Audio Transformer Inductance. Ian Thompson-Bell
|
|
- Abigayle Gaines
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Audio Transformer Inductance Ian Thompson-Bell January 2012
2 Introduction There seems to be a lot of mystery surrounding audio transformers which is not reduced by the reluctance of manufacturers to publish detailed specifications. This makes it hard for end users to choose between supposedly identical transformers from different manufacturers. When there is a significant price difference between them there seems to be little obvious justification for choosing the higher priced one other than reputation or hearsay concerning the 'sound' of a particular transformer. Given that most transformer manufacturers are equally well versed in the design and manufacture of transformers, the only real factors that can significantly affect the price of a transformer are the quality and quantity of the materials used in its construction. The two main materials used in transformers are wire for the windings and various materials for the magnetic core. If you use a bigger core and wind more turns of wire on it your transformer will be more expensive. This is interesting because using a bigger core and more turns of wire results in a larger inductance and the inductance of a transformer is a very important audio parameter that manufacturers seldom specify. The reason a transformer's inductance is important is that the primary winding inductance largely determines the low frequency response of the transformer. Suppose we have a 10K/600 transformer with a 600 ohm load connected across the secondary. This is reflected by the transformer to the primary where it 'looks like' 10K ohms so the driving amplifier only has to drive a 10K load which was basically the whole point of putting the transformer in. However, the reflected load is not the whole story because the inductive reactance of the primary winding is in parallel with it and the inductive reactance depends on the inductance. Suppose the transformer has a primary inductance of 20 Henries. The inductive reactance is proportional to frequency and is given by 2 x pi x f x L where L is the inductance in Henries and f is the frequency in Hertz. So at 1KHz the inductive reactance of our 20 Henry primary is over 120K which is clearly not a problem. However, at 20Hz, this reduces to around 2500 ohms which is much less than the advertised 10K ohms. If the driving circuit has a low enough output impedance it will be able to cope with this load without producing distortion at low frequencies and and with negligible loss of level. However, if the drive circuit is a tube one with an output impedance of 1500 ohms or more (a typical value) two things are likely to happen. First, the distortion at low frequencies is likely to rise considerably and secondly the response at 20Hz will be about 2dB down. Now, if the primary inductance was raised to 100 Henries (which needs more wire and probably a larger core) the inductive reactance at 20Hz would be well over 12K ohms and the tube driver would be perfectly happy. So, the bottom line is that a larger primary inductance gives a better low frequency
3 response and places little or no additional load on the driving circuit at low frequencies. With this in mind I recently invested in an Agilent U1371C LCR meter and used it to measure the primary and secondary inductances of a number of audio transformers. The results are given in following pages. For each one the measured primary and secondary inductance are given along with the calculated inductive reactance at 20Hz (XL20). The meter can read inductance at 100Hz, 120Hz and 1KHz. Without exception, the highest inductance reading was obtained at the lowest frequency (100Hz) and it is the 100Hz measurement that is quoted in the results section. After posting the initial results at groupdiy.com, several members offered their own measurements of other audio transformers. These results have now been appended.
4 Results Sowter 7490e microphone input transformer: This is Sowters' version of the 1:10 ratio mic input transformer for the Helios Type 69 mic pre. Primary L Secondary L Primary XL20 XL20 6H 619H K Note that the inductances are in the ratio of the turns ratio squared. The primary inductance is sufficient to give little primary attenuation at 20Hz from a 150 ohm source (0.16dB). The secondary inductance is enormous. Edcor XSE K output transformer: This transformer is intended for single ended tube amplifiers to drive a 50 ohm load reflected to 8K in the primary. I used this in a tube headphones amplifier design as a low cost alternative to the Sowter H 36mH This is supposed to present an 8K ohm primary impedance but with only 5.5 Henries primary inductance its impedance only reaches 8k ohms at 230Hz. One reason the primary inductance is so low is that this transformer is gapped because it expected to carry dc anode current.. Note that Sowter quote the primary inductance of the 8665 at over 130 Henries which has an XL20 values of over 15K ohms. Carnhill VTB8291 9K6:600 output transformer: This is a standard output transformer intended for capacitor coupled tube output circuits. It is ungapped so it cannot carry dc current. 106H 11H 13K The primary inductance is so high that there is negligible loading at 20Hz even for a driving source impedance as high as 2K ohms.
