Overcome mmwave Component Test Challenges. Senior Project Manager / Keysight Technologies

Transcription

1 Overcome mmwave Component Test Challenges Senior Project Manager / Keysight Technologies Kenny Liao Taipei

2 D I S C U S S I O N T O P I C S Millimeter Wave Component Application Space Millimeter Vector Network Analyzer Architecture Calibration at Millimeter Wave Frequencies Amplifier Characterization Receiver Characterization PNA-TDR USB VNA Conclusions 2

3 M I L L I M E T E R W AV E F R E Q U E N C I E S Commercial Industry Automotive radar 77 GHz & 120 GHz Wireless backhaul WiGig ad GHz Radar/EW GHz & GHz 94 GHz to 650 GHz Next Gen wireless communications 5G GHz & GHz Courtesy Secure communication system 44 GHz to 93 GHz Millimeter Wave imaging 35 GHz to 325 GHz Aerospace Defense Industry 3

4 Millimeter Wave Components T H E N E E D F O R C H A R A C T E R I Z AT I O N Millimeter wave components are underlying building blocks of systems in: Imaging and sensing Cyber security EW Radar and communication systems Device characterization and validation of millimeter wave components Millimeter wave couplers & filters Front - end Tx/Rx Mixers (Fundamental, Harmonic and differential) - Receivers and upconverters Millimeter wave amplifiers - Transmitters Millimeter wave sources - Transmitters Magnitude and phase information crucial for simulation during design stage Ensure devices meet specifications during manufacturing PNA-TDR & USB VNA 4

5 D I S C U S S I O N T O P I C S Millimeter Wave Component Application Space Millimeter Vector Network Analyzer Architecture Calibration at Millimeter Wave Frequencies Amplifier Characterization Receiver Characterization PNA-TDR USB VNA Conclusions 5

6 Typical System Implementation D I S T R I B U T E D A R C H I T E C T U R E Vector Network Analyzer Millimeter Wave Test Set Controller Network Analyzer is the measurement engine Required Test Set Controller interfaces to modules Frequency Extenders Frequency Extenders Frequency Extenders Frequency Extenders Frequency Extenders provide frequency conversion and signal coupling Network Analyzer Test Set Controller Frequency Extenders Device under test 6

7 Millimeter VNA Architecture M E A S U R E M E N T R E Q U I R E M E N T S Bring the measurement to the device Stable system architecture Sufficient power to get desired compression behavior Accurately control the phase of the stimulus Fully corrected and traceable measurements with uncertainty 1.2 db Loss for 8 cm Device failures after 8 Hrs. 7

8 Distributed Architectures Challenges A D D I N G L O W F R E Q U E N C Y LFE Source / Receiver Module R1ꞌ Aꞌ LFE Input External bias Standard source 10 MHz 26.5/67 GHz Pulse modulator Test port R1 A Keysight implementation of low frequency coverage 500 Hz 100 MHz 8

9 M E S F E T L O W F R E Q U E N C Y A N O M A L I E S Shows up as frequency dispersion of the G m or transconductance impedance term Impacts on device performance are: Causes I d lag effects of the MESFET Hysteresis in current-voltage characteristics Low frequency oscillation GaAs MESFET Linear region Saturation region Complicates the device models and circuit designs. Source is not well understood LFE enables more accurate device models and less complex device designs N5290/91A Measurement Start Freq Reference: Characterization of the frequency Dispersion of Transconductance and Drain Conductance of GaAs MESFET Yumiko Hasumi, Nobutoshi Matsunaga, Tsutoma Oshima, 9

10 Distributed Architectures Challenges A C T I V E D E V I C E C H A R A C T E R I Z AT I O N Provide Kelvin bias at the DUT Limited ground loops. Low leakage typically less than 400 pa is desirable LEMO Sense Connector BNC Force Connector Mag (I ds ) v.s. Mag (V gs ) Vd = 0.1 and 1.5V The measured Ids for Low Vd are different (from RF and DC). This will cause the differences with extraction 10

