Addendum Index of Figures

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Winifred Maxwell
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1 Chapter 1 Electrical Safety 1.1 The Risk Management Process Current Paths in General Typical Values of Resistance Preventing Electrocution The Positive Effects of Grounding Circuits Example of a Lock Out / Tag Out System Verifying the Operation of a Voltage Tester Discharging a Capacitor Safety Gloves Insulated Tools A Double Insulated Meter Non conducting tools used to remove fuses A CT A Safety Harness 19 Chapter 2 Practical Aspects of Electrical Circuits 2.1 Fuse Switch Isolator Cartridge Fuse Links in a High Rupturing Capacity Fuse Inverse Time Current Curve for a 30A HRC Fuse (Not to Scale) Sectional Views of Two Types of High Rupturing Capacity Fuses Load Current versus Fuse Link Rating A Basic MCB Sectional View of the MCB The Common MCCB The MCCB with a Rotary On-off Function MCCBs in a Group Starter Panel s Circuit Magnetic Protection for the protection over 3 x I Nominal 41 Competency in Marine Electrical Engineering 607

2 Chapter 2 Practical Aspects of Electrical Circuits (Continued) 2.12 Working of a Main Contactor (88) (a) The Main Contactor and its Auxiliary Contacts (b) Marking of the Main Contactor Coil and its Contacts Marking of the Auxiliary Contacts The Over Current Relay Working of the Over Current Relay (a) The Physical Components for Thermistor-based Protection in a Motor (b) The Connection Diagram for Figure 2.17(a) A Typical Electromechanical Relay A Shading Ring in an AC Relay Diodes in a Shading Circuit of an AC Relay Contact Groups in an 11pin Relay A Modern Electronic Timer with Various Modes Timer Circuit Components Timing Diagram of an On-delay Timer Timing Diagram of an Off-delay Timer Timing Diagram of the On-delay / Off-delay Timer Timing Diagram of an On / Off Recycling Timer Details of a Multifunction Relay Wiring Diagram of a Multi-Function Relay Dual-coil Latch Relay Wire Connections Transformer Ground Connections Bell and Buzzer Relays Lamps Resistors Competency in Marine Electrical Engineering

3 Chapter 2 Practical Aspects of Electrical Circuits (Continued) 2.38 Motor, Ammeter, Voltmeter Symbols Phase Connections Switches and Contact Symbols Interlocks in a Motor Control Circuit (a) A DG Monitoring and Control Circuit (b) A DG Monitoring and Control Circuit (Continued) (c) A DG Monitoring and Control Circuit (Continued) (d) A DG Monitoring and Control Circuit (Continued) (e) A DG Monitoring and Control Circuit (Continued) Various Terminals used for Crimping Wire Connectors Crimping Tools and Crimped Terminals Detection and Clearance of an Earth Fault -The First Step Detection and Clearance of an Earth Fault -The Second Step A Megger s Circuit Cold Checks with a Megger 74 Chapter 3 Electronic Components 3.1 Capacitor Symbols and Components Capacitors in Series and Parallel An Inductor s Symbols and its Components Inductors in Series and Parallel A Resistor in a Basic Circuit and the Ohm s Law Triangle Identifying Resistor Bands Resistors in Series and Parallel An N - type Semiconductor A P - type Semiconductor Forward and Reverse Bias Regions of a Diode 83 Competency in Marine Electrical Engineering 609

4 Chapter 3 Electronic Components (Continued) 3.11 A Basic Full- wave Rectifier A Full-wave Bridge Rectifier and Standard Rectifiers A Basic 3- Phase Rectifier Circuit Testing a Diode A Zener Diode and its Symbol A Zener Diode as a Voltage Regulator A Basic Photo Diode Circuits A Light Emitting Diode A Basic Opto- coupler Circuit Formation of NPN and PNP Transistors Working of a Transistor Current Flow in a Transistor A Basic Transistor Amplifier Circuit Opto-coupler Circuits with Photo Transistors (a) Steps in Identifying the Pins of Transistors (b) Pins of Various Type of Transistors Common Emitter Common Collector Common Base A Field Effect Transistor N- channel JFET P- channel JFET (a) Working of a FET (b) Behaviour of a FET JFET as an Amplifier Schematic Diagram of an Operational Amplifier and IC A Basic Op- Amp IC s Pin Configuration An Inverting Amplifier Competency in Marine Electrical Engineering

