Power systems Protection course
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1 Al-Balqa Applied University Power systems Protection course Department of Electrical Energy Engineering 1
2 Part 5 Relays 2
3 3
4 Relay Is a device which receive a signal from the power system thought CT and VT and determines whether conditions are "normal" or "abnormal",if an abnormal condition detect, relay signals CB to trip equipment. The Purpose of the Relay: Relaying is used to isolate only the faulty component of power system. Relay is classified into two groups: 1. Primary relaying equipment.. 2. Back-up relaying equipment: works only when the primary relaying equipment fails. 4
5 Relay and back-up relay back-up relay **Note: Backup relay is with delay time greater than main relay 5
6 Discrimination Characteristics of Relay 1)Speed: (1/60 sec): Minimizes damage from current. Maximizes power transfer during normal conditions. 2)Security: Should not cause circuit breaker to open during normal conditions. 3)Dependability: Should cause circuit breaker to open during abnormal conditions. 4)Sensitivity: Ability to detect all faults for the expected limiting system and fault conditions 5)Selectivity: Ability to discriminate between faults internal and external to its intended protective zones. 6
7 Classifications of Relays Protection relays can be classified accordance with: a) Function of Relays: Auxiliary relay, protection relay, monitoring relay, control relay b) Construction of Relays: Electromagnetic relay, Solid state relay, microprocessor relay, computerized relay and nonelectric (thermal, pressure..etc.)relay. c) Incoming signal of Relays:- Current, voltage, frequency. Temperature, pressure, velocity, and others. d) Type of protection: Over current, directional over current, distance, over voltage, differential and others. 7
8 Relay construction types 1.Electromagnetic relays: The principle is a mechanical force causing operation of a relay contact. The mechanical force provided from magnetic core windings). The advantages are simply, cheap and reliable. 8
9 Electromechanical relays types Electromagnetic relays construction: Electrical magnetic Mechanical components. Have an operating coil and various contacts and are very strong, inexpensive and reliable, they required maintenance by skilled personnel. Their types are: magnetic attracted armature relays. magnetic induction relays. moving coil. Thermal. motor operated. 9
10 1.1. Magnetic attraction relays Magnetic attraction relays : Its supplied by AC or DC, operate by the movement of metal contacts when it is attracted by the magnetic field produced in the coil. There are two types:- a) Attracted armature (clapper type) Figure 1. Figure 1 10
11 Attracted armature principle: The armature is attracted to the electromagnet when the current reaches a certain predetermined value and force of the armature will trip. The armature is attracted against gravity or a spring. Setting can be carried by : adjusting the distance of the armature from the electromagnet, the tension of the spring, The armature carries the moving part of the contact, which is closed or opened according to the design. 11
12 b) Plunger type relay: Its other type of magnetic attraction relays which consist of a piston or solenoid relay, Figure 2, piston is attracted axially within the field of the solenoid, the piston carries the operating contacts. This called plunger type relay. Figure 2 Solenoid-type (plunger ) relay 12
13 And reluctance R=mmf/φ 13
14 Relay setting operation depending on :- 1. Tension of the spring. 2. Resistance of the solenoid. Attraction relays effectively have no time delay and, for that reason, are widely used when instantaneous operations are required. 14
15 K1 15
16 16
17 1.2 Magnetic induction relays works only with alternating current. They are three classes types :- a) Wattmetric-induction type relay It consists of two electromagnets constructed as shown in Fig. one for voltage and the other for current, which operates on a moving conductor, in the form of a disc. Induction working Principle Induction type relay: General operating principle: The two magnets of the induction type relay produce two alternating magnetic fields primary coil Secondary coil Fig.. Induction type overload relay 17
18 18
19 19
20 20
21 b) Induction Type Relay with plug settings Fig. Induction type relay with Plug settings 21
22 c) Induction-Cup relay Operation as induction disc. Two fluxes at right angles induce eddy currents in a bell-shaped cup which rotates and carries the moving contacts. A four-pole relay is shown in Figure. Fig.Four-pole induction-cup relay. 22
