COVERAGE HOLES RECOVERY ALGORITHM BASED ON NODES BALANCE DISTANCE OF UNDERWATER WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK

Transcription

1 INTENATIONAL JOUNAL ON SMAT SENSING AND INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS VOL. 7, NO. 4, DECEMBE 2014 COVEAGE HOLES ECOVEY ALGOITHM BASED ON NODES BALANCE DISTANCE OF UNDEWATE WIELESS SENSO NETWOK Hengchng Jng College of Mngement, Henn Unversty of Scence nd Technology Henn Luoyng , Chn Emls: Sumtted: Aug. 10, 2014 Accepted: Oct. 30, 2014 Pulshed: Dec. 1, 2014 Astrct-Underwter wreless sensor network nodes deployment optmzton prolem s studed nd underwter wreless sensor nodes deployment determnes ts cplty nd lfetme. Underwter wreless sensor network f no wreless sensor node s vlle n the re due to used up energy or ny other resons, the re whch s not detected y ny wreless sensor node forms coverge holes. The coverge holes recovery lgorthm mng t the coverge holes n wreless sensor network s desgned n ths rtcle. The nodes movement s dvded nto severl processes, n ech movement process ccordng to the lnce dstnce nd locton reltons move nodes to seprte the ggregte nodes nd cheve the mxmum coverge of the montorng re. Becuse of grdully ncresng the lnce dstnce etween nodes, n ech movement process the nodes movng dstnce s smll nd reduce the sum of the nodes movement dstnce. The smulton nd expermentl results show tht ths recovery lgorthm cheves the gol of the nodes resonle dstruton wth mprovng the network coverge nd reducng the nodes movement dstnce thus extends the lfetme of the network n the ntl deployment phse nd coverge holes recovery phse. Index terms: Coverge Holes ecovery, Nodes Blnce Dstnce, Wreless Sensor Network. 1890

2 Hengchng Jng, COVEAGE HOLES ECOVEY ALGOITHM BASED ON NODES BALANCE DISTANCE OF UNDEWATE WIELESS SENSO NETWOK I. INTODUCTION Wth low power rdo communcton technology, emedded computng technology nd the rpd development of mcro sensors technology, lot of tny low-cost wreless sensor nodes through wreless self-orgnzng mode of wreless sensor network to get more nd more wdely used [1, 2]. Wreless sensor network (WSN) s multdscplnry cross fronter reserch topc n the mltry, ndustrl, medcl, trnsportton nd cvl hs rod pplcton prospect [3, 4]. Underwter wreless sensor network (UWSN) s wdely used n ocen nformton dt collecton, mrne montorng, mrne polluton montorng, mrne dsster preventon, underwter ded nvgton, mrne resources explorton, ttlefeld survellnce, mne detecton, underwter trget detecton, trckng nd postonng, nd other felds thus underwter wreless sensor network cuses wdely ttenton nd hs ecome one of the current reserch hotspot [5, 6]. Bsed on underwter wreless sensor networks, communcton protocol [7, 8] (routng lgorthm, the loctng nd trckng, etc.) of lrge mount of reserch hs een conducted, ut n vew of the underwter wreless sensor nodes deployment optmzton reserch progress s slow [9, 10]. Underwter wreless sensor nodes deployment prtculrty compred wth onshore wreless sensor nodes deployment, the underwter envronment s complcted, the gol nd the mole wreless sensor nodes frequently movng wth the wter flow, therefore how to ccordng to the vrton of the underwter envronment nd for montorng trget dust the poston of the sensor nodes mke montorng effect mproved s worth studyng drecton [11, 12]. Domestc nd foregn scholrs hve crred out studes to optmze the nodes deployment of wreless sensor network [13, 14]. In order to optmze the movement of the sensor nodes, through usng rtfcl ntellgence lgorthms such s the dfferentl evoluton lgorthm [15, 16], the rtfcl ee colony lgorthm [17, 18], the stedy stte genetc lgorthm [19, 20], the fuzzy grph theory lgorthm [21, 22], the fuzzy logc controller lgorthm [23, 24], the prtcle swrm optmzton lgorthm [25, 26] to mprove the coverge effect of the network. The deployment lgorthms need lot of tertons clculted thus they own hgher degree of complexty of the lgorthm therefore the wreless sensor network nodes need to move the lrger dstnce nd consume the more energy. The references [27, 28] ntroduce wreless sensor nodes deployment lgorthm sed on vrtul force, these lgorthms cn quckly nd effcently lyout optmzton of wreless sensor nodes. The movement solutons otned y the mutul postonl reltonshp 1891