5 Chapter 3 Electronic Components (Continued) 3.37 A Non- Inverting Amplifier A Differential Amplifier A Summing Operation A Differentiator An Integrator Digital to Analog Converter Physical Appearance of the SCR The SCR Power Control Using an SCR SCR Output with a Gate Pulse Delay Testing the SCR A DIAC A TRIAC AC Power Control Circuit using a TRIAC A MOSFET Cross- section of the MOSFET The Enhancement and Depletion Modes in a P- Channel MOSFET The Enhancement and Depletion Modes in an N-Channel MOSFET The N- Channel MOSFET and its Terminals The IGBT and its Symbol N- Channel IGBT Cross Section N- Channel IGBT Equivalent Circuit Turning On an IGBT The IGBT A Digital Signal Output Q = A.B Output Q = A+B Output Q = A (+) B 119 Competency in Marine Electrical Engineering 611

6 Chapter 3 Electronic Components (Continued) 3.65 Output Q = A Output Q = A.B Output Q = A+B Output Q = A (+) B The AND Gate Using NAND Gates The OR Gate Using NAND Gates The NOT Gate The NOR Gate The XOR Gate The XNOR Gate 124 Chapter 4 Alternators, Switchboards and Switchgear 4.1 Fleming s Right Hand Rule and Generation of Electromotive Force A Star-connected Alternator and its Three-phase Output Waveform An Alternator with an Insulated Neutral Frequency of the Induced E.M.F Construction of a Brushless Alternator A Brushless Alternator s Exciter and Main Field A Brushless Alternator s Circuit and Terminal Plate A Separately Excited Alternator Flashing an Alternator An Alternator with Salient Pole Rotor (Field) Cylindrical Rotor Field Winding Flange-mounted Sleeve Bearing Integral Pedestal Sleeve Bearing An Automatic Voltage Regulator that uses Zener Diodes and Thyristors (a) A Static Excitation System Competency in Marine Electrical Engineering

7 Chapter 4 Alternators, Switchboards and Switchgear (Continued) 4.15(b) Another Variant of a Static Excitation System Circuit Diagram of an Alternator with a Static Excitation System A Basic Synchronising Circuit A Plastic Feeler Gauge Used to Measure the Air Gap Parts of an Air Circuit Breaker A Basic Air Circuit Breaker (ACB) for Alternators Sectional View of an Air Circuit Breaker Pictorial Diagram of a Modern Air Circuit Breaker A Basic Control Circuit Diagram of an ACB Protection Features in a Ship s Power Management System Overload and Preference Trips Block Diagram of an Electronic Over Current Relay Circuit Diagram of an Electronic Over Current Relay A Reverse Power Relay and Recommended Settings by One Manufacturer Voltage Conditions A Shore Supply Connection Box Shore Supply Arrangement 187 Chapter 5 Starters and Control Equipment for Motors 5.1 Flemings Left Hand Rule Classification of Electric Motors Generally in Use Parts of a DC Motor Working Principle of a DC Motor Sectional View of a DC Motor Series-wound DC Motor Shunt-wound DC Motor Compound-wound DC Motor 195 Competency in Marine Electrical Engineering 613

8 Chapter 5 Starters and Control Equipment for Motors (Continued) 5.9 Sectional View of a Brushless DC Motor Rotating Field of a BLDC Motor Hall Sensors Embedded in the Stator of a BLDC Motor Control Circuit of the Brushless DC (BLDC) Motor A Three-point Starter for a DC Motor A Four-point Starter for a DC Motor Parts of an Induction Motor Rotating Field Produced by 3Phase Supply An Induction Motor s Stator and Rotor A Wound Rotor Three-phase Induction Motor Speed - Torque and Speed - Current Curves Circuit of a Split-phase Induction Motor A Capacitor-start Capacitor-run Motor Sectional View of a Synchronous Motor Magnetic Locking of a Synchronous Motor A Universal Motor DOL Starter of a Pump Motor - with Auto Start and Stop Functions A Main Engine s Turning Gear Circuit Star-delta Connections at the Motor end A Basic Star-delta Starter Circuit A Star-delta Starter Circuit for a Heavy Duty Motor Comparison of Current Drawn in Star and Delta Modes A Basic Auto Transformer Starter Circuit (a) An Auto Transformer s Power Circuit for a Heavy-duty Motor (b) An Auto Transformer s Control Circuit for a Heavy-duty Motor (c) Heater Control Circuit for the Heavy Duty Motor (Controlled by the Auto Transformer Starter s Control Circuit in Figure 5.32(b)) A Microprocessor-based Starter Control Circuit Competency in Marine Electrical Engineering