23 1.3 Shaded-pole relay operation of the electromagnetic section is shortcircuited by means of a copper ring or coil. creates a flux in the area influenced by the short circuited section (the so-called shaded section) which lags the flux in the non-shaded section, see Figure. > Note that the main coils has TAPS, this means that the number of turns is actually adjustable. 23
24 In the electromagnetic induction principle, the relay element has a non magnetic rotor (an aluminum or copper disc or cylinder) coils create magnetic fluxes that induce circulating currents which generates torque (like operation principle of motor) the flux is divided in two parts:- a) One flows through the normal ('pole") and b) the other flows through the shaded pole. These two fluxes are similar in magnitude but different in angle. Features of the Induction Principle Suitable for AC Systems The Torque Does Not Vary With Time: No Vibration. 24
25 2. Solid State Relays (SSR) is a solid state electronic component that a similar function to an electromechanical relay but does not have any moving components. Their design is based on analogue electronic such as transistors and diodes,resistors, capacitors, inductors, etc., Advances is enabled the use of linear and digital integrated circuits for signal processing and implementation of logic functions. A small over-current relay and the circuit board for a simple static relay are shown in figure. 25
26 Principle of Operation: Solid state relays (static relays) are extremely fast in their operation. They have no moving parts and have very quick response time and they are very reliable. Figure shows the elements used in a single - phase time lag overcurrent relay. Fig
27 3. Computerized Relay 3.1. Digital relays Utilizes a microcontroller with software based protection algorithms for the detection of electrical faults. They are also called numerical relays. Microprocessors and microcontrollers replaced analogue circuits used in static relays to implement relay functions. Digital relays introduce analog or digital (A/D) of all measured analogue quantities and use a microprocessor to implement the protection algorithm. Digital relay contain advanced metering and communication protocol ports, allowing the relay to become a focal point in a SCADA system. 27
28 Examples of digital relays are shown in Figure. Fig. Digital relays 28
29 Signal Path for Microprocessor Relays The signal path for voltage and current input signals are shown in Fig.. 29
30 Digital Relay Construction Analog Input Subsystem Input Subsystem A/D Converter Microprocessor Discrete output Subsystem Operating signaling and communication subsystems Digital Relay Architecture Fig.13 30
31 1- Analog Filter to reduce noise 2- Sampling signal for analysis 31
32 3-32
33 Finally 4-33
34 5-34
35 The relay logic makes the final decisions for tripping and other relay functions. In some modern relays, the logic can be programmed by the user. The results of a logic function could be used to modify the protection method. Sometimes this is called "torque control" to make a similitude with old electromechanical relays. 6-35
36 Programmable logic : is an extraordinary feature of digital relays. The user has a large number of possibilities to define a logic function according to the present needs. Inside the relay, there is a logic variable associated with several relay and protection functions. These variables can be employed to create new logic variables, according to laws defined by the user. 36
37 Advantages of Digital Relays Low Cost Multi functionality Protection and control Measurement Fault recording Communications capability Compatibility with Digital Integrated Systems High Reliability Relays (integration, self-testing) Protection system (supervised by the relays) Sensitivity and Selectivity New Protection Principles New Relay Operating Characteristics Maintenance-Free Reduced Burden on CTs and VTs Adaptive Protection 37
38 NUMERICAL RELAYS The distinction between digital and numerical relay rests on points of fine technical detail, and is rarely found in areas other than Protection. They can be viewed as natural developments of digital relays as a result of advances in technology. Typically, they use a specialized digital signal processor (DSP) as the computational hardware, together with the associated software tools. 38
39 Advantages of numerical technology All information supply clear representation of the fault sequence 39