3 INTENATIONAL JOUNAL ON SMAT SENSING AND INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS VOL. 7, NO. 4, DECEMBE 2014 etween nodes ut the nodes densty greter mpcts the movement solutons nd cn t rech the glol optmzton purposes [29, 30]. Becuse of the wreless sensor network node energy depleton or other resons the re whch s not covered y ny node forms empty holes n the trget re. How to repr the holes s lso hot reserch topc. A cover holes repr lgorthm sed on dstnce etween nodes mng t coverng the holes n the montorng re s desgned n ths rtcle. The movement process s decomposed nto multple prts nd the wreless sensor nodes coverge s the optmzton gol. The wreless sensor node s grdully movng to the rght poston y ncresng the lnce of the dstnce etween nodes nd mproves the network coverge t the sme tme reduces the movng dstnce of wreless sensor nodes. II. ELATED WOKS The sensng rnge of ech wreless sensor node s lmted n the montored re thus needs to resonle deploy wreless sensor node ccordng to certn lgorthms n order to ensure tht the entre re to e montored wthn the sensng rnge n the montored re. The poston of wreless sensor nodes fter rndomly deployed s uncertnty n the wreless sensor network coverge prolem out mole wreless sensor nodes nd n mny cses cn t stsfy the requrement of gols. The mole wreless sensor nodes moves sed on trgets n order to mprove the coverge effect of wreless sensor network. The movement processes consume lot of energy, so resonle dust the locton of wreless sensor nodes nd reduce the movement dstnce of wreless sensor nodes therey reduce the consumpton energy of wreless sensor network. 2.1 Assumpton To smplfy the clculton, rndomly deploy the quntty N of the sme mole nodes n the montored regon nd mole wreless sensor node s owns wreless sensor network ID numer. The sme wreless sensor nodes n the network own the sme sensng rdus communcton rdus c, nd =3. c s s, the sme The wreless sensor node cn otn the locton nformton of tself nd ts neghor nodes. The mole node owns mole node poston mgrton process. E n ntl energy nd s suffcent to support the completon of the 1892

4 Hengchng Jng, COVEAGE HOLES ECOVEY ALGOITHM BASED ON NODES BALANCE DISTANCE OF UNDEWATE WIELESS SENSO NETWOK The mole node sendng 1 yte dt consumes E s energy nd recevng 1 yte dt consumes E r energy. The mole node mgrton 1 meter consumes E m energy. The dstnce etween the node s nd the node s s d( s, s ). The tme length of the numer k movement process s t k. The lnce dstnce etween the two wreless sensor nodes of the numer k movement process s d k. Where d1 d2 d3 dk dm 2.2 Coverge Model. The montored re owns A B C pxels whch mens tht the sze of ech pxel s the x y z. The perceved prolty of the -th pxel s perceved y the wreless sensor network s P( p ), when P( p ) P th ( th P s the mnmum llowle perceved prolty for the wreless sensor network), the pxels cn e regrded s perceved y the wreless sensor network. The -th pxel s whether perceved y the wreless sensor node perceved to e used P ( ) cov P to mesure,.e. rto,.e. P cov 0 f P( p ) P ( p ) 1 f P( p ) P Ths rtcle defned the coverge rte s the perceved re nd the sum of montorng re th th (1) re re A B C x y z Pcov( p ) Pre x1 y1 z1 S x y z A BC (2) Where, P re s the perceved re whle S re s the sum of montorng re. 2.3 Perceved Model Ths rtcle defned the event tht the -th pxel p s perceved y the ID numer wreless sensor nodes s r nd the prolty of occurrence of the event s Pr ( ) whch s the perceved prolty P( p, s ) tht the pxel p s perceved y wreless sensor node s,.e. 1893