5 Carnhill VTB :600 output transformer: This is essentially the 600:600 version of the VTB H 12.7H Similar inductance to the 600 winding of the VTB8291.BBC LL/88 ASC 600:600 This is much smaller than its Carnhill equivalent and is contained in a cylindrical housing similar to those used by Sowter. I am not certain if this is intended as an input or output transformer. 20.6H 20.6H This is a very well specified transformer with a more than adequate primary inductance. Even if fed from a 600 ohm source, the primary inductance is high enough that the loss at 20Hz is only 0.23dB. BBC LL81 10K:10K I believe this is a 10K bridging transformer so it expects a driving source impedance not greater than 600 ohms. Its construction is similar to the LL/88 but in a smaller cylindrical housing. 91H 91H 11K4 11K4 Another well specified transformer that presents a negligible load to a 600 ohm source. ROH DT :600 output This is a small PCB mounting open frame transformer. 14H 14H Another well specified transformer with a more than adequate primary inductance.
6 Data Supplied by AZ999 Cinemag CMMI-7(C) Data supplied by Cinemag to AZ999. The is a nominal 200 ohm input microphone transformer with a 1:7 ratio and a 50 ohm primary tap. Recommended secondary load of 97.6K ohms represents a reflected primary load 2K ohms Primary L Primary XL20 30H 3768 The high primary inductance means the its inductive reactance is always large resulting in both minimal attenuation and phase shift at the lowest frequencies. Data Supplied by MathisD OEP Z3003e primaries in series for 1:1. This is a 10K:10K bridging transformer intended for either input or output applications. Using handheld meter: primaries 65.5H, secondaries 65.5H Using HP 4262A meter: at 120Hz H at 1k - 45H at 10k - no reading, it will only read up to 10H at 10k. OEP Mic input 1:6 model Z21808 Using handheld meter: Primaries 5.83H Using HP 4262A meter: Primaries at 120Hz H, at 1K - 6.9H Secondaries at 120Hz - 318H Some others measured with handheld meter Beyer 1:10 Mic input :Primaries H
7 Beyer 1:15 Mic input (tiny sized canned model): Primaries 4.38H Lundahl LL1540 Primaries - no reading Secondaries H and 117.3H for each winding Jensen JT-123-S 1:1 (600ohm) dual primaries in series H dual secondaries in series H Data provided by NY Dave
8 Conclusions With the exception of the Edcor and Mouser types (both of which are exceptionally cheap), all the transformers tested had sufficient primary inductance for their intended purpose. The Sowter and Carnhill examples were well specified and the BBC types even more so. Given their size and high values of inductance, the two Carnhill transformers tested represent excellent value for money. As a simple rule of thumb, for little loading at 20Hz, the inductance of a winding in Henries should be approximately its specified winding impedance divided by 100. So a 600 ohm winding should have an inductance of at least 6 Henries and a 10K winding should have an inductance of around 100 Henries. Ian Thompson-Bell January 2012 Version th Feb 2012 added groupdiy members results
Classic. Construction and User Guide. Ian Thompson-Bell
Classic Construction and User Guide Ian Thompson-Bell Version 1.1 February 2015 Introduction The Classic is one of the boards that make up the EZTubeMixer family. It can be used as part of an EXTubeMixer,
More informationEZTubeMixerV3 PCB. Documentation and Assembly Notes. Ian Thompson-Bell
EZTubeMixerV3 PCB Documentation and Assembly Notes Ian Thompson-Bell July 2012 Introduction The purpose of this document is to contain all the documentation for the EZTubeMixerV3 PCB including notes on
More informationThe Ins and Outs of Audio Transformers. How to Choose them and How to Use them
The Ins and Outs of Audio Transformers How to Choose them and How to Use them Steve Hogan Product Development Engineer, Jensen Transformers 1983 1989 Designed new products and provided application assistance
More informationImpedance, Resonance, and Filters. Al Penney VO1NO
Impedance, Resonance, and Filters A Quick Review Before discussing Impedance, we must first understand capacitive and inductive reactance. Reactance Reactance is the opposition to the flow of Alternating
More informationImpedance, Resonance, and Filters. Al Penney VO1NO
Impedance, Resonance, and Filters Al Penney VO1NO A Quick Review Before discussing Impedance, we must first understand capacitive and inductive reactance. Reactance Reactance is the opposition to the flow
More informationPultec 3 Band EQ Documentation. Copyright 2011 Ian Thompson-Bell
Pultec 3 Band EQ Documentation Copyright 2011 Ian Thompson-Bell Introduction This document aims to encapsulate all the design and build documentation for the Pultec 3 band EQ PCBs. This and the Helios
More informationCompiled and edited by Chuck McGregor
DRIVING LOOOONG CABLES Compiled and edited by Chuck McGregor Microphone or line level cables may appear to be foolproof compared to loudspeaker cables. However, they are not. In particular you can easily
More informationPractical Tricks with Transformers. Larry Weinstein K0NA
Practical Tricks with Transformers Larry Weinstein K0NA Practical Tricks with Transformers Quick review of inductance and magnetics Switching inductive loads How many voltages can we get out of a $10 Home
More informationAny wave shape can be reproduced by the sum of sine waves of the appropriate magnitude and frequency.