11 S I Z E S TA B I L I T Y T R A D E O F F Current Industry Capability Probe Positioner with fully X-Y-Z control Current Industry Capability 11

12 D I S C U S S I O N T O P I C S Millimeter Wave Component Application Space Millimeter Vector Network Analyzer Architecture Calibration at Millimeter Wave Frequencies Amplifier Characterization Receiver Characterization PNA-TDR USB VNA Conclusions 12

13 M odel A ccurac y Li n Millimeter Wave System Calibration M I L L I M E T E R W AV E C A L I B R AT I O N C H A L L E N G E S Wide frequency coverage 500 Hz to 125 GHz Broadband load Closed form polynomial models are limited Inductance short model Capacitance open model Load match and delay Traditional SOLT methods of error extraction limited Limited Smith chart coverage Frequency GHz lowband model highband model broadband model 13

14 D ATA B A S E D O F F S E T S H O R T S Key features of a millimeter wave coaxial calibration kit Eliminate need for broadband load Implements multiple shorts to cover frequency range Characterize devices using a database model Enhanced least squares fit method of calibration 14

15 M A I N TA I N T R A C E A B I L I T Y A N D U N C E R TA I N T Y Use of standard connectors versus frequency coverage Standards compliant connectors imply ease of traceability Traceable 1.0 mm calibration through 1.0 mm calibration kit devices Keysight IEEE compliant 1.0 mm Connector 15

16 Broadband Millimeter Wave System Calibration ON- W A F E R C A L I B R AT I O N S TA N D A R D S Supported Calibration Methods SOLT - Short Open Load Thru SOLR - Short Open Load Reciprocal LRM - Line Reflect Match LRRM - Line Reflect Reflect Match TRL - Thru Reflect Line Special requirements > 50 GHz Microwave absorbing ISS holder reduces unwanted mismatch Ideal Calibration applications LRRM, LRM & SOL-R calibrations ISS enhanced for CPW transmission mode thinned to 10 mils 16

17 Power R E C E I V E R C A L I B R AT I O N Traditional methods Utilize multiple sensors to cover frequency range Typically waveguide sensors Coaxial sensors limited to diode based detection Broadband Power sensor technology Thermal based technology Easily expanded to 120 GHz using calorimeter characterization 17

18 D I S C U S S I O N T O P I C S Millimeter Wave Component Application Space Millimeter Vector Network Analyzer Architecture Calibration at Millimeter Wave Frequencies Amplifier Characterization Receiver Characterization PNA-TDR USB VNA Conclusions 18

19 Amplifier Test A M P L I F I E R S P E C I F I C AT I O N S Input match Gain Output match Reverse isolation Compression Total harmonic distortion Low frequency performance 19

20 L I N E A R P E R F O R M A N C E Gain ~ 10 db to 5 db slope Input levelled -10 dbm Output Power 0 to -5 dbm Input Match -20 db to -15 db Output Match -18 db Reverse Isolation -40 db to -60 db 20

21 Amplifier Test 1 D B C O M P R E S S I O N Requires accurate characterization of power Accurate measurement of the power Source power sweep versus frequency 21

22 1 D B G A I N C O M P R E S S I O N Linear Gain ~ 10 db to 5 db slope Input 1 dbm Compression ~ -0.5 dbm Output dbm Compression ~ 9 dbm to 3 dbm slope Change in Compression ~ 1 db db Compression ~ 9 db to 3 db slope Input Compression ~ 15 db 22

23 Amplifier Spectrum H A R M O N I C C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S Output 30 GHz ~ + 4 dbm 2 nd Harmonic ~ - 28 dbm 3 rd Harmonic ~ - 36 dbm 4 th Harmonic ~ - 46 dbm Input 30 GHz ~ - 6 dbm 2 nd Harmonic ~ - 50 dbm 3 rd Harmonic ~ - 67 dbm 4 th Harmonic ~ - 86 dbm Noise floor limited 23

24 Amplifier THD D I F F I Q T H D M E A S U R E M E N T Utilizes the ability to set sources and tune receivers independently on a VNA 24

