Synchrophasors and the Smarter Grid

Transcription

1 Synchrophasors and the Smarter Grid

2 Synchrophasor A synchrophasor is a phasor measurement with respect to an absolute time reference. With this measurement we can determine the absolute phase relationship between phase quantities at different locations on the power system.

3 Absolute Time Synchronization Has Fundamentally Changed the World Satellite GPS RCVR GPS RCVR IRIG-B IRIG-B PMU 1 Mag/Ang Mag/Ang PMU 2 A B

4 Time Waveform and Phasor Representation A 2 φ ωt φ Reference

5 A Timing Mark on a Generator Shaft

6 Synchrophasors Provide a Snapshot of the Power System P= V 1 V 2 sinф / X Ф= sin -1 (PX / V 1 V 2 ) V 1 0 P V 2 Ф Increase Stable Power Transfer

7 Synchrophasor System Components System Components Clocks PMUs PDCs Visualization Secure communications

8 ISO Super PDC System Architecture Utility Control Center System PDC Neighbor Utility Control Center PDC Visualization SEL-5078 Security Gateway Station PDC Other Substations PMU PMU GPS Clock

9 Timing Accuracy Requirements Synchrophasors require ±500 ns Modern Clocks provides ±100 ns GPS synchronized clocks typically used

10 Synchrophasor System Components System Components Clocks PMUs PDCs Visualization Secure communications

11 Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs)

12 Synchronized Phasor Measurement and Distance Protection

13 Enabling PMU Capability in the Relay Just Say Yes! SCADA Disturbance Record High-Speed Control

14 C Signal Processing Filter Selecting the Frequency Response

15 Synchrophasor System Components System Components Clocks PMUs PDCs Visualization Secure communications

16 Data Concentration & Archiving Time Alignment and Superpacket Creation Protocol Conversion Data Parsing Data Rate Change Archive Maximum Data Locally

17 PDC Architecture

18 Synchrophasor System Components System Components Clocks PMUs PDCs Visualization Secure communications

19 Visualizing Synchrophasors Bus Voltage Instantaneous Phase Angles Line MVA PMU ID Trended Phase Angles Frequency

20 Synchrophasor System Components System Components Clocks PMUs PDCs Visualization Secure communications

21 ISO Super PDC System Architecture Utility Control Center System PDC Neighbor Utility Control Center PDC Visualization SEL-5078 Security Gateway Station PDC Other Substations PMU PMU GPS Clock

22 Information Security End-to to-end Security Substation Security

23 Securing the Information Establish an electronic security perimeter Use multilayered system architecture that includes a firewall Encrypt communications in/out of substation Disable unused ports on all devices Send C data using UDP Secure (UDP_S)

24 Multi-layered Secure Architecture

25 SCADA Speed Sufficient for Many Special Protection Schemes System operators need data before things start to happen

26 Sometimes the Need for Speed Is Not Obvious 64 Minutes

27 It Can Fall Apart in Three Minutes 64 Minutes

28 Synchrophasors Are a Flexible Tool State measurement Disturbance recording Modal analysis Dynamic response measurement and High-Speed Protection and Control

29 Synchrophasor Applications

30 Synchrophasors Provide a Snapshot of the Power System P= V 1 V 2 sinф / X Ф= sin -1 (PX / V 1 V 2 ) V 1 0 P V 2 Ф Increase Stable Power Transfer

31 Streaming Data Better than SCADA - Imagine Driving in 5 Second Blinks

32 Synchrophas or Data is Critical

33 Courtesy of Entergy Corp.

34 Courtesy of Entergy Corp.

35 Synchrophasors Detect Island Courtesy of Entergy Corp.

36 Florida Power & Light: Distributed Generation Anti-Islanding Angle Freq df/dt Voltage

37 SEGIS Anti-Islanding Demo Advanced Energy led ODOT solar project: 100 kw installation Stage 3 demo planned for August 11

38 SEGIS Field Testing Results Island event Longest trip 1.1 seconds Utility functions Curtailment Ramp rate Power factor

39 Archiving System Disturbance Recording Event Capture and Analysis SEL-3306

40 Utilities Are Operating Closer to the Edge Margin Margin 1.0 Operating Point Bifurcation Point PU Nominal Load

41 Eskom s s Voltage Stability Assessment System

42 The Texas Synchrophasor Network Blue outlines: Central ERCOT McDonald Observatory Wind country Waco Austin 120V and Harris 69kV Boerne (SEL) Austin Houston (SEL) Brazos Electric PMU Austin Energy PMU Funding provided by EPRI Concentrated distant load UT Pan Am 2

43 Estimate Thevenin Equivalent Impedances Across the Grid with Synchrophasors Vangle = δ Bus 7 WIND Pexport 500 km Thevenin Impedance jxth Central ERCOT Vangle = 0 Local conventional Pload,conv Pgen,conv Use the Excel Solver with angle measurements to minimize least-squared error and obtain Xth P VV sin( 1 2 δ X TH ) 8

44 A 2 Hz Mode in Ambient Oscillation Forms with High Wind Generation Small Wind (2%) without 2 Hz Cluster Big Wind (20%) with 2 Hz Cluster March 12, 02:00 03:00 Wind Generation 2% March 18, 02:00 03:00 Wind Generation > 20% 1 hour 2 Hz Cluster 9

45 Only Synchrophasors Provide Angle Difference Angle Difference Frequency Charts provided by University of Texas

46 Integration of Renewable Energy With over 28GW of wind power in the SPP interconnection queue, this is a big deal! OG&E requiring a PMU at the point of interconnection for every wind farm Important to monitor power quality and dynamic response 46 46

47 Oscillations Due to Wind Farm Wind farm PMU shows many undesirable components, the worst at 14Hz 47

48 Big Creek Controls Rector Static VAR Compensator

49 C to SCADA based FACTS Control SCADA Master DNP3 Information Processor IEEE C37.118

50 SRP SynchroWAVe Synchroscope 230 kv Bus 115 kv Bus SEL-421 SEL kv Bus

51 SRP Operator Closes Tie Based on Synchrophasors, 2004

52 Relay-to to-relay Synchrophasors for Generator Shedding

53 Generator Shedding Based on Angle Chicoasen Angostura

54 Wide-Area Protection at Relay Speeds

55 Modal Analysis Shows System Response 1996 Event

56 Slow Oscillations Facilitate Control P= V 1 V 2 sinф / X 0.4 Hz 2.5 sec. Raise Voltage Reduce Voltage

57 A New Tool for Old Problems Synchrophasors Are cost effective Provide accurate time-synchronized event information Can be used to meet NERC PRC requirements Are being used for new approaches in protection and control

58 Disturbance recording Apply Synchrophasors Now Relay-to-relay control Modal analysis Special protection schemes System control

59 Don t t Imagine It Engineer It What Can You Do With Synchrophasors?

60 URLs for More Application Information SEL website: Eskom Voltage Stabilty Solar Generator Control PV Powered Generator Black-start SRP Anti-islanding at FPL UT Texas with Dr. Mack Grady SCE Static VAR Control Using Modal Analysis to Mitigate Power System Oscillations Another useful website - North American SynchroPhasor Initiative (NASPI) website: OGE presentation, Entergy presentation and many others