How do we use an oscilloscope? Measure signals with unknown wave shapes and frequency other than 60 Hz sine waves and dc. To get a picture of the waveform. Distortion? Phase duration? Magnitude Any wave
More informationQuestions about Circuit Functionality. Fall 2004 Question 5 -- Transformers (15 points)
Questions about Circuit Functionality Fall 2004 Question 5 -- Transformers (15 points) Below is a circuit containing a transformer and an op-amp circuit you should recognize from the homework and experiment
More informationLab 10 - INTRODUCTION TO AC FILTERS AND RESONANCE
159 Name Date Partners Lab 10 - INTRODUCTION TO AC FILTERS AND RESONANCE OBJECTIVES To understand the design of capacitive and inductive filters To understand resonance in circuits driven by AC signals
More informationInductors & Resonance
Inductors & Resonance The Inductor This figure shows a conductor carrying a current. A magnetic field is set up around the conductor as concentric circles. If a coil of wire has a current flowing through
More informationHigh Current Amplifier
High Current Amplifier - Introduction High Current Amplifier High current amplifier is often a very useful piece of instrument to have in the lab. It is very handy for increasing the current driving capability
More informationRadio Station Setup and Electrical Principles
Radio Station Setup and Electrical Principles Covers sections: T4A-T5D Seth Price, N3MRA February 20, 2016 Outline 4.1 Station Setup 4.2 Operating Controls 4.3 Electronic Principles 4.4 Ohm s Law 4.5 Power
More information60-100W Hi-Fi Power Amplifier. Rod Elliott (ESP) PCBs are available for this project. Click the image for details.
Page 1 of 6 Elliott Sound Products Project 3A Introduction 60-100W Hi-Fi Power Amplifier Rod Elliott (ESP) PCBs are available for this project. Click the image for details. Update - 24 Jul 2003. OnSemi
More informationWhat Every Residential Integrator Needs To Know About 70-Volt Systems
P R E S E N T S What Every Residential Integrator Needs To Know About 70-Volt Systems NEAR is a Division of Bogen Communications, Inc. 70V A Bad Reputation Typically 70V systems have poor sound Usually
More informationWarning: Power amplifier contain high voltages of several hundred volts. Setup errors can easily damage your health or your equipment.
Tutorial: Power Measurements of a high Power Amplifier Warning: Power amplifier contain high voltages of several hundred volts. Setup errors can easily damage your health or your equipment. Purpose This
More informationChapter 30 Inductance, Electromagnetic. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 30 Inductance, Electromagnetic Oscillations, and AC Circuits 30-7 AC Circuits with AC Source Resistors, capacitors, and inductors have different phase relationships between current and voltage
More informationTransformer. V1 is 1.0 Vp-p at 10 Khz. William R. Robinson Jr. p1of All rights Reserved
V1 is 1.0 Vp-p at 10 Khz Step Down Direction Step Up Direction William R. Robinson Jr. p1of 24 Purpose To main purpose is to understand the limitations of the B2Spice simulator transformer model that I
More informationPhysics Class 12 th NCERT Solutions
Chapter.7 Alternating Current Class XII Subject Physics 7.1. A 100 Ω resistor is connected to a 220 V, 50 Hz ac supply. a) What is the rms value of current in the circuit? b) What is the net power consumed
More informationSCIN. Shield Current Induced Noise. Causes and Solutions. Random Thoughts from Chicago
Random Thoughts from Chicago SCIN Shield Current Induced Noise by Jim Brown Causes and Solutions My last two columns have focused on pin 1 problems as an open door for RF into audio equipment. But RF can
More informationTABLE OF CONTENTS. B173 User Manual 2
B173 User Manual TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction...3 Features...3 Specifications...3 Package Contents...4 Front...4 Back...4 Connection Diagrams...5 Signal Flow/Hardware Block Diagram...5 Repair...6 Warranty...6
More informationTransformer circuit calculations
Transformer circuit calculations This worksheet and all related files are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, version 1.0. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/1.0/,
More informationMeasuring Impedance With Return Loss Bridge Sam Wetterlin 11/29/08
Measuring Impedance With Return Loss Bridge Sam Wetterlin 11/29/08 In a separate document titled Manual Return Loss Measurements, I describe how a return loss bridge (a/k/a reflection bridge) can provide
More informationPartIIILectures. Multistage Amplifiers
University of missan Electronic II, Second year 2015-2016 PartIIILectures Assistant Lecture: 1 Multistage and Compound Amplifiers Basic Definitions: 1- Gain of Multistage Amplifier: Fig.(1-1) A general
More informationDesigning Microphone Preamplifiers. Steve Green 24th AES UK Conference June 2011
Designing Microphone Preamplifiers Steve Green 24th AES UK Conference June 2011 This presentation is an abbreviated version of a tutorial given at the 2010 AES Conference in San Francisco. The complete
More information[Q] DEFINE AUDIO AMPLIFIER. STATE ITS TYPE. DRAW ITS FREQUENCY RESPONSE CURVE.
