Lecture 9: Raman lidar
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1 Lecture 9: Raman lidar
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10 Water vapor mixing ratio measured by the SRL during the dryline event. Temporal resolution is 3 minutes, vertical smoothing varied between 90 meters at 0.5 km to 330 meters above 4 km.the calibration of the data was determined with respect to SuomiNet GPS mounted on the SRL trailer.
11 NASA/GSFC Raman Airborne Spectroscopic Lidar (RASL)
12 RASL
13 NASA/GSFC Raman Airborne Spectroscopic Lidar (RASL) RASL Specifications Laser Continuum 9050 Nd:YAG (355 nm), 350 mj/pulse, 50 Hz Telescope Custom 24 athermal, manufactured by DFM Engineering Data acquisition 250 Mhz photon counting and 20 Mhz analog detection Range resolution 7.5 meter Measurements water vapor/407.5/0.25 [Molecule/ liquid water/403.2/6.0 Wavelength (nm)/ Bandpass (nm)] nitrogen/386.7/0.3 oxygen/375/0.3 or CO2/371.6/0.3 elastic unpolarized/354.7/0.3 elastic parallel polarized/354.7/0.3 elastic perpendicular polarized/354.7/0.3 Detectors Hamamatsu R1924 (Raman) and R7400 (aerosol) PMTs Field of View 0.25 mrad
14 Raman lidar system for the measurements of tropospheric water vapor
15 Raman Lidar System 407.8nm 386.7nm 355nm 355nm PD 0.625m Cassegrain telescope Field Stop L A S E R Ocular T 407.8nm F nm PMT Control Computer Amplifier MCS1 D PMT Amplifier MCS2 F2 355nm MCS3 R PMT Amplifier F3 Synchronization Control Electronic gate control signal Trigger signal Laser control signal
16 Main technical parameters of Raman Lidar System Laser Nd:YAG Wavelength (nm) 355 Pulse energy (mj) 80 Pulse width (ns) 20 Beam divergence (mrad) 1 Pulse repetition (Hz) 10 Receiving telescope Cassegrain Diameter (mm) 625 Filed of view (mrad) 3 Interference filters Central wavelength (nm) Bandwidth (nm) Transmission (%) PMT(EMI) 9214QB B Preamplifier(EG&G) VT120 3 Gain 200 Bandwidth (MHz) 350 Multi-channel Scaler EG&G 914P 3 Maximum count rate 150MHz
17 Characteristics of three dichronic beam splitter Beam Splitter 407.8nm 386.7nm 355nm T >95%(R) 15%(R) 85%(T) D 65 %(R) 35%(T) >85%(T) >85%(T) R >95%(R) >85%(R) Dichronic Transmission (%) Trichronic Transmission (%) Transmission (%) Reflector Wavelength (nm) Wavelength (nm) Wavelength (nm)
18 Raman Water Vapor Raman Nitrogen Rayleigh-Mie Central wavelength (nm) Bandwidth (nm) Transmission at Central Wavelength (%) Transmission at 355nm and 532nm Transmission at 200nm~1200nm Characteristics of three interference filters Transmission at 375nm, 387nm, 580nm and 607nm Diameter (mm) Thickness (mm)
19 Transmission function of two Raman interference filters Raman water vapor filter Raman nitrogen filter Transmission (%) Wavelength (nm) Transmission (%) Wavelength (nm)
20 Raman Water Vapor: S k λh σ ( π ) n q( λ,z,z) q(,z,z) λ = H 2 H H 0 0 λh 0 z Raman Nitrogen: S k Raman Lidar Equation λn σ ( π ) n q( λ,z,z) q(,z,z) λ = N 2 N N 0 0 λn 0 Water Vapor Mixing Ratio: ( ) w z n = n z M M H H = dry dry n n H N M M H dry n n N dry
21 Water Vapor Mixing Ratio: w w = C Δ ( z,z) w q 0 S S H N where C w is the system calibration constant C w = k k N H σ σ N H ( π ) M H nn ( π ) M dry ndry w q ( z 0,z) Δ is the transmission correction function w q ( z,z) Δ = 0 q q ( λn,z0,z) ( λ,z,z) H 0
22 Retrieval for signals S S H N = S S H N ' ' / γ H / γ N S S H N ' ' = within the overlap region S S H N ' ' γ N γ H γ N γ H can be obtained through simultaneously measuring the return signals at 386.7nm for Raman water vapor and nitrogen channels. Altitude(km) May.19,1999 Jun.02, γ Ν / γ Η
23 w Transmission Correction Function ( z 0,z) Δ q 6 Altitude(km) nm τ=0.0 τ=0.25 τ=0.5 τ= Transmission Ratio Vertical profiles of the transmission correction function for different aerosol optical depth
24 Calibration Constant C w C w The mean calibration constant C -- w =41.59 The standard deviation of calibration constant δc w = May Jun Date
25 Vertical Profiles of the water vapor mixing ratio Altitude (km) Lidar radiosonde 20% Relative humidity May 6,1999 Altitude(km) Lidar radiosonde 20% Relative humidity May 11, Water vapor mixing ratio (g/kg) Water vapor mixing ratio (g/kg) Altitude (km) Lidar radiosonde 20% Relative humidity May 14, Water vapor mixing ratio (g/kg)
26 Spatial and temporal variation of water vapor Altitude (km) May 26, :24-20:33 20:33-20:41 20:41-20:50 20:50-21:00 21:00-21:09 21:09-21: water vapor mixing ratio (g/kg)
27 Water vapor mixing ratio in the cloud Altitude (km) Lidar radiosonde 100% relative humidity 355nm Jun.02, Water vapor mixing ratio (g/kg)
28 Error Analysis 2 δw w = δs S 2 + δt T 2 δc + C w w Jun.02, Jun.02,1999 Altitude(km) Altitude(km) Altitude(km) δs/s(%) δt/t (%) δw/w (%)
29 Rotational Raman lidar for temperature measurement
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36 Examples of return signals
37 Examples of results
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