25 T O TA L H A R M O N I C D I S T O R T I O N Frequency Output Power (dbm) Watts Fund E-03 H E-06 H E-07 H E-08 Total Harmonic Distortion 2.89E % Fund Power 5.19 dbm Input Power -5.31dBm 2 nd Harmonic Power dbm 3 rf Harmonic Power dbm 4 th Harmonic Power dbm 25

26 Amplifier Test L O W F R E Q U E N C Y P E R F O R M A N C E Low Frequency Gain Utilizing Log Frequency sweep 500 Hz to 4 GHz with 22 db Gain Input Match Utilizing log Frequency sweep -21 to -35 db Output Match log Frequency sweep -23 db Isolation Utilizing log Frequency sweep -31 db 26

27 D I S C U S S I O N T O P I C S Millimeter Wave Component Application Space Millimeter Vector Network Analyzer Architecture Calibration at Millimeter Wave Frequencies Amplifier Characterization Receiver Characterization PNA-TDR USB VNA Conclusions 27

28 E - B A N D R E C E I V E R Linear Gain Receiver Match Compression Receiver Bandwidth 28

29 E-Band Receiver Test R E C E I V E R G A I N A N D M AT C H P E R F O R M A N C E RF Input Frequency: 60 GHz to 90 GHz -20 dbm Received Power 2 GHz Base Band Frequencies LO Input Frequencies GHz Fundamental -10 dbm LO Power 29

30 E-Band Receiver Characterization R E C E I V E R G A I N A N D M AT C H P E R F O R M A N C E Conversion Gain 4.5 db RF Input Power -20 dbm Receiver Input Match db RF Output Match db 30

31 E-Band Receiver Characterization R E C E I V E R G A I N C O M P R E S S I O N RF Input Frequency: 60 GHz to 90 GHz -50 dbm to +5 Received Power 2 GHz Base Band Frequencies LO Input Frequencies GHz Fundamental -10 dbm LO Power 31

32 E-Band Receiver Characterization R E C E I V E R G A I N C O M P R E S S I O N 32

33 R E C E I V E R G A I N C O M P R E S S I O N Linear Conversion Gain 4.53 db Change in Conversion Gain db Input 1 db Compression -18 db Converter 1 db Compression 3.68 db Input 1 db Compression dbm Output 1 db Compression dbm 33

34 R E C E I V E R I F B A N D W I D T H P E R F O R M A N C E RF Input Frequency: Fixed 77 GHz -20 dbm Received Power 10 MHz 5 GHz Base Band Frequency LO Input Frequencies Swept GHz Power -10 dbm LO Power 34

35 R E C E I V E R I F B A N D W I D T H P E R F O R M A N C E 35

36 E-Band Receiver Characterization R E C E I V E R I F B A N D W I D T H P E R F O R M A N C E Input Match db over IF Frequency RF Input Power -20 dbm IF Output Power -2 dbm to -13 dbm IF Output Match db over IF Frequency Conversion Gain 6.68 db over IF Frequency 36

37 D I S C U S S I O N T O P I C S Millimeter Wave Component Application Space Millimeter Vector Network Analyzer Architecture Calibration at Millimeter Wave Frequencies Amplifier Characterization Receiver Characterization PNA-TDR USB VNA Conclusions 37

38 No difference in information content between the time domain and frequency domain S93011A PNA-TDR Introduction 38

39 Using Fourier Transform techniques, the time domain response can be mathematically transformed into the frequency domain response and back again without changing or losing any information. S93011A PNA-TDR Introduction 39

40 TDR (Time Domain Reflection) Evaluate the impedance profile to locate discontinuities Shape and polarity of the reflections provide insight about the line TDT (Time Domain Transmission) Evaluate propagation delay and rise time degradation Propagation delay important for differential signals Useful for monitoring crosstalk and mode conversion S93011A PNA-TDR Introduction 40

41 Return Loss (Sdd11) Evaluate reflection of signal through interconnect Insertion Loss (Sdd21) Evaluate attenuation of signal through the interconnect Useful for estimating highest useable frequency, or the bandwidth of the interconnect S93011A PNA-TDR Introduction 41