TOPIC : HI FI AUDIO AMPLIFIER/ AUDIO SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION TO AMPLIFIERS: MONO, STEREO DIFFERENCE BETWEEN STEREO AMPLIFIER AND MONO AMPLIFIER. [Q] DEFINE AUDIO AMPLIFIER. STATE ITS TYPE. DRAW ITS FREQUENCY
More informationGRID DIP METER DESIGN
GRID DIP METER DESIGN BY G0CWA MAY 2013 This, my next offering of test equipment is an exceptionally useful item of test equipment with many uses, some are listed below. To coin a phrase given to me by
More informationKWM-2/2A Transceiver THE COLLINS KWM-2/2A TRANSCEIVER
KWM-2/2A Transceiver Click the photo to see a larger photo Click "Back" button on browser to return Courtesy of Norm - WA3KEY THE COLLINS KWM-2/2A TRANSCEIVER Unmatched for versatility, dependability and
More informationChapter 2-1 Transformers
Principles of Electric Machines and Power Electronics Chapter 2-1 Transformers Third Edition P. C. Sen Transformer application 1: power transmission Ideal Transformer Assumptions: 1. Negligible winding
More informationINTRODUCTION TO AC FILTERS AND RESONANCE
AC Filters & Resonance 167 Name Date Partners INTRODUCTION TO AC FILTERS AND RESONANCE OBJECTIVES To understand the design of capacitive and inductive filters To understand resonance in circuits driven
More informationChino Scientific Instruments Manufacturing
DIGITAL MICRO OHM METER Chino s made DIGITAL MICRO OHM METER is a compact high reliability 3 ½ digit instrument suitable for measurement of resistivity of copper wires from 70 SWG to 50 SWG resistance
More informationTABLE OF CONTENTS. B User Manual 2
User Manual TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction...3 Features...3 Specifications...4 Package Contents...4 Front...5 Connection Diagram...5 Signal Flow/Hardware Block Diagram...6 Repair...6 Warranty...6 Disclaimer...6
More informationDifferential-Mode Emissions
Differential-Mode Emissions In Fig. 13-5, the primary purpose of the capacitor C F, however, is to filter the full-wave rectified ac line voltage. The filter capacitor is therefore a large-value, high-voltage
More informationHomework Assignment 01
Homework Assignment 01 In this homework set students review some basic circuit analysis techniques, as well as review how to analyze ideal op-amp circuits. Numerical answers must be supplied using engineering
More informationAuteur Quad User Manual
Auteur Quad User Manual TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction... Features...... Package Contents... Front... Back... Connection Diagram... Signal Flow/Hardware Block Diagram... Repair...6 Warranty...6 Disclaimer...6
More informationA Simple Notch Type Harmonic Distortion Analyzer
by Kenneth A. Kuhn Nov. 28, 2009, rev. Nov. 29, 2009 Introduction This note describes a simple notch type harmonic distortion analyzer that can be constructed with basic parts. It is intended for use in
More informationA handy mnemonic (memory aid) for remembering what leads what is ELI the ICEman E leads I in an L; I leads E in a C.
