Lecture 08. Fundamentals of Lidar Remote Sensing (6)
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1 Lecture 08. Fundamentals of Lidar Remote Sensing (6) Basic Lidar Architecture Basic Lidar Architecture Configurations vs. Arrangements Transceiver with HOE A real example: STAR Na Doppler Lidar Another example: MRI Fe Doppler Lidar Summary 1
2 Physical Picture of Lidar Equation β(λ,λ L,θ,R) ΔR T(λ L,R) T(λ,R) N L (λ L ) η(λ,λ L )G(R) A R 2 2
3 Basic Architecture of LIDAR Transmitter (Light Source) Receiver (Light Collection & Detection) Data Acquisition & Control System 3
4 Function of Transmitter A transmitter is to provide laser pulses that meet certain requirements depending on application needs (e.g., wavelength, frequency accuracy, bandwidth, pulse duration time, pulse energy, repetition rate, divergence angle, polarization, etc). Usually, transmitter consists of lasers, collimating optics, diagnostic equipment, wavelength control system, and beam steering. For sophisticated lidars with spectral analysis capabilities, the lidar transmitter is usually the most challenging part of a lidar. The properties of the lidar transmitter determine the performance of the lidar system. Most modern lidars use ns pulsed lasers, while some uses cw lasers with bistatic configuration or pulse coding. 4
5 Function of Receiver A receiver is to collect and detect returned photon signals while compressing background noise. Usually, it consists of telescopes, filters, collimating optics, photon detectors, pulse discriminators, polarization discrimination, optical fibers, etc. The bandwidth of the filters determines whether the receiver can spectrally distinguish the returned photons. 5
6 Function of Data Acquisition and Control System Data acquisition and control system are to record returned data and corresponding time-of-flight, provide system control and coordination to transmitter and receiver. Usually, it consists of multi-channel scaler which has very precise clock so can record time precisely, discriminator, computer and software. This part has become more and more important to modern lidars. Recording every single pulse return has been done by several groups, enabling various data acquisition modes. 6
7 LIDAR Configurations: Bistatic vs. Monostatic Bistatic configuration involves a considerable separation of the transmitter and receiver to achieve spatial resolution in optical probing study. Monostatic configuration has the transmitter and receiver locating at the same location, so that in effect one has a single-ended system. The precise determination of range is enabled by the nanosecond pulsed lasers via time of flight (TOF). A monostatic lidar can have either coaxial or biaxial arrangement. 7
8 Basic Configurations of LIDAR Bistatic and Monostatic Δz R = c Δt 2 z Transmitter Receiver Pulsed Laser Bistatic Configuration Monostatic Configuration A 8
9 Coaxial vs. Biaxial Arrangements In a coaxial system, the axis of the laser beam is coincident with the axis of the receiver optics. In the biaxial arrangement, the laser beam only enters the field of view of the receiver optics beyond some predetermined range. Biaxial arrangement helps avoiding near-field backscattered radiation saturating photo-detector. The near-field backscattering problem in a coaxial system can be overcome by either gating of the photo-detector or use of a fast shutter or chopper. 9
10 Biaxial Arrangement 10
11 Coaxial Arrangement 11
12 Fancy Architecture of LIDAR Transceiver (Light Source Light Collection Lidar Detection) Data Acquisition & Control System Transceiver with holographic optical element (HOE) Courtesy to Geary Schwemmer 12
13 STAR Na LIDAR Schematic [J. A. Smith, W. Fong, W. Huang, and X. Chu, University of Colorado] 13
14 Ring Dye Laser ICA 589nm 532nm Brewster Plate From Verdi 1. Four mirror + Dye jet form the laser resonance cavity. 2. Unidirectional lasing prevents spatial hole-burning. 3. Rhomb compensates the astigmatism effect. 4. Optical diode forces the unidirectional lasing. 5. BRF + ICA (etalons) select frequency and narrow bandwidth. 6. Brewster plate + RCA + M3 PZT actively control frequency. 14
15 Na Doppler-Free Spectroscopy & Laser Frequency Lock e a D 2a D 2b b 3-Level Explanation 15
16 Acousto-Optical Modulator Hardware Mirror Shutter L 3 AO Shifter + L 2 AO Shifter To PDA _ L 1 Polarized Beam Splitter Ring Laser Light λ/4 Waveplate Shutter Drive CH1 Crystal Oscillator 315MHz AO Driver CH2 λ/2 Waveplate Optical Isolator Explanation: Doppler shift or Photon/Phonon Annihilation Diffracted Beam Ultrasonic Transducer θ Electric Input λs AO Crystal θ Sound wave fronts Incident Beam Diffracted Beam Ultrasonic Transducer θ λs Sound wave fronts Electric Input AO Crystal θ Incident Beam (b) (a) 16
17 Pulsed Amplification Fast Photo-Diode Linear Phase Amplifier Digitizer Computer λ/2 cw PBS AOM Mirror ND Filter Optical Isolator λ/2 Injection-Seeded Frequency-Doubled Nd:YAG Laser CL1 CL2 PDA DC1 DC2 DC3 1. Amplified Spontaneous Emission (ASE) 2. Injection-seeded Nd:YAG laser 3. PDA chirp caused by pulsed amplification 17
18 LIDAR REMOTE SENSING PROF. XINZHAO CHU CU-BOULDER, FALL 2014 STAR Na Doppler Lidars Δz = 24 m; Δt = 3 s Na Doppler Lidar Table Mountain Lidar Boulder 18
19 LIDAR REMOTE SENSING PROF. XINZHAO CHU CU-BOULDER, FALL 2014 MRI Fe Doppler LIDAR First Light Containerized MRI lidar hard to take photos Come to Table Mountain to see it by your own eyes! 19
20 Summary Basic lidar architecture includes transmitter, receiver and data acquisition and control system. Each has special functions. There are bistatic and monostatic configurations, and coaxial and biaxial arrangements. Two real lidars are used as examples to examine the basic concepts of lidar picture and lidar architecture. High level lidar systems are sophisticated, mainly on the transmitter (laser) aspect. But receiver and DAQ also strongly affect system performance. We will offer a field tour this evening to the Table Mountain Lidar Facility for students in our class. Please contact Ian Barry for it. 20
Lecture 08. Fundamentals of Lidar Remote Sensing (6)
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