Wide Area Measurement System Integration. GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin

Transcription

1 Wide Area Measurement System Integration

2 The Need for Wide-Area Measurements Following the blackout, a federal commission was appointed Fault found with utility companies: no real-time knowledge of the state of the power system was available Recommendation made: establish a real-time measurement system and develop computer based operational and management tools This Was after the 1965 blackout! This Was after the 1965 blackout! 2

3 Wide Area Measurement and Control 1-60 Phasors/sec Control Range Input Data: Control Device Status Phasor Measurement Units Kemano Malin Table Mtn. Moss Landing State Measurement Diablo Canyon Data Synchronization & Control Coordination Peace River Grand Coulee McNary John Day PG&E SCE LADWP SDG&E Midpoint IPP Hoover Mohave Palo Verde EMS applications for self-healing grid Colstrip Jim Bridger Navajo San Juan Cholla Four Corners Wide Area Control Operate Point change Linear Control On/Off Transmission Paths 500kV Lines 345kV Lines 230kV Lines DC Lines C L O N T R O 3

4 Wide Area Network Structure Link to Enterprise LAN / WAN Super PDC Office PC using Internet Explorer Issues: Performance Reliability Data Security Utility Wide Area Network WAN (Intranet / Internet) PDC PDC PDC d 1 d 2 d 3 d 1 d 2 d 3 d 1 d 2 d 3 d 4 d 4 d 4 Control Area 1 Control Area 2 Control Area 3 4

5 Reporting Hierarchy Human Monitoring / EMS > 1 sec 1 Phasor/Sec National Operation PDC Phasor Data Concentrator High-speed Decisions 100 ms 1S time frame 1-15 Phasors/sec Regional Operation PDC PMU PMU... PMU Very High-speed Decisions ms time frame Phasors/ Sec PDC PDC PMU PMU... PMU PMU PMU... PMU 5

6 Communication Network Requirements Guaranteed bandwidth for Streaming Data Adjustable bandwidth for File Transfer Settable priority for Control High-availability (99.99%) Low latency Standards based Scalable High noise immunity Support for other functions Automatic Configuration Network monitoring/management 6

7 Synchrophasor System Communication Option User Interface/Apps Data Archive Configuration/File- Archive/SOE SDH Streaming Synchrophasors Status Settings Triggered files SOE Mux PMU Station 1 Station 2 Station n 7

8 Phasor Data Concentrator Function Decimated Phasor Stream 1-15 Phasors/sec. Applications OPC/SQL High Speed OPC/SQL Archive DB Data Rate: Phasors/sec Data Translation/Presentation Data Collection Per C over RS485, C37.94, or Ethernet Communication options: Multiplexer, Modem, etc PMU PMU PMU 8

9 Client/Server Functionality Client: Request for Configuration Request to Start/Stop Stream File Request (not addressed in Standard) Command Issuance Server: Streams data / Sends configuration / files when requested Provides operational status Clock Synched Triggered Configuration Changed Responds to Commands Req PDC PMU Resp 9

10 Data / Format Choices Data: Sequence Voltages/Currents Analog Values Status 16 Bit Integer vs. 32 Bit Real Polar vs. Rectangular format PMU Data Stream: Up to 100 Times faster than Existing SCADA 10

11 C Self Description On Request from the Client, a PMU shall return: PMU ID & Station Name Time Data Format Number of Phasor, Analog, & Digital Channels Channel Names Channel Scale factors # of PMUs included in the stream Nominal Frequency Stream Rate Configuration change count 11

12 Communication: TCP vs. UDP TCP Guarantees Reception but - Bogs Down Communication 12

13 Streaming Data Rates - 1 Packet Model #1: 16 Phasors 16 Analogs Frequency ROCOF 2 Digital Words > All Real Numbers > 60 Packets/sec Communication Bandwidth Requirement: 106,560 Bits/sec 13

14 Streaming Data Rates - 2 Packet Model #1: 16 Phasors 16 Analogs Frequency ROCOF 2 Digital Words > All 16 bit Integers > 60 Packets/sec Communication Bandwidth Requirement: 58,560 Bits/sec 14

15 Total System Data Streams Given 100 PMUs > 60 packets/sec with Real Numbers results in: Aggregate data stream: 10,656,000 bps 6,000 Records/sec > 60 packets/sec with Integers results in: Aggregate data stream: 5,856,000 bps 6,000 Records/sec 15

16 System Storage Requirements 100 PMU 60 Packets/sec: 250 Bytes/packet/PMU 25,000 Bytes/packet for 100 PMUs 1.5 MB/sec 90 MB/min 5.4 GB/hour GB/day 3.9 TB/month 46.6 TB/year 16

17 Data Analysis Needs: Synchrophasor Signature Analysis / Alarm Fault / Trip / Reclose kv Fault / Trip / Lockout kv Time Scale: 30 Seconds/Division 17

18 Indexing of Records Logical Index Second of Century + Fraction of Second Issue: Does not account for Leap Second Always assumes 31,536,000 sec/year Leap Second has same SOC as previous second Optional Indices: Time Atomic International- TAI TAI = UTC + 33 Seconds Global Positioning System GPS GPS = UTC + 14 Seconds Start time: Jan 6,

19 Dynamic Synchrophasor Errors - 1 df f ( t) = f0 + ( t t0 ) dt f ( t) = power system frequency, in cycles per second t = time, in seconds df dt f t 0 0 = rate of change of frequency, cycles per second per second = power system frequency at the center of = time, in seconds, at the center of the window the window = phasor time tag The phase angle relative to phase angle and frequency at center of the window is the integral of the frequency deviation: 1 df 2 θ ( t) θ0 = ( t t0) 2 dt θ ( t) θ = phase angle deviation, cycles 0 19

20 Dynamic Synchrophasor Errors - 2 The phase angle deviation relative to the center value is quadratic. The largest value is at the beginning and the end of the time window, given by: θ θ df dt T = 1 df = T 2 8 dt = accumulated phase angle shift, cycles = rate of width of change of frequency, Hz/second the sampling window, seconds Example: For df/dt =.7 Hz/sec and.016 sec. window Dq = Cycles = degrees 20

21 Wide Area Measurement System for Palo Verde Nuclear Power Plant

22 ARIZONA LOCATION of SITES Palo Verde Transmission System Devers Palo Verde Arlington Valley Hassayampa Red Hawk Jojoba Westwing PHOENIX Kyrene North Gila Panda

23 SRP Communication Performance Data In End-to-End Messaging in 7ms! Data Out 23

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