11) > 15 db 62
63 4.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - ADVANCED Optimization Goals passband RL Symmetrical 5-element filter using same coil Insertion loss (S21) < 0.5 db from 403 to 490 MHz (50 MHz guard band from 440 MHz) 2fc attenuation > 35 db for freq > 750 MHz Return loss (S11) > 15 db 63
64 4.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - ADVANCED Optimization Goals passband RL Symmetrical 5-element filter using same coil Insertion loss (S21) < 0.5 db from 403 to 490 MHz (50 MHz guard band from 440 MHz) 2fc attenuation > 35 db for freq > 750 MHz Return loss (S11) > 15 db 64
65 4.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - ADVANCED 4.1 Selecting & Setting Variables To edit the property of variables for optimization purposes, click on Simulate button at the top of window. Select Optimize option, OR press F7 button 65
66 4.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - ADVANCED Optimization Optimizer will try to reduce the current error function (CurrentEF in the dialogue box) to reach 0 66
67 4.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - ADVANCED Changing the limits to cater for EF = 0 (Cap) CurrentEF has not reached 0 after optimization has stopped due to the limitations that we have set for the components. A new limit has to be set for both C 67
68 4.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - ADVANCED Changing the limits to cater for EF = 0 (Cap) Both Cmid and Cend optimization limits are changed to have a limit of 50 instead of the previous 20 68
69 4.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - ADVANCED Changing the limits to cater for EF = 0 (Ind) CurrentEF has not reached 0 after optimization has stopped due to the limitations that we have set for the components. A new limit has to be set for L 69
70 4.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - ADVANCED Changing the limits to cater for EF = 0 (Ind) LCoil optimization limit is changed to have a limit of 2 instead of the previous lower limit of 12 Optimization limits have to be repeatedly modified to reduce the error function to a minimal level 70
71 db(s(2,1)) 4.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - ADVANCED Are the results good enough? m1 m2 m3 m freq, GHz m1 freq= 403.0MHz db(s(2,1))= optiter=200 m2 freq= 440.0MHz db(s(2,1))= optiter=200 m3 freq= 490.0MHz db(s(2,1))= optiter=200 m6 freq= 528.0MHz db(s(2,1))= optiter=200 Forward transmission (S21) between 403 MHz to 440 MHz is less than 0.5 db. Have a rolloff margin of > 50 MHz. But response look like a BPF? 71
72 db(s(2,1)) 4.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - ADVANCED Are the results good enough? 0 m m5 m4 freq= 520.0MHz db(s(2,1))= optiter=200 m5 freq= 750.0MHz db(s(2,1))= optiter= Forward transmission (S21) should have an attenuation of 35 db at 750 MHz. In this case, this is failing f req, GHz 72
73 db(s(1,1)) 4.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - ADVANCED Are the results good enough? m8 m7 freq= 403.0MHz db(s(1,1))= optiter=200 m8 freq= 440.0MHz db(s(1,1))= optiter= m Return Loss (S11) should have an attenuation of > 15 db at passband. In this case, this is failing as at 440 MHz, S11 = freq, GHz 73
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