42 IFT Determines the degree to which closely spaced impedance mismatches can be resolved Inversely related to the frequency bandwidth Δt frequency bandwidth bandwidth FT response resolution (Δt) Increasing frequency bandwidth leads to finer time domain resolution S93011A PNA-TDR Introduction 42

43 IFT Discrete frequency points obtained by the VNA causes time domain response to repeat every 1/Δf seconds (aliasing in the time domain) Limits maximum DUT length that can be measured Δf time domain range Δf FT time domain range Finer frequency domain resolution leads to longer time domain alias-free range S93011A PNA-TDR Introduction 43

44 Measurement domain VNA Display domain Frequency Domain TDR Scope Time Domain S93011A PNA-TDR Introduction 44

45 Measurements (Modes) S93010A Time domain S93011A PNA-TDR TDR Scope Frequency Domain (S-parameters) Yes Yes Yes Time Domain (TDR/TDT) Yes Yes Yes Eye Diagram / Mask Testing No Yes (simulated) Yes (live) Oscilloscope (measure waveforms) No No Yes Jitter Analysis No No Yes Features S93010A Time domain S93011A PNA-TDR TDR Scope Speed and Accuracy Best Best Fair ESD Robustness Best Best Fair Simple and Intuitive Operation Fair Yes Yes S93011A PNA-TDR Introduction 45

46 S93011 S93010 Measurements S93010A Time domain Frequency Domain (S-parameters) Yes Yes Time Domain (TDR/TDT) Yes Yes DC Estimation Method Fair Good S93011A PNA-TDR is a superset of S93010 Time domain S93011A PNA-TDR Eye Diagram / Mask Testing No Yes (simulated) Advanced Signal Integrity Analysis Features User Interface Gating Yes Yes Stressed Eye Diagram Analysis of Interconnects Hot TDR (Avoid Spurious) No Yes No Fair traditional VNA soft-key architecture Yes Good Similar look-and-feel to TDR scopes S93011A PNA-TDR Introduction 46

47 S93011A PNA-TDR is an enhancement of the S93010A Time domain analysis software. The software, running on the PNA-X/PNA/PNA-L Series B-model Vector Network Analyzers, offers digital signal integrity engineers an one box solution for characterizing high speed serial interconnects. 3 Breakthroughs for Signal Integrity Design and Verification Simple and Intuitive Operation Fast and Accurate Measurements ESD protection inside High ESD Robustness S93011A PNA-TDR Introduction 47

48 Model Number Description Ref Price (1FP) S93011A Enhanced Time Domain Analysis with TDR $16, S93011A PNA-TDR is not supported on the following products and options: PNA-X / PNA / PNA-L Series A-model Vector Network Analyzers Low frequency extension is disabled with Option 205 and 425 Millimeter-wave Vector Network Analyzers: single-sweep solutions (N5290A/N5291A), banded waveguide solutions 2. Supported software license types: fixed-perpetual (1FP), transportable-perpetual (1TP), fixed-1-year (1FY), and transportable-1-year (1TY) 3. The ECal DC option (#0DC) is recommended for higher time domain accuracy. S93011A PNA-TDR Introduction 48

49 TDR (Tdd11, Tdd22) TDT (Tdd21, Tdd12) Return Loss (Sdd11, Sdd22) Insertion Loss (Sdd21, Sdd12) Dedicated GUI for TDR analysis provides intuitive operation for users not familiar to VNAs and S-parameter measurements Easily locate source of loss, reflections and crosstalk by simultaneous analysis of both time and frequency domains Similar look-and-feel to TDR scopes S93011A PNA-TDR Introduction 49

50 S e t u p W i z a r d The Setup Wizard guides you through all of the steps, making setup intuitive and error-free Automatically sets the optimum parameters (range, resolution, windowing, etc.) for your DUT Simple 4-step operation S93011A PNA-TDR Introduction 50

51 DUT: 50 Ohm pattern VNA-TDR TDR Scope 1 ohm/div 1 ohm/div VNA Based TDR measurements = Low Noise S93011A PNA-TDR Introduction 51

