Procedia Computer Science

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1 Proceda Computer Scence 3 (211) Proceda Computer Scence (21) Proceda Computer Scence WCIT-21 Performance evaluaton of data delvery approaches for wreless sensor networs Plamen Z. Zaharev a *,ageorg V. Hrstov a a Department of Communcaton systems and technologes Unversty of Ruse Angel Kanchev, Studentsa str.8, Ruse 717, Bulgara Abstract Wreless sensor networs are expected to revolutonze our abltes n sensng and controllng the physcal envronment. Power conservaton s a prmary research concern for these networs, due to the lmted energy resources of the sensor nodes. In ths paper we study the data delvery approaches, sutable for herarchcal cluster based wreless sensor networs. A rado energy dsspaton model s used to evaluate the energy, needed for both ntra-cluster and nter-cluster communcaton. Based on the results we analyze the performance of varous combned data delvery approaches. Addtonally we study the mpact of the base staton locaton and the number of sensor nodes on the energy dsspaton and the networ lfetme. c 21 Publshed by Elsever Ltd. Selecton and/or peer-revew under responsblty of the Guest Edtor. Keywords: Wreless sensor networs; data delvery approaches; networ lfetme; energy dsspaton; 1. Introducton The wreless sensor networs are a new generaton of telecommuncaton networs, whch combne together the ablty for sensng the envronment wth the possblty for local data processng and transmsson through the wreless medum. These networs have many capabltes that mae them sutable for a large varety of applcatons. However, desgnng effectve wreless sensor networs requres a detaled understandng of both the capabltes and lmtatons of each of the underlyng hardware components, as well as a detaled understandng of modern networng technologes and dstrbuted systems theory. Each ndvdual node has to provde a set of characterstcs to synthesze the networ that wll emerge as they are deployed, whle meetng strct requrements for sze, cost and power consumpton. A dfferent set of challenges s to develop sutable networ archtectures and energy effcent data delvery protocols that correspond to the ndvdual devce capabltes, requrements and actons. There have been a numerous artcles regardng dfferent archtectures for wreless sensor networs, but the one that provdes the most approprate characterstcs s the herarchcal cluster-based archtecture. The most wdely used protocols for wreless sensor networs have manly adopted ths archtecture [1, 2]. These protocols are developed wth the dea for energy effcency, but are closely related n ther nature and do not rely on a more detaled study of the data delvery approaches and ther mplementaton n the wreless sensor networs. We beleve that a comprehensve study of dfferent data delvery models for wreless sensor networs wll provde the foundaton for new protocols, that wll provde better energy effcency and by that a longer networ lfetme. * Plamen Z. Zaharev. Tel.: ; fax: E-mal address: pzaharev@un-ruse.bg c 21 Publshed by Elsever Ltd. do:1.116/.procs

2 P.Z. Zaharev, G.V. Hrstov / Proceda Computer Scence 3 (211) Rado-energy dsspaton model Plamen Z. Zaharev / Proceda Computer Scence (21) In order to analyze the dfferent data delvery models, we frst have to defne the energy needed for transmttng and recevng messages n the wreless sensor networ. For ths purpose we use the same rado-energy dsspaton model (Fg. 1) as the one used n [2, 3]. d B bt pacet Transmt Electroncs E TX (B,d) Amplfer E RX (B) Receve Electroncs B bt pacet Fg. 1. Rado-energy Dsspaton Model To acheve an acceptable Sgnal-to-Nose Rato (SNR) n transmttng a message wth sze of b bts, over a dstance d, the energy used by the rado s gven by: ETX 2 b be fsd 4 b bemsd f f d do, (1) d d o where E elect s the energy dsspated per bt of the transmtter or recever, E fs and E ms depend on the transmtter amplfer model used and d s the dstance between the sender and the recever [4]. By equatng the two expressons at d d, we can calculate the dstance threshold as: d E fs ms (2) The energy dsspated to receve a message wth sze b bts can be gven by: ERX be elect. (3) 3. Data delvery approaches n wreless sensor networs Consderng the herarchcal archtecture presented n Fg. 2, the communcaton process can be dvded nto two separate ters [4]. The frst one nvolves the delvery of the data from the sensor nodes to the cluster head and s referred to as ntra-cluster communcaton. The second ter conssts of the process of forwardng the data toward the base staton. Ths s also nown as nter-cluster communcaton []. For the rest of the paper we wll use E A for both E fs and E ms, but t wll be clear by the stuaton whch one of them s actually beng referred to. Addtonally we assume that the data s aggregated at every sn before retransmsson, and the cost of ths process s E. DA