40 Overcurrent (50, 51) Voltage (59, 27) Directional (67) Distance (21) Differential (87) Frequency (81) Phasor calculation Protection methods Relay logic Protection Methods These routines implement the protection function: overcurrent, directional, distance, differential, etc. as ANSI device numbers marked in appendix. 40
41 Appendix 41
42 Definitions: Normally open contact ( N/O): is one which is open when the relay is not energized. Normally closed contact (N/C): is one which is closed when the relay is not energized. Operating force or torque: that which tends to close the contacts of the relay. Restrain force or torque: that which opposes the operating force or torque and tend to prevent the closure of the relay contacts. Pickup level: the value of the actuating quantity (current or voltage), which is on the border above which the relay operates. Drop-out or reset level: the value of current or voltage below which a relay opens its contacts and comes to original position.. Operating time: the time which elapses between the instant when the actuating quantity exceeds the pick-up value to the instant when the relay contacts close. Reset time: the time which elapses between the instant when the actuating quantity becomes less than the reset value to the instant when the relay contact returns to its normal position. 42
43 Primary relays: the relays which are connected directly in the circuit to be protected. Secondary relays: the relays which are connected in the circuit to be protected through CTs and V.Ts. Auxiliary relays: relays which operate in response to the opening or closing of its operating circuit to assist another relay in the performance of its function. This relay may be instantaneous or may have a time delay. Reach: a distance relay operates whenever the impedance seen by the relay is less than a prescribed value, this impedance or r t]ic corresponding distance is known as the reach ofthe relay. Instantaneous relay: One which has no intentional time-delay and operates in less than 0.1 second. Blocking: preventing the protective relay from tripping cither due to its own characteristics or to an additional relay. Time delay relay : One which is designed with a delaying means. 43
44 ANSI Device Numbers The ANSI Standard Device Numbers denote what features a protective device supports (such as a relay or circuit breaker). These types of devices protect electrical systems and components from damage when an unwanted event occurs, such as a electrical fault. List of Device Numbers 1 - Master Element 2 - Time Delay Starting or Closing Relay 3 - Checking or Interlocking Relay 4 - Master Contactor 5 - Stopping Device 6 - Starting Circuit Breaker 7 - Anode Circuit Breaker 8 - Control Power Disconnecting Device 9 - Reversing Device 10 - Unit Sequence Switch 12 Over speed Device 13 - Synchronous-speed Device 14 Under speed Device 15 - Speed - or Frequency-Matching Device 16 - Elect. operated valve (solenoid valve) 17 - Distance Relay 18 - Temperature Control Device 19 - Synchronizing or Synchronism- Check Device 20 - Apparatus Thermal Device 44
45 21 - Isolating Contactor 22 - Annunciator Relay 23 - Directional Power Relay 24 - Polarity or Polarizing Voltage Devices 25 - Undercurrent or Under power Relay 26 - Bearing Protective Device 27 - Mechanical Conduction Monitor 28 - Field Relay 29 - Field Circuit Breaker 30 - Running Circuit Breaker 31 - Manual Transfer or Selector Device 32 - Reverse-phase or Phase-Balance Relay 33 - Phase-Sequence Voltage Relay 34 - Incomplete-Sequence Relay 35 - Machine or Transformer Thermal Relay 36 - Instantaneous Overcurrent 37 - AC Time Overcurrent Relay 38 - AC Circuit Breaker 39 - Exciter or DC Generator Relay 40 - High-Speed DC Circuit Breaker 41 - Power Factor Relay 42 - Field Application Relay 43 - Overvoltage Relay 44 - Voltage or Current Balance Relay 45 - Machine Split Phase Current Balance 46 - Time-Delay Stopping or Opening Relay 47 - Pressure Switch 48 - Ground Detector Relay 49 Governor 50 - Starts per Hour 51 - AC Directional Overcurrent Relay 52 - Blocking Relay 53 - Permissive Control Device 54 - Level Switch 55 - DC Circuit Breaker 56 - Alarm Relay 66 - Position Changing Mechanism 45
46 67 - DC Overcurrent Relay 68 - Phase-Angle Measuring or Out-of-Step Protective Relay 69 - AC-Reclosing Relay 70 - Frequency Relay 71 - Automatic Selective Control or Transfer Relay 72 - Operating Mechanism 73 - Carrier or Pilot-Wire Receiver Relay 74 - Lockout Relay 75 - Differential Protective Relay 76 - Line Switch 77 - Regulating Device 78 - Voltage Directional Relay 79 - Voltage and Power Directional Relay 80 - Tripping or Trip-Free Relay 81 - Reluctance Torque Synchrocheck 82 - Autoloading Relay 46
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