The fabrication of color-tunable organic light-emitting diode displays via

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Cecil Nichols
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1 Supporting information for The fabrication of color-tunable organic light-emitting diode displays via solution processing Fei Guo 1,2, Andre Karl 1, Qifan Xue 3, Kai Cheong Tam 4, Karen Forberich 1 and Christoph J. Brabec 1,4 1 Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-meet), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstrasse 7, Erlangen, Germany 2 Institute of New Energy Technology, College of Information and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P. R. China 3 Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Wushan road 381, Guangzhou, P. R. China 4 Bavarian Center for Applied Energy Research (ZAE Bayern), Haberstrasse 2a, Erlangen, Germany Correspondence: F Guo, feiguo86@gmail.com; K Tam, Eric.Tam@zae-bayern.de; C Brabec, christoph.brabec@fau.de

2 y Supplementary Figure 1 CIE 1931 color space chromaticity coordinate of the three reference OLED cells. x 0.0

a b Transmittance4(%) 100 80 60 40 20 4AgNW/Glass 4ITO/Glass 1μm 0 300 400 500 600 700 800 Wavelength4(nm) Supplementary Figure 2 a, SEM image of the AgNW film deposited

3 a b Transmittance4(%) AgNW/Glass 4ITO/Glass 1μm Wavelength4(nm) Supplementary Figure 2 a, SEM image of the AgNW film deposited from isopropanol based solution. b, Transmittance spectra of the AgNW film deposited on glass substrate. As a comparison, the commonly used ITO/Glass electrode is plotted.

4 a b Current density (ma cm -2 ) Red diode: ZnO/Ag ZnO/AgNWs ZnO/N-PEDOT/AgNWs Voltage (V) 10 4 Luminance (cd m -2 ) Current density (ma cm -2 ) 10 4 Blue diode: ZnO/Ag ZnO/AgNWs ZnO/N-PEDOT/AgNWs A 10 4 Luminance (cd m -2 ) Supplementary Figure 3 J-V-L characteristics of the red (a) and blue (b) emitting OLED devices with different top electrodes.

5 Transmittance (%) Red Green Blue Wavelength (nm) Supplementary Figure 4 UV-vis transmission spectra of the prepared semitransparent red, green and blue emitting OLED devices in their bleached state.

6 Supplementary Figure 5 J-V characteristic of the interlayer stack of ITO/ZnO/N-PEDOT/AgNW.

7 Current density (ma cm -2 ) Front Green Back Green Voltage (V) 10 4 Luminance (cd m -2 ) Supplementary Figure 6 J-V-L characteristics of the tandem OLED device where the green emitter is used as both the bottom and top subdiodes.

8 * 3 * a b c Normalized*EL*intensity*(%) * 1.0 *Reference*Red *Tandem*Blue8Red *Tandem*Green8Red Normalized3EL3intensity3(%) Reference3Green 3Tandem3GreenGBlue 3Tandem3GreenGRed Normalized*EL*intensity*(%) * 1.0 *Reference*Blue *Tandem*Green9Blue *Tandem*Blue9Red Wavelength*(nm) * Wavelength3(nm) Wavelength*(nm) Supplementary Figure 7 Normalized EL spectrum of the Red (a), Green (b) and Blue (c) subdiodes measured in their tandem devices and compared to the respective single-junction reference devices.

a b c Device substrate Ag nanowires film ~3 mm Supplementary Figure 8

solution-deposition of the four stripes AgNW electrodes.

(b) bottom view of a modified doctor blading, where 4 tapes (3 mm in

(c) Side view of blading the AgNW films.

9 a b c Device substrate Ag nanowires film ~3 mm Supplementary Figure 8 Schematic illustration of the modified doctor-blade for solution-deposition of the four stripes AgNW electrodes. (a) bottom view of a normal doctor blading coater. (b) bottom view of a modified doctor blading, where 4 tapes (3 mm in width) are attached to the blade with an interval of 1 mm. (c) Side view of blading the AgNW films. It should be noted that the modified doctor blade enables coating AgNW stripes in a specific width (~3 mm), rather than fully covering the substrate (25 mm 25mm).

10 (1) (2) Deposition of front diode Deposition of middle AgNWs Laser patterned ITO electrodes on glass (3) Deposition of back diode Top.AgNW Back.EL Middle.AgNW Front.EL ITO/Glass (4) Deposition of top AgNWs Supplementary Figure 9 Schematic diagram of the display fabrication. (1) On laser patterned ITO substrate, the first four layers with sequence of PEDOT:PSS/emitting layer/zno/n-pedot was successively deposited using the normal blade coating. (2) Deposition of the middle four AgNW electrodes in stripe-shape using the modified doctor blade shown in Supplementary Figure 8. (3) Deposition of back diode with layer sequence of PEDOT:PSS/emitting layer/zno using the normal blade coating. (4) Deposition of the top four AgNW electrodes in stripe-shape using the modified doctor blade.

Supporting Information

Solution-processed Nickel Oxide Hole Injection/Transport Layers for Efficient Solution-processed Organic Light- Emitting Diodes Supporting Information 1. C 1s high resolution X-ray Photoemission Spectroscopy