9 Chapter 5 Starters and Control Equipment for Motors (Continued) 5.34 A Basic Soft Starter Circuit Pictorial Representation of a Soft Starter as installed The Main Components in the Soft Starter The Three Stages in a VFD Circuit Circuit diagram for a Pulse Width Modulated Variable Frequency Drive Graph Comparing Voltage to Current for a Pulse Width Modulated Variable Frequency Drive A Basic Circuit of the 3-phase Inverter Method to create 3-phase AC for a Pulse Width Modulated VFD Voltage / Frequency Pattern Output Voltage Low / High Voltage / Frequency Pattern versus Motor Output Torque Pictorial Representation of the PWM Controller Dual Voltage / Speed Motor Connection A Vibration Velocity Bar Graph The Frequency Spectrum Full-load Healthy Condition Half-load Single-phase Condition Interference Fit Terminals of a 3-phase 6-terminal AC Motor Coupling Alignment 260 Chapter 6 Miscellaneous Systems 6.1 Impressed Current System A Basic Circuit of an Impressed Current System Layout of a Basic Impressed Current Cathodic Protection System Schematic Diagram of an Impressed Current Cathodic Protection System 267 Competency in Marine Electrical Engineering 615

10 Chapter 6 Miscellaneous Systems (Continued) 6.5 Example of System Components (Forward) and Remote Monitor Example of System Components (Aft) The MGPS Control Panel Piping and Instrumentation Diagram of the MGPS The Fluorescence Oil Content Monitor The Probe and Block Diagram of the Oil Level Detector s Circuit A Combustible Gas Indicator Two Variants of Combustible Gas Indicators A Tankscope Circuit Diagram of a Tankscope The O 2 Analyser Creation of the Magnetic Field The Basic Device Achieving Torque Balance Generating the Output Signal A Resonator Circuit Basic Circuit of the Munday Cell Sensitive Element of the Munday Cell The NDIR500 CO and CO 2 Analyzer A Basic Crankcase Oil Mist Detector A Comparison-type Crankcase Oil Mist Detector A Modern Comparison-type Crankcase Oil Mist Detector The Line of Sight Smoke / Oil Mist Detector The Rate of Rise Detector (Bi-metallic Strip Type) The Ionisation Principle An Ionization Chamber of the Combustion Detector and a Basic Circuit An Infrared Flame Detector An Ultra-violet Flame Detector Competency in Marine Electrical Engineering

11 Chapter 7 Explosion Proof Equipment 7.1 The Fire Tetrahedron Lower and Upper Explosion Limits Flammable Ranges for Various Gases The Incipient Flame Sphere A Basic Capacitive Circuit A Basic Inductive Circuit A Basic Resistive Circuit (a) Demarcation of Hazardous and Non-hazardous Areas on a Tanker (b) Zones and Divisions with Respect to Components The Dust Explosion Pentagon Zone 20, 21 and 22 Areas Sectional Views of Flameproof (Ex d) Enclosures Pictorial Views of Ex d - Flameproof Enclosures Schematic of a Pressurized Enclosure with Leakage Compensation Symbol of Increased Safety Protection Symbol of Encapsulation Protection Symbol of Oil Immersion Protection Symbol of Powder filling Protection An Example of an Intrinsically Safe Circuit with a Single Zener Diode Major Components of an Intrinsically Safe Temperature Monitor An Example of an Intrinsically Safe Circuit with Two Zeners A Zener or Shunt-diode Safety Barrier 336 Chapter 8 Automation and Instrumentation 8.1 Various Terms Associated with a Control System An Open Loop Control System A Closed Loop Control System 343 Competency in Marine Electrical Engineering 617

12 Chapter 8 Automation and Instrumentation (Continued) 8.4 Lubricating Oil Temperature Control Closed Loop System An Automatic Control System An Automatic Digital Control System A Basic Transducer A Basic Transmitter Signal Conditioners A Bridge Circuit used in a Signal Conditioner Input versus Output of Various Transmitters Temperature Ranges for Various Sensors Linear Output Range of Various Temperature Detectors Construction of a Resistance Temperature Detector A 2-wire RTD Circuit Diagram A 3-Wire System for Temperature Compensation A 4-Wire RTD Circuit Diagram The RTD with a Transmitter Thermo EMF by Seebeck Effect A Simple Thermocouple Circuit Temperature ( 0 C) versus Output (mv) A Signal Conditioner for a Thermocouple A Thermocouple Sensor and its Cable LVDT Inductive Pressure Transmitter A Strain Gauge Pressure Transmitter A Capacitive Differential Pressure Transducer A Basic Piezoelectric Transducer Sectional View of thetransducer A Differential Pressure Transmitterin a Basic Level Monitoring System A Differential Pressure Transmitter as Installed in a Boiler (a) Boiler Water Level Measurement with Zero Elevation and Zero Suppression Competency in Marine Electrical Engineering

