5G Applications trends and technology needs. Sven Mattisson Ericsson Research, Lund

Transcription

1 5G Applications trends and technology needs Sven Mattisson Ericsson Research, Lund

2 Envisioned 5G plans Source: Ericsson Mobility Report 5G Applications trends and technology needs NORCAS 2017 Page 2

3 Estimated 5G traffic Source: Ericsson Mobility Report 5G Applications trends and technology needs NORCAS 2017 Page 3

4 5G when? Source: Ericsson Mobility Report 5G Applications trends and technology needs NORCAS 2017 Page 4

5 5G research challenges Multi-hop communication Device-to-device communication and cooperative devices Ultra-dense deployments Ultra-reliable communication Massive machine-type communication Inter-vehicular / vehicular-to-road communication A set of integrated radio-access technologies jointly enabling the long-term networked society 5G Applications trends and technology needs NORCAS 2017 Page 5

6 What is MTC? Three different 3GPP machine-type communication initiatives: EC-GSM-IoT (Extended Coverage - GSM - Internet of Things) LTE-M (LTE M2M) NB-IoT (Narrow Band Internet of Things, LTE add-on) 5G Applications trends and technology needs NORCAS 2017 Page 6

7 5G IoT traffic Per device type: > B/msg > msgs/day > #/household WATER METERS ELECTRICITY METERS GAS METERS VENDING MACHINES BIKE FLEET MANAGEMENT PAY-AS- YOU-DRIVE Typical message size 100 bytes 100 bytes 100 bytes 150 bytes 150 bytes 150 bytes Message interval 12 hours 24 hours 30 minutes 24 hours 30 minutes 10 minutes Device density 10,000/km 2 10,000/km 2 10,000/km 2 150/km 2 200/km 2 2,250/km 2 Estimated traffic from massive IoT devices in a city scenario with 10,000 households per km 2. Source: Ericsson Mobility Report November G Applications trends and technology needs NORCAS 2017 Page 7

8 NB-IoT Deployment scenarios 1. Stand-alone GSM is replaced by a NB-IoT carrier. Future: Several NB-IoT resource blocks are grouped together. GSM NB-IoT GSM NB-IoT NB-IoT NB-IoT GSM f [MHz] Two GSM carriers can be replaced by one NB- IoT carrier. The NB-IoT system can use more than 1 resource block. In the stand-alone case, they are grouped together. 1 PRB = 180 khz f [MHz] 5G Applications trends and technology needs NORCAS 2017 Page 8

9 NB-IoT Deployment scenarios One or more NB-IoT carriers (depending on LTE bandwidth) can be deployed in the guard band of the LTE carrier. Guard band 2. LTE guard band NB-IoT LTE f [MHz] LTE carrier bandwidth One or more NB-IoT carriers is replacing resource blocks in the LTE carrier. Power boost 3. In-band LTE NB-IoT NB-IoT LTE carrier bandwidth LTE LTE NB-IoT LTE carrier bandwidth f [MHz] f [MHz] 5G Applications trends and technology needs NORCAS 2017 Page 9

10 5G mm-wave signal properties BW ch : (400) MHz guard band 10% 1% CP-OFDM BW sig : > 0.9 BW ch sub-carrier spacing {60, 120, (240) } khz CP-OFDM with windowing/filtering PAPR on the order of 10dB 5G Applications trends and technology needs NORCAS 2017 Page 10

11 AAS array/advance/adaptive antenna systems/steering w 1,N analog BF digital BF w M,N w 1 w 1 w 1,1 w M w M w M,1 M antennas, one beam M antennas, N beams P "# = P %# G %# G "# λ 4πd + Friis transmission equation use many antennas at mm-wave 5G Applications trends and technology needs NORCAS 2017 Page 11 10x10 cm, 15GHz

12 Regulatory requirements Spectrum confinement 90% 12 N RB f SCS -5 dbm/mhz BW dbm/mhz BW Above 6GHz TX mask 95% 10% 4G has 90/10% carrier/guard allocation 5G will use a variable allocation up to 98.3/1.7% below 6GHz up to 95/5% above 6GHz filter complexity and power consumption group delay incurred latency interference in mixed NR and LTE cells 5% 5G Applications trends and technology needs NORCAS 2017 Page 12