5 INTENATIONAL JOUNAL ON SMAT SENSING AND INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS VOL. 7, NO. 4, DECEMBE f d( p, s ) s e e 1 P( p, s ) ln{1 [ d( p, s ) s e ]} f s e d( p, s ) s e 2e 0 f d( p, s ) s e Where, the d( p, s ) s the dstnce etween the -th pxel p nd the -th wreless sensor node s, the sensng rdus of the k-th type wreless sensor node s of the k-th type wreless sensor node s e. (3) s, the perceved error rnge A numer of wreless sensor nodes coopertve sensng montorng method s used n ths rtcle nd the pxel p s perceved y ll wreless sensor nodes collorte perceved prolty s N P( p ) 1 [1 P( p, s )] (4) 1 III. ALGOITHM DESCIPTION Assumng the wreless sensor nodes re the prtcultes n the electrc feld nd exst the electrc force etween the wreless sensor nodes, nd move the wreless sensor nodes under the cton of the electrc force s evenly s possle n order to cheve resonle dstruton of wreless sensor network n order to mprove the coverge effect of the trgets n the montorng re. 3.1 Vrtul Force Algorthm If the dstnce etween the two wreless sensor nodes s too fr, the ttrctve force wll ply mor role nd mke the two nodes close to ech other. If the dstnce etween the two wreless sensor nodes s too close, the repulson force wll ply mor role nd mke the two nodes seprte from ech other. Through clcultng the dstnce d( s, s ) etween the two nodes s nd s determnes the mole wreless sensor nodes how to move. The repulson F( p, s ) of wreless sensor node s to wreless sensor node represented s: F( s, s ) k1 0 d( s, s ) 1 d( s, s ) (5) 0 d( s, s ) s cn e 1894

6 Hengchng Jng, COVEAGE HOLES ECOVEY ALGOITHM BASED ON NODES BALANCE DISTANCE OF UNDEWATE WIELESS SENSO NETWOK Where, k 1, 1 s the gn coeffcent, d( s, s ) s the dstnce etween the two nodes s nd s, s the effectve dstnce. The drecton of the force s composed of wreless sensor node s to the wreless sensor node s, fter decomposton the component long the X-xs drecton cn otn to Fx ( s, s ), the component long the Y-xs drecton cn otn to Fy ( s, s ) nd the component long the Z- xs drecton cn otn to Fz ( s, s ). So the sum of the force long the X-xs drecton s N F ( s ) F ( s, s ), the sum of the x x 1 force long the Y-xs drecton s N F ( s ) F ( p, s ) nd the sum of the force long the Z- y y 1 xs drecton s N F ( s ) F ( p, s ) z z 1, thus the resultnt force from the crculr montorng re whose center s locted n the k-th type wreless sensor nodes s nd rdus s F ( s ) F s F s F s (6) xyz x y z k s After force clculton ccordng to the sum of the force, the wreless sensor node s moves to the new locton ( xnew, ynew, z new) from the orgnl locton ( xold, yold, z old ) : x y z new new new x F ( s ) F F ( s ) x MxStep e F s F old xyz th x Fxyz 1 ( s ) old xyz ( ) th Fxyz ( s ) y F ( s ) F F ( s ) y MxStep e F s F old xyz th y Fxyz 1 ( s ) old xyz ( ) th Fxyz ( s ) z F ( s ) F F ( s ) z MxStep e F s F old xyz th z Fxyz 1 ( s ) old xyz ( ) th Fxyz ( s ) (7) (8) (9) 1895

7 INTENATIONAL JOUNAL ON SMAT SENSING AND INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS VOL. 7, NO. 4, DECEMBE 2014 Where the F th s the vrtul force threshold. The wreless sensor node needn t to move when vrtul force whch the node receved s less thn the vlue. MxStep s the mxmum movement dstnce whch s llowed. The vrtul force lgorthm s n the followng: Step 1: Ech wreless sensor node n the montorng re rodcsts the nformton whch ncludes the node ID nd locton nformton, then go to Step 2. Step 2: The wreless sensor node updtes the neghor tle nformton f the wreless sensor node receves the rodcst nformton of the neghor nodes, then go to Step 3. Step 3: Use the formul (5) nd (6) clcultng the resultnt force Fs ( ) of wreless sensor node s, then go to Step 4. Step 4: Use the formul (7), (8) nd (9) clcultng the new locton where the wreless sensor nodes need to move to, nd then go to Step 5. Step 5: The movement process won t proceed f the new locton where wreless sensor node need to move s locted outsde of the montorng regon nd the wreless sensor node needn t move, then go to Step 6; otherwse moved to new locton, then go to Step 6. Step 6: The lgorthm stops f t reches pre-set cycles numer T; otherwse egn the next movement process, then go to Step Prolem n Vrtul Force Algorthm The prolem n the vrtul force lgorthm s followng: ndomly deploy 16 wreless sensor nodes n the two dmensonl montorng re nd the result s n Fgure 1 (The nodes re locted n center of the crculrs). Fgure 1: ndomly deploy 16 wreless sensor nodes n the montorng re 1896