52 DUT: 50 Ohm pattern VNA-TDR TDR Scope 1 ohm/div Averaging 1 ohm/div Averaging can lower noise BUT S93011A PNA-TDR Introduction 52

53 DUT: 50 Ohm pattern VNA-TDR TDR Scopes 1 ohm/div Averaging 1 ohm/div Real-Time Analysis S93011A PNA-TDR Introduction 53

54 VNA: > 120 db TDR Scope [Source] Source power rapidly decreases with increase in frequency => loss of accuracy for higher frequencies S93011A PNA-TDR [Source] Source power leveled and constant across entire frequency range => NO loss of accuracy for higher frequencies TDR scope: 40 to 50 db [Receiver] Broadband All noise up to the bandwidth of the system is observed =>NO noise reduction [Receiver ] Narrowband Noise attenuated in stopband of filter => Noise reduction For further details (including mathematical analysis), refer to the White Paper Comparison of Measurement Performance between Vector Network Analyzer and TDR Oscilloscope ( EN). Significant differences in performance due to the instrument architecture S93011A PNA-TDR Introduction 54

55 S y s t e m d e f a u l t c a l i b r a t i o n To achieve reasonable accuracy without user calibration, calibration at the test ports is performed at the factory ( System Default calset ) and applied in the TDR Measurement Class. Tdd11 Sdd11 System Default Cal ref plane Tdd21 Sdd21 DUT User Cal ref plane red trace: System Default Cal at test ports yellow trace: User Cal at end of test cables User calibration is recommended for higher accuracy S93011A PNA-TDR Introduction 55

56 E r r o r c o r r e c t i o n t e c h n i q u e c o m p a r i s o n Deskew Commonly used in time domain instruments Simple to perform Only corrects for delay delay Full calibration (ECal) Commonly used in frequency domain instruments Requires more standards Accounts for all major sources of error loss mismatch Measure the true performance of your device delay loss mismatch S93011A PNA-TDR Introduction 56

57 M e a s u r e m e n t c o m p a r i s o n : D e s k e w vs E c a l ( D U T = t h r u a d a p t e r ) Deskew Full calibration (ECal) Mismatch not removed Loss not removed Rise time degradation Full calibration (Ecal) recommended for higher accuracy S93011A PNA-TDR Introduction 57

58 T D R S c o p e In addition, protection diodes cannot be placed in front of the sampling bridge as this would limit the bandwidth. This reduces the safe input voltage for a sampling oscilloscope to about 3 V, as compared to 500 V available on other oscilloscopes. Tektronix ApNote XYZ of Oscilloscopes, p17 (02/09, 03W ) External ESD protection module (80A02) available, but rise time is degraded. Rise time degradation from 28ps to 37ps with 80E04 TDR module. Single-channel protection, but only four slots are available. Additional cost of $4K/module. Difficult to implement protection circuits inside the instrument without sacrificing performance S93011A PNA-TDR Introduction 58

59 PNA- T D R Higher robustness against ESD, because protection circuits are implemented inside the instrument for all ports, while maintaining excellent RF performance. Proprietary ESD protection chip Reduce instrument repair fees and downtime S93011A PNA-TDR Introduction 59

60 provides a one-box solution for high speed serial interconnect analysis Time domain Frequency domain Eye diagram brings three breakthroughs for signal integrity design and verification Simple & Intuitive Operation Fast & Accurate Measurements High ESD Robustness S93011A PNA-TDR Introduction 60

61 D I S C U S S I O N T O P I C S Millimeter Wave Component Application Space Millimeter Vector Network Analyzer Architecture Calibration at Millimeter Wave Frequencies Amplifier Characterization Receiver Characterization PNA-TDR USB VNA Conclusions 61

62 62

63 B E N C H, U S B, M O D U L A R BENCH USB NEW! MODULAR Benchtop instruments are ideal for the R&D environment for detailed analysis The new Keysight Streamline Series has all the capabilities of a benchtop instrument in a small, portable USB form factor With the same technology as our other platforms, this is the ideal tool for automated testing with a PXI chassis 63