13 regulatory requirements Sample 20MHz PA spectrum, with noise and 2GHz 0 20MHz AWGN signal with IM3 (in-band IM3 dotted) P=20 dbm UE E-UTRA mask ktb Duplex distance RX band Spectral density (dbm/mhz) gain+nf 40dB IP3 30dBm ktb 1.96e e+09 2e e e+09 Frequency (Hz) Emission in own FDD RX band has to be below the RX noise floor TDD isolates TX from RX in time, e.g. for NB-IoT and 5G mm-wave bands 5G Applications trends and technology needs NORCAS 2017 Page 13

14 Selectivity testing Adjacent channel selectivity P sig + RX demod BER/FER P int P RX RX P noise P int P sig = P ref sens +6dB Selectivity ~ P "# P -9,0: Selectivity = P,-. P 0,1 At ref. sens BER/FER Time consuming when BER/FER threshold is low as well as when there are many RX paths (AAS) Current 3GPP approach with P "#, P -9,0: antenna referred Simpler, no need for conducted sensitivity, accurate and agnostic but need to be completed with limited over-the-air tests based on minimum radiated sensitivity with a WANTED signal. Tentative approach for array antenna systems (AAS) 5G Applications trends and technology needs NORCAS 2017 Page 14

15 Of particular interest in 3GPP for mm-wave applications Receiver noise figure Insertion losses in RF filter, switches and substrate Low-noise amplifier (LNA) input-referred noise Dynamic range Adjacent-channel selectivity (ACS) Blocking Power amplifiers Linearity Error-vector magnitude (EVM) Adjacent-channel leakage ratio (ACLR) Efficiency at back-off Peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) 5G Applications trends and technology needs NORCAS 2017 Page 15

16 Cut-off frequency and scaling Scaling sets speed and integration potential > Si is superior for integration (so far) > G I (f T )=1, G P (f max )=1 g r g c gs c gd d scaling g m g o s f T = g m 2 (c gs + c gd ), f max = f T p 4 rg (2 f T c gd + g o ) Source: del Alamo 5G Applications trends and technology needs NORCAS 2017 Page 16

17 Receiver noise figure A simplified receiver model can be derived by lumping the front-end (FE), analog/rf receiver (RX) and ADC into three cascaded blocks. P sig, N 0 FE RX ADC SNR {z } {z } {z } {z } {z } {z } IL filter, SW, routing F,BW,G LNA, mixer, analog base band DR,CP V FS F = N out N in G = N out S in N in S out = SNR in SNR out NF = 10 log 10 (F ) 5G Applications trends and technology needs NORCAS 2017 Page 17

18 Cascade noise factor Friis' formula can be used to find the noise factor at the antenna connector as (linear units unless noted) F = IL F LNA + F ADC 1 G For example, assuming 9 NF =5dB >= IL =0.7dB >; F LNA =0.8dB ) F ADC 1 G = 1.5 (1.76 db) This factor 1.5 can be used to represent the net allowable SNR degradation due to the ADC noise floor, base-band processing losses, variability margins etc. 5G Applications trends and technology needs NORCAS 2017 Page 18

19 Wideband LNA noise-figure trends 7 LNA noise figure vs. frequency NF (db) Carrier frequency (GHz) 28nm 45nm SOI 65nm 90nm 130nm SOI 130nm SiGe 250nm GaN 150nm GaN trend By inserting ( F0 =1.12 (0.5 db) f t = 168 (GHz) into the F min (f c ) equation we get the depicted trend curve that matches the best reported noise figures. 5G Applications trends and technology needs NORCAS 2017 Page 19 [Tuned LNAs can do better at the cost of bandwidth]

20 Total noise figure P sig, N 0 FE RX ADC SNR {z } IL filter, SW, routing {z } F,BW,G LNA, mixer, analog base band {z } DR,CP V FS 1.3dB 0.9dB 1.7dB 2.7dB 0.3dB 30HGz The receiver noise figure increases with the carrier frequency Total noise figures of 10, 12, and 14dB assumed for 30, 45, and 70GHz, respectively (5dB at 2GHz) 5G Applications trends and technology needs NORCAS 2017 Page 20 add 3dB variability and implementation margin

21 PA material properties Si GaAs SiC InP GaN Diamon d μ n cm 2 /Vs E g ev E br MV/cm v sat cm/s JFOM V/s Rel. JFOM Johnson s figure of merit (JFOM) is defined as < + C 5G Applications trends and technology needs NORCAS 2017 Page 21 [data 1 from Mishra and Rais-Zadeh] Silicon technology has by far the best integration, cost and scaling properties but suffers from low break-down voltage (Ebr ). If it can be done in (CMOS) Si it will... 1 Data is somewhat contradictory