8 Hengchng Jng, COVEAGE HOLES ECOVEY ALGOITHM BASED ON NODES BALANCE DISTANCE OF UNDEWATE WIELESS SENSO NETWOK Accordng to the vrtul force lgorthm, ll of the crculrs hve to move to the new locton, n fct the red crculrs don t need to move ecuse move the red crculrs cn t mprove the percentge of coverge, ut the energy of wreless sensor nodes s consumed. And the sme prolem lso exsts when the wreless sensor nodes re rndomly deployed n three dmensonl montorng res. So how to solve the prolem n the nodes densty re s n the next secton. 3.3 Ths Artcle Algorthm In the numer k perod t k ny two wreless sensor nodes s, s the coordntes of the respectvely ( x, y, z ), ( x, y, z ) the dstnce etween the two nodes s: d( s, s ) x - x y - y z z (10) In ths tme perod t k, the dstnce of repulsve force lnce s d k. If d( s, s ) d k, the two wreless sensor nodes need to move to lnce dstnce d k.if d( s, s ) dk, the two wreless sensor nodes s n equlrum poston wthout movng. In the tme perod t k, f d( s, s ) d k then the two wreless sensor nodes s, s need to move to the new poston coordntes ( x, y, z ), ( x, y, z ), n order to mke the mnmum sum of the dstnce etween two mole wreless sensor node, the new coordntes for clcultng vlle s: 1 dk x x x 2 1 x x x (11) 2 d( s, s ) 2 1 dk y y y 2 1 y y y (12) 2 d( s, s ) 2 1 dk z z z 2 1 z z z (13) 2 d( s, s ) 2 1 dk x x x 2 1 x x x (14) 2 d( s, s )

9 INTENATIONAL JOUNAL ON SMAT SENSING AND INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS VOL. 7, NO. 4, DECEMBE dk y y y 2 1 y y y (15) 2 d( s, s ) 2 1 dk z z z 2 1 z z z (16) 2 d( s, s ) 2 Becuse n the movement process the wreless sensor nodes could e removed out of montorng re nd reduce the montorng effect. If the new poston s out of the montorng re for mole wreless sensor node, t wll not e moved. Ths rtcle lgorthm s n the followng: Step 1: Intlzton prmeters, n montorng re rndomly deploy N wreless sensor nodes, nd = 1, = 1, k = 1, nd then go to Step 2. Step 2: Ech wreless sensor nodes n the regon nto the numer k tme perod t k rodcsts nformton nd the nformton ncluded the node ID numer nd locton nformton. If the node s receved neghor s rodcst nformton, updte the nformton n the neghor lst L, nd then go to Step 3. Step 3: Mke s s the smllest ID numer of the wreless sensor nodes n the neghor lst L, nd then go to Step 4. Step 4: Wreless sensor node s ccordng to the neghor node s nformton n the lst L, use the formul (10), clcultng the dstnce etween node s nd the neghor node s, nd then go to Step 5. Step 5: Compre d( s, s ) wth the tme lnce dstnce d k, f d( s, s ) dk, use the formul (11)-(16) clcultng need to move to new locton coordntes ( x, y, z ), ( x, y, z ), nd then go to step 6. Step 6: If the new poston for mole wreless sensor node s out of montorng re, t wll not e moved, nd then go to step 7; Or move to the new locton, nd then go to step 7. Step 7: If = N, turn to step 9; Otherwse enter step 8. Step 8: If the wreless sensor nodes of neghor lst L re ccordng to the node ID from smll to lrge s fnshed, mke = + 1, turn to step 3; Otherwse mke = + 1, turn to step