64 K E Y S I G H T S T R E A M L I N E S E R I E S V N A P937xA instruments are compact, USB Vector Network Analyzers (VNA) that fit in just one hand Plug & play USB connection to host PC for fast and easy setup Wide frequency coverage up to 26.5 GHz Same calibration and measurement science as the trusted Keysight VNAs (PNA, ENA, PXI VNA) Same GUI as the Keysight benchtop and modular VNAs Code compatible with the PNA series (B-model), E5080A ENA, PXI VNAs (M937xA & M9485A) Ability to extend the number of ports (up to 4 ports) 64

65 K E Y S I G H T S T R E A M L I N E S E R I E S V N A Frequency coverage: 4.5, 6.5, 9, 14, 20, 26.5 GHz Full 2-port VNA Benchtop capabilities and options such as: automatic fixture removal, time domain analysis, scalar mixer/converter measurements, and N-port calibrated measurements Good performance dynamic range, trace noise, temperature stability 65

66 C O N S I S T E N T M E A S U R E M E N T S C I E N C E Get the same capabilities you would expect to find in a benchtop: Leverages 40+ years of network analysis expertise Same user interface and SCPI commands across all three platforms: benchtop PNA/ENA, modular PXI VNA, and now USB Supports all Keysight mechanical calibration kits and ECal modules 66

67 A U T O M AT I C F I X T U R E R E M O VA L ( S A ) This software is the easiest way to remove fixture effects from noncoaxial device measurements You can extract fixture S-parameters from 2x thru-port or one-port measurements There is a built-in step-by-step wizard to help characterize your fixture and remove it from your measurements 67

68 T I M E D O M A I N A N A LY S I S ( S A ) The S97010A software option enables you to use and analyze: Fully error-corrected time domain reflection or transmission response Gating to remove unwanted responses (for example: from test fixtures) The frequency domain transformed into the time domain or time domain to the frequency domain 68

69 S C A L A R M I X E R / C O N V E R T E R M E A S U R E M E N T S ( S A ) The intuitive user interface of the software makes it easy to use This allows you to perform a frequency-offset sweep The software will also ensure you have matchcorrected external signal generators You will also find the highest accuracy conversion-loss/gain measurements with the Scalar Mixer Calibration (SMC) RF IF LO 69

70 A D D M O R E P O R T S Extend the number of ports by cascading two VNAs with shared signals. A 4-port VNA can be configured with two 2-port VNAs N-port Calibrated Measurements (S97551A)* This software enables multiport S-parameter measurements Allows for multiport testing with full N-port error correction Completely and accurately characterize your multiport devices *One (not both) of the VNAs must have a S97551A software license *If more than 4-ports are needed, PXI VNA systems are recommended (M937xA or M9485A) 70

71 K E Y S I G H T S T R E A M L I N E S E R I E S V N A High Performance in a Small Form Factor The P937xA series of USB instruments offer benchtop functionality in a compact form factor 1U rack size makes saves coveted real estate on the rack Extend the number of ports by stacking two units Consistent Technology and UI This USB VNA uses the same technology and user interface as the PNA and ENA benchtops, along with the PXI VNAs Consistent measurements and automated programming (SCPI commands) can be used across all platforms: USB, benchtop, modular These utilize the same calibration and measurement sciences as the other Keysight trusted VNAs Supports all Cal kits and ECal modules PC Based Instrumentation Easy to use, simply plug in and go! USB connection with a Windows 7 or bit PC 71

72 D I S C U S S I O N T O P I C S Millimeter Wave Component Application Space Millimeter Vector Network Analyzer Architecture Calibration at Millimeter Wave Frequencies Amplifier Characterization Receiver Characterization PNA-TDR USB VNA Conclusions 72

73 C O N C L U S I O N S Clearly a big drive for utilization of millimeter wave frequencies Millimeter vector network analyzer architecture is key to support characterization of these components Capability to fully calibrate impedance and power ensures that millimeter wave measurements are accurately computed Software applications key to make measurements simple Amplifier characterization Receiver characterization PNA-TDR & USB VNA 73

74 Thank you! 74

75