3 716 P.Z. Zaharev, G.V. Hrstov / Proceda Computer Scence 3 (211) Plamen Z. Zaharev / Proceda Computer Scence (21) 3.1. Intra-cluster communcaton Fg. 2. Communcaton n a herarchcal wreless sensor networ There are two approaches for data delvery n a cluster drect and data delvery wth retransmssons. By mplementng these approaches and usng the rado-energy dsspaton model from Secton 3, we can defne the energy needed for communcaton n the cluster. If we assume that every cluster n the networ conssts of n sensor nodes, the energy, necessary for the transmsson of a pacet wth sze of b bts, for every node n the cluster by mplementng the drect approach for data delvery, s: ETXn b( E Ad ) nch n, and dn CH s the dstance between the node and the cluster head. Accordng to (3), the energy needed by the cluster head for recepton of the pacets can be defned as: where n s a random sensor node, such that 1, (4) ERX CH n b () The total energy needed for ntra-cluster communcaton s equal to: n E cc E n E CH (6) 1 Snce we nvestgate the communcaton n the cluster alone, the cluster head wll only receve pacets. By substtutng wth (4) and (), equaton (6) becomes: n n Ecc ETXn ERX CH b( E Ad ) n n CH be elect (7) 1 1 Assumng agan, that cluster conssts of n sensor nodes and that we mplement the approach for data delvery wth retransmssons, then the energy needed by every node n the cluster s: En ERXn E DAn E TXn wn b ( wn 1) beda b( E Ad ) n NN (8)

4 P.Z. Zaharev, G.V. Hrstov / Proceda Computer Scence 3 (211) where E RXn and Plamen Z. Zaharev / Proceda Computer Scence (21) E TXn are respectvely the energy needed for recepton from other nodes n the cluster and the n, n 1 s the number of devces transmttng to energy needed for sendng the data to the cluster head, and node n. Wth w d we defne the dstance between the node and the sn (whch can be another node n the n NN cluster or the cluster head). By substtutng wth (8) n (6) and assumng that the energy needed by the cluster head can be agan calculated by () we get: n w be w be be E d E cc n elect n 1 DA elect A zbe n NN elect (9) 1 where z [ 1, n ) s the number of devces transmttng to the cluster head Inter-cluster communcaton Snce the base staton s assumed to be energy ndependent, the energy needed for nter-cluster communcaton s equal to the sum of the energy needed by every cluster head. If we have a total of G clusters n the networ, then: E G cc E CH (1) 1 For every communcaton round n the system, f we use the drect data delvery approach, every cluster head needs the followng amount of energy: n 1 be b( E E d ) ETX DA elect A (11) CH CH BS Substtutng wth (11) n (1) we get: G G E cc ECH n 1 beda b( E Ad (12) CH BS 1 1 Analogcally, by mplementng the data delvery approach wth retransmssons, the energy needed by the cluster heads n the networ can be gven by: ECH y be elect( y n 1) beda b( E Ad ) CH NH where y [, G 1] s the number of cluster heads transmttng to cluster head. Substtutng wth (13) n (1) we get: G G E cc ECH y be elect( y n 1) beda b( E Ad (14) CH NH Formulaton of the combned data delvery approaches If we assume that every wreless sensor networ can be presented as N sensor nodes, dvded equally n G clusters, such that for every cluster the number of nodes plus the cluster head s n 1 N / G, then the energy needed for communcaton n the networ can be gven by: G Ecomm Ecc E cc () 1 where E cc and E cc are the energes needed for ntra- and nter-cluster communcaton. Based on () and the results from Sectons 3.1 and 3.2 we can defne the followng four combned data delvery approaches for wreless sensor networs, shown n Table 1. (13)