10 Percentge of network coverge(%) Hengchng Jng, COVEAGE HOLES ECOVEY ALGOITHM BASED ON NODES BALANCE DISTANCE OF UNDEWATE WIELESS SENSO NETWOK Step 9: When k = M tme perod t M s fnshed, the lgorthm ended; Otherwse k = k + 1 to step 2, fter enter the perod to the next mole sensor node process. IV. SIMULATION Ths rtcle uses MATLAB softwre to smulte the lgorthm nd the montorng re s 100m 100m 100m. rdus ndomly deploy the quntty N mole nodes n the montorng re nd ll nodes sensng s =10m, perceved error rnge = + =11m, s e E n =1000J, E s =0.01J, e =1m, communcton rdus E r =0.001J, E m =1J. The vrous prmeters of vrtul force lgorthm: k 1 =2, 1 =2, MxStep =10m. c =3 F th =1, s =30m nd P th = 1, T=10, The vrous prmeters of ths rtcle lgorthm: c =3 s =30m, d M =2 s =20m, M=10, d k = d M k/m. In order to prevent the wreless sensor nodes removed from the montorng re f the node wll move to new locton where locted n the montorng re 5m wde edge, the node won t move nd sty n the orgnl locton. N=200. In the deployment phse smulte 100 tmes when N=100, N=120, N=140, N=160, N=180, The results re verged nd shown n Fgure 2, Fgure 3 nd Fgure Ths Artcle Scheme Vrtul Force Algorthm Intl rndomly deployment Numer of deployment wreless sensor nodes Fgure 2: Percentge of coverge fter deployment n dfferent lgorthms 1899

11 Percentge of network coverge(%) Sum of net energy consumpton(j) Sum of nodes movng dstnce(m) INTENATIONAL JOUNAL ON SMAT SENSING AND INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS VOL. 7, NO. 4, DECEMBE Vrtul Force Algorthm Ths Artcle Scheme Numer of deployment wreless sensor nodes Fgure 3: Sum of nodes movng dstnce fter deployment n dfferent lgorthms Vrtul Force Algorthm Ths Artcle Scheme Numer of deployment wreless sensor nodes Fgure 4: Sum of net energy consumpton fter deployment n dfferent lgorthms ndomly lose 10 nodes fter ntl deployment nd usng ther lgorthm n wreless sensor network to recovery coverge holes. The smulton 100 tmes results re verged nd shown n Fgure 5, Fgure 6 nd Fgure Ths Artcle Scheme Vrtul Force Algorthm Intl rndomly deployment Numer of remned wreless sensor nodes Fgure 5: Percentge of network coverge fter recovery coverge holes n dfferent lgorthms 1900

12 Sum of net energy consumpton(j) Sum of nodes movng dstnce(m) Hengchng Jng, COVEAGE HOLES ECOVEY ALGOITHM BASED ON NODES BALANCE DISTANCE OF UNDEWATE WIELESS SENSO NETWOK Vrtul Force Algorthm Ths Artcle Scheme Numer of remned wreless sensor nodes Fgure 6: Sum of nodes movng dstnce fter recovery coverge holes n dfferent lgorthms Vrtul Force Algorthm Ths Artcle Scheme Numer of remned wreless sensor nodes Fgure 7: Sum of net energy consumpton fter recovery coverge holes n dfferent lgorthms The montorng re coverge percentge ncreses; the sum of nodes movng dstnce ncreses nd the sum of nodes energy consumpton ncreses wth the numer of wreless sensor nodes ncresng cn e derved from Fgure 2 to Fgure 7. The nodes movement dstnce s lrger nd the coverge effect s worse when usng vrtul force lgorthm n wreless sensor nodes dense re, ecuse the vrtul force lgorthm cn t resonly move the wreless sensor nodes n the ntl deployment phse nd coverge holes recovery phse. V. EXPEIMENTAL The sme vrous prmeters whch re used n the secton of the smulton re lso used n the expermentl processes of ths rtcle. The expermentl results re shown n the tle 1 to tle