22 PA capabilities - P sat dB/dec P sat [dbm] CMOS Bulk CMOS SOI GaN HEMT Frequency [GHz] Source: Johnson, 3GPP R G Applications trends and technology needs NORCAS 2017 Page 22

23 ACLR AWGN signal with IM3 due to cubic nonlinearity (in-band IM3 dash-dotted) IP3 30dBm P=20 dbm 10 dbm 0 dbm P Y?1 IM V Y]^ Spectral density (dbm/hz) e+09 2e e e+09 Frequency (Hz) For AWGN-like amplitude-modulated signals (like LTE) we have 5G Applications trends and technology needs NORCAS 2017 Page 23 ACLR = H AIJ KL M ANO = 3 KH M H AIJ assuming a cubic nonlinearity f x = a T x + a V x V, with IP V = +, X V Source: Pedro Y Z Y M.

24 Throughput loss vs ACIR ACLR ACS Adjacent channel interference ratio f a f Y]^ 1 ACIR = 1 ACLR + 1 ACS Adjacent services outside own band may aggravate ACLR, though Throughput loss [%] 5G Applications trends and technology needs NORCAS 2017 Page 24 ACIR [db] Source: 3GPP R

25 ACLR vs output power ACLR 30 db 40 db CMOS 16dBm 9dBm GaN 28dBm 22dBm Source: 3GPP R , R G Applications trends and technology needs NORCAS 2017 Page 25

26 PAE vs ACLR Typical bias point (before DPD) PAE = P 9c. P,- P de ACLR: 30 db 40 db CMOS 8% 2% GaN 11% 4% Source: 3GPP R , R G Applications trends and technology needs NORCAS 2017 Page 26

27 Field tests of 5G technology Green flag waves on 5G in Indianapolis, May New world record speed with 5G, February G Applications trends and technology needs NORCAS 2017 Page 27

28 Discussion 5G will augment existing wireless systems with a range of new applications, including, e.g., AAS for high capacity mm-wave cells and low-power MTC. Standardization is ongoing but legacy requirements will probably be extended up to 6GHz. Band allocation above 6GHz will be addressed by WRC-19. AAS will require OTA testing and new methods will need to be developed to account for spatial filtering of the transmitted signals as well as received signals. The need for high integrated mm-wave systems with many transceivers and antennas will require careful and often complex consideration regarding the power efficiency and heat dissipation in small area/volume affecting the achievable performance as well as over-the-air testing. Transceivers for mm-wave frequencies will have increased power consumption due to higher BW, and, considering the thermal challenges given the significantly reduced area/volume for mmwave products, the complex interrelation between receiver linearity, NF, bandwidth and dynamic range in the light of power dissipation should be considered, as well as transmitter achievable power versus efficiency as well as linearity. 5G Applications trends and technology needs NORCAS 2017 Page 28

29 Acknowledgement Numerous colleagues have contributed to the activities reported here. In particular I would like to thank: Farshid Ghasemzadeh, Stefan Parkvall, Kenneth Sandberg, and, Lars Sundström for letting me use their material. 5G Applications trends and technology needs NORCAS 2017 Page 29

30 References 1. Ericsson Mobility Report. URL: 2. E. Johnson, "Physical limitations on frequency and power parameters of transistors," 1958 IRE International Convention Record, New York, NY, USA, 1965, pp GPP R , On mm-wave technologies for NR. 4. 3GPP R , Discussion on BS and UE noise figure for mm-waves. 5. 3GPP R , On mm-wave ACLR. 6. 3GPP R , On mm-wave ACLR for 45 and 70 GHz. 7. 3GPP R , Simulations results for coexistence studies in 30GHz. 8. U. K. Mishra et al. GaN-Based RF Power Devices and Amplifiers pdf. In: 96.2 (2008), pp ISSN: DOI: /JPROC M. Rais-Zadeh et al. Gallium nitride as an electromechanical material. In: Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems 23.6 (2014), pp ISSN: DOI: /JMEMS J. A. del Alamo. Si CMOS for RF Power Applications. Last visited URL: J. C. Pedro and N. Borges de Carvalho. On the Use of Multitone techniques for Assessing RF Components Intermodulation Distortion, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques (Dec. 1999), pp G Applications trends and technology needs NORCAS 2017 Page 30

31 5G Applications trends and technology needs NORCAS 2017 Page 31