5 718 P.Z. Zaharev, G.V. Hrstov / Proceda Computer Scence 3 (211) Plamen Z. Zaharev / Proceda Computer Scence (21) Table 1. Combned data delvery approaches for wreless sensor networs Intra-cluster communcaton A1 - Drect data delvery Inter-cluster communcaton B1 - Drect data delvery Combned approach Ecc n A1 - B1 b( E Ad n CH ) n be elect 1 G n 1 beda E cc 1 b( E elect E AdCH BS A1 B2 A2 - Data delvery wth retransmssons E cc n w n be elect wn 1 be DA zb 1 b E elect E A d n NN B2 - Data delvery wth retransmssons G y be elect ( y n 1) beda E cc 1 b( E elect E AdCH NH A2 B1 A2 B2 4. Performance evaluaton of the combned data delvery approaches For our smulaton studes we have developed MatLab models for all combned data delvery approaches. In all experments we assume an area of 1 1 square meters wth n randomly dstrbuted nodes. For the frst set of smulatons n s set to 2 nodes, than we double the densty of the nodes by changng n to. To study the effect of the poston of the base staton we ntally place t at x=, y= meters (center of the sensor feld), and than move t to x=, y= meters (outsde the sensor feld). Base staton at x=, y=; Number of nodes n=2 Base staton at x=, y=; Number of nodes n=2 Total Energy, J 1 Total Energy, J Fg. 3. Total energy versus for all four approaches when the base staton s n the center of the sensor feld (a) and outsde the sensor feld (b) and the number of the sensor nodes s 2 On Fg. 3 we present the results from the frst set of smulatons. It s clearly dstngushable that when mplementng ntra-cluster data delvery wth retransmsson, all nodes n the networ deplete ther energy approxmately 1 tmes faster compared to Approaches 1 and 2. Ths s due to the number of retransmssons every node has to perform n the cluster. Whle the drect data delvery approach states that each sensor node only transmts to the cluster head, the approach wth retransmsson of the data shows that the nodes can transmt pacets between themselves. Ths means that each node spends energy not only for transmsson, but also for recepton of data from ts neghbor nodes. Despte the fact that the transmsson dstances are much smaller, than n the ntercluster communcaton, the number of nodes n the cluster drectly relates to the number of retransmssons. Ths wll ultmately mean that f we ncrease the number of the nodes n the networ, the performance of Approaches 3 and 4 s expected to decrease. Another nterestng observaton s that when the base staton s n the center of the feld provdes slghtly better results than, but when the base staton s outsde the sensor feld they swtch places. Ths s also logcal, due to the much grater dstances that the data has to travel to the base

6 P.Z. Zaharev, G.V. Hrstov / Proceda Computer Scence 3 (211) Plamen Z. Zaharev / Proceda Computer Scence (21) staton. Whle for the number of devces transmttng to the base staton s fxed, n ths number can be n some cases lower, and thus we wll have less cluster heads transmttng to the base staton that s further away. On the other hand when the dstance to the base staton s less than d the drect delvery of data s preferable. 3 2 Base staton at x=, y=; Number of nodes n= 3 2 Base staton at x=, y=; Number of nodes n= 2 2 Total Energy, J 1 Total energy, J Fg. 4. Total energy versus for all four approaches when the base staton s n the center of the sensor feld (a) and outsde the sensor feld (b) and the number of the sensor nodes s On Fg. 4 we present the results from the second set of smulatons. As predcted, wth the ncrease of the number of nodes, the performance of Approaches 3 and 4 decreases. On the other hand the performance of both other approaches does not change sgnfcantly.. Conclusons From the conducted smulatons we can clearly see that the mplementaton of approaches for data delvery wth retransmsson for ntra-cluster communcaton s somethng that we have to avod when desgnng wreless sensor networs. On the other hand these approaches provde better performance when mplemented for nter-cluster communcaton n networs wth the base staton far away from the sensor feld. The results, presented n ths paper, show that a novel protocol for wreless sensor networs can be developed, by combnng the frst two approaches. Ths protocol wll provde hgh energy effcency, despte the number of nodes and the locaton of the base staton. Acnowledgements Ths wor s part of proect DMU-2/13-29 Desgn and performance study of an energy-aware multpath routng algorthm for wreless sensor networs of the Bulgaran Scence Fund at the Mnstry of Educaton, Youth and Scence. References 1. G. Smaragdas, I. Matta, A. Bestavros, SEP: A stable Electon Protocol for heterogeneous wreless sensor networs, Proceedngs of Int l Worshop on SANPA, W. Henzelman, A. Chandraasan, H. Balarshnan, Energy-effcent communcaton protocol for wreless mcrosensor networs, Proceedngs of the 33rd Hawa Internatonal Conference on System Scences (HICSS- 33), P. Zaharev, G. Hrstov, T. Ilev, Study on the mpact of node densty and sn locaton n WSN, Proceedngs of CISSE 9, P. Zaharev, G. Hrstov, M. Ilev, A model for determnng the number and the effectve radus of clusters n wreless sensor networs, Journal of the Techncal Unversty of Gabrovo, Vol. 37 9, 29, pp

7 72 P.Z. Zaharev, G.V. Hrstov / Proceda Computer Scence 3 (211) Plamen Z. Zaharev / Proceda Computer Scence (21). G. Hrstov, P. Zaharev, T. Ilev and M. Ilev, An approach for energy optmzaton n wreless sensor networs, 33rd Internatonal Conventon MPRO, 21, pp

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