13 Chapter 8 Automation and Instrumentation (Continued) 8.31 Use of the Orifice Plate as a Flow Sensor Working Principle of a Viscosity Sensor A Viscotherm Sensor A Viscosity Control System On / Off Control of Tank Level Response Graph of an On / Off Control System Continuous Control with a PID Controller Proportional Control Action A Basic Controller Comparison of P-Bands Output of P + I Control Action Response of P + I Control Action Derivative Action Response A Nozzle-flapper Arrangement A Nozzle-flapper s Characteristic Curve A Nozzle-flapper with Negative Feedback A Pneumatic Relay A Pneumatic Force-balance Temperature Transmitter A Pneumatic DP Transmitter A Pneumatic PID Controller A Current-to-Pneumatic Converter A Current-to-Pneumatic Converter in a Process Loop Three-term Control of a Boiler s Water Level Control System A Jacket Cooling Water Control System A Lubricating Oil Temperature Control System Parts of a Final Control Element Control Valve Hysteresis A Single-seated Control Valve with a Positioner (Air-to-close) 390 Competency in Marine Electrical Engineering 619

14 Chapter 8 Automation and Instrumentation (Continued) 8.59 A Pneumatic Valve Positioner A PLC in a Process Control System Block Diagram of a PLC Input and Output Blocks in a PLC A PLC in an Automated System Inside a PLC The Schematic Representation of an Operational Cycle of a PLC The LoaD Instruction The LoaDBar Instruction The Out Instruction The OutBar Instruction PLC Sequence of Operation A Ladder Logic Diagram Basic Control and Power Circuits for a Three-phase Motor Inputs to and Outputs from the PLC PLC Implementation of the Motor Starting Circuit Dispensing Oil from a Tank Ladder Logic for a Star-Delta starter 406 Chapter 9 High Voltage Safety and Switchgear 9.1 HV versus LV Conductor Size and Insulation Results of an Electric Arc A High Voltage Notice HV Isolation Procedure High Voltage Test Equipment - A Voltage Detector / Tester The Front Panel of a HV Circuit Breaker High Voltage Portable Earthing Cable Competency in Marine Electrical Engineering

15 Chapter 9 High Voltage Safety and Switchgear (Continued) 9.8 Creepage Distances Expected Proximity of Hands and Tools to Live LV Conductors A Safety Sign and a Barrier in a High Voltage Test Enclosure Key Safes in a HV System The Key Interlock System Generator Key Interlock System A Simple Key Exchange System Motor Starter Circuits HV Switchgear Panel Side View of the HV Switchgear Panel Metal Oxide Surge Arrestor High Voltage Switchgear A Vacuum Interrupter The Vacuum Circuit Breaker and its Contact Elements Contrate (Segmented Contacts) Spinning of the Arc due to Electromagnetic Forces in Contrate Contacts Petal Contacts A Vacuum Contactor A Vacuum Contactor Open and Closed Testing of Vacuum Integrity in a VCB The SF 6 Gas Molecule The SF 6 Breaker Arc Extinction in Gas Flow from High to Low Pressure via an Insulating Nozzle Arrangement of Contacts in the SF 6 Breaker Operation of the SF 6 Circuit Beaker Operating Mechanism of the SF 6 Circuit Breaker Pictorial View of the SF 6 Circuit Breaker s Operating Mechanism 451 Competency in Marine Electrical Engineering 621

16 Chapter 9 High Voltage Safety and Switchgear (Continued) 9.35 The SF 6 Circuit Breaker s Motor / Spring Control System Fault Protection Neutral Grounding Methods Unbalanced Load Protection Differential Protection Balanced Earth Fault Protection Transformer Protection using a Balance Earth Fault Relay Transformer Protection using a CT to drive the IDMT Relay Block diagram of a Digital Relay s Operation A Digital Relay A Digital Relay Connection Diagram for Generator Winding Protection An MV Alternator with an Associated Protection Relay A Power Supply and Distribution System An Alternator System with a PMG Interlocking A High Voltage Power System A High Voltage Bow Thruster System Equipotential Bonding Example of Ungrounded Systems (Oil and Gas Carriers) On Board Installation for AMP A Shore Supply Connection Diagram A 5 kv Insulation Tester Competency in Marine Electrical Engineering

Contents. Addendum Index of Key Words and Phrases 603 Index of Figures 607 Index of Tables 623. Competency in Marine Electrical Engineering

Contents. Addendum Index of Key Words and Phrases 603 Index of Figures 607 Index of Tables 623. Competency in Marine Electrical Engineering Chapter No. Title Page No. 1 Electrical Safe Working Practice 1 2 The Practical Aspects of Electrical Circuits 25 3 Electronic Components 75 4 Alternators, Switchboards and Switchgear 125 5 Starters and