13 INTENATIONAL JOUNAL ON SMAT SENSING AND INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS VOL. 7, NO. 4, DECEMBE 2014 Tle 1: Percentge of coverge fter deployment n dfferent lgorthms Numer of deployment wreless sensor nodes Intl rndomly deployment Vrtul Force Algorthm Ths Artcle Algorthm % 32.1% 40.2% % 37.9% 42.4% % 39.9% 44.5% % 41.1% 46.6% % 43.6% 51.2% % 56.3% 67.9% Tle 2: Sum of nodes movement dstnce fter deployment n dfferent lgorthms Numer of deployment wreless sensor Vrtul Force Algorthm Ths Artcle Algorthm nodes m 412m m 478m m 510m m 535m m 562m m 617m Tle 3: Sum of net energy consumpton fter deployment n dfferent lgorthms Numer of deployment wreless sensor Vrtul Force Algorthm Ths Artcle Algorthm nodes J 479J J 587J J 595J J 601J J 636J J 672J 1902

14 Hengchng Jng, COVEAGE HOLES ECOVEY ALGOITHM BASED ON NODES BALANCE DISTANCE OF UNDEWATE WIELESS SENSO NETWOK Tle 4: Percentge of network coverge fter recovery coverge holes n dfferent lgorthms Numer of remned wreless sensor nodes Intl rndomly deployment Vrtul Force Algorthm Ths Artcle Algorthm % 30.3% 36.9% % 33.5% 40.1% % 36.6% 41.3% % 39.7% 44.5% % 41.2% 49.3% % 47.7% 62.6% Tle 5: Sum of nodes movement dstnce fter recovery coverge holes n dfferent lgorthms Numer of remned wreless sensor nodes Vrtul Force Algorthm Ths Artcle Algorthm m 278m m 312m m 339m m 365m m 392m m 417m Tle 6: Sum of net energy consumpton fter recovery coverge holes n dfferent lgorthms Numer of remned wreless sensor nodes Vrtul Force Algorthm Ths Artcle Algorthm J 297J J 357J J 395J J 410J J 433J J 452J 1903

15 INTENATIONAL JOUNAL ON SMAT SENSING AND INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS VOL. 7, NO. 4, DECEMBE 2014 Ths rtcle lgorthm ccordng to the nodes lnce dstnce moves the nodes, so ech movement dstnce s smller, thus grdully move to the est locton of montorng, nd sum movement dstnce of ech mole node n the process s not lrge, so the sum dstnce of nodes movement s smller. VI. CONCLUSION The energy consumpton of the wreless sensor network drectly determnes the lfetme of the wreless sensor network. esonly deployng the wreless sensor nodes cn mprove the coverge effect of the wreless sensor network nd reduce the movement dstnce of the wreless sensor nodes. A nodes deployment lgorthm sed on the montorng re perceved prolty model of underwter wreless sensor network s desgned n ths rtcle. The nodes movement lgorthm s desgned n ths rtcle, the nodes movement process s decomposed nto severl prts, ech prt of the node ccordng to the nodes lnce dstnce nd the reltonshp wth the neghor nodes poston. If they need to move, they wll move to the new locton. Becuse the nodes lnce dstnce s grdully ncresng etween nodes, ech mole node movement dstnce n the process s smller nd the sum dstnce of mole nodes movement s lso smller. The smulton nd expermentl results show tht ths rtcle lgorthm s etter thn the vrtul force lgorthm t mprovng the coverge effect of underwter wreless sensor network nd reducng the movement dstnce of the wreless sensor nodes. Ths rtcle lgorthm cheves the gol of wreless sensor network nodes resonle dstruton to reduce energy n the ntl deployment phse nd coverge holes recovery phse. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Ths work s supported y the Ntonl Nturl Scence Foundton of Chn (NSFC) under the grnt No.U , the Henn Unversty of Scence nd Technology reserchng fund under the grnt No.2010QN0040. The uthors lso grtefully cknowledge the helpful comments nd suggestons of the edtors nd revewers, whch hve mproved the presentton. EFEENCE [1] Bo Wu, Ynpeng Feng, Hongyn Zheng. POSTEIO BELIEF CLUSTEING ALGOITHM FO ENEGY-EFFICIENT TACKING IN WIELESS SENSO NETWOKS, Interntonl Journl on Smrt Sensng nd Intellgent Systems, 2014, 7(3):

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