Amateur Extra Class Exam Guide Section E5A Page 1 of 5 E5A Resonance and Q: characteristics of resonant circuits: series and parallel resonance; Q; half-power bandwidth; phase relationships in reactive
More informationCommon Mode Chokes BU Series
Document 60- Common Mode Chokes BU Series These low cost, high performance choke coils are designed to virtually eliminate line conducted common mode noise. The BU9S and BU9HS families are ideal for signal
More informationG6ALU 20W FET PA Construction Information
G6ALU 20W FET PA Construction Information The requirement This amplifier was designed specifically to complement the Pic-A-Star transceiver developed by Peter Rhodes G3XJP. From the band pass filter an
More informationVU And PPM Audio Metering
Introduction VU And PPM Audio Metering Rod Elliott (ESP) VU (Volume Unit) meters are still the mainstay of audio metering systems. The Peak Programme Meter (PPM) was originally developed by the BBC to
More informationFEATURES AND BENEFITS PROMOTIONAL HIGHLIGHTS MCINTOSH LABORATORY INC., 2 CHAMBERS STREET, BINGHAMTON, NEW YORK MC206 Product Preview Page 1
MC206 Product Preview Page 1 McIntosh Laboratory, Inc., Binghamton, NY 13903 Design Engineering Department PRODUCT BRIEF MC206 SIX CHANNEL POWER AMPLIFIER Project 1160 Contents Promotional Highlights 1
More informationSQN Electronics Ltd. Page 1 of 6
SQN-4S_mini - a Miniature 4:2 ENG Audio Mixer The smallest of our broadcast quality stereo portable mixers for TV, film and radio locations The SQN-4S_mini is an upgraded revision of the SQN-2S which created
More informationPB 700 PB 1000 PB 1100 PB 1500 PB 2600 PB 1200 PB 1700 PB 2200 PB 2700 USER'S MANUAL.
PB 700 PB 1000 PB 1100 PB 1500 PB 2600 PB 1200 PB 1700 PB 2200 PB 2700 USER'S MANUAL www.pyramidcaraudio.com congratulations... on your purchase of a Pyramid America Series amplifier. This amplifier extends
More informationDevelopment of a Low-Cost Programmable Microphone Preamp Gain Control IC for Pro Audio Applications
Development of a Low-Cost Programmable Microphone Preamp Gain Control IC for Pro Audio Applications Gary Hebert, Chief Technology Officer THAT Corporation 1 Tonight s Presentation Introduction Professional
More informationUniversity of North Carolina-Charlotte Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering ECGR 4143/5195 Electrical Machinery Fall 2009
University of North Carolina-Charlotte Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering ECGR 4143/5195 Electrical Machinery Fall 2009 Problem Set 3 Due: Monday September 28 Recommended Reading: Fitzgerald
More informationThe G4EGQ RAE Course Lesson 4A AC theory
AC. CIRCUITS This lesson introduces inductors into our AC. circuit. We then look at the result of having various combinations of capacitance, inductance and resistance in the same circuit. This leads us
More informationTable of Contents Lesson One Lesson Two Lesson Three Lesson Four Lesson Five PREVIEW COPY
Oscillators Table of Contents Lesson One Lesson Two Lesson Three Introduction to Oscillators...3 Flip-Flops...19 Logic Clocks...37 Lesson Four Filters and Waveforms...53 Lesson Five Troubleshooting Oscillators...69
More informationTHIS INSTRUMENT IS LICENSED UNDER PATENTS OF THE AMERICAN TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH COMPANY SOLELY FOR UTILIZATION IN RESEARCH, INVESTIGATION,
THIS INSTRUMENT IS LICENSED UNDER PATENTS OF THE AMERICAN TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH COMPANY SOLELY FOR UTILIZATION IN RESEARCH, INVESTIGATION, MEASUREMENT, TESTING, INSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT WORK IN PURE
More informationA Prototype Frequency Machine for Plasma Tube Research
A Prototype Frequency Machine for Plasma Tube Research This document describes a prototype Frequency Machine which I have built for the purposes of Rife experimentation and other plasma tube research.
More informationTabor Electronics Signal Amplifiers. Quick Start Guide
Tabor Electronics Signal Amplifiers Quick Start Guide Tabor Signal Amplifiers- Quick Start Guide - FAQ No. 0309757 Introduction Amplification is an increase in size of a signal by some factor which is
More informationCrystal Radio Engineering Diode Detectors
by Kenneth A. Kuhn Feb. 3, 2008, (draft more to come) A diode is a non-linear device that conducts electrical current significantly better in what is referred to as the forward direction than in the reverse
More informationInductors, Chokes, Reactors, Filters
Inductors, Chokes, Reactors, Filters What s in a name? Author: Anthony J. Kourtessis 2 Inductors, Chokes, Reactors, Filters What s in a name? These ubiquitous terms are familiar to most engineers and are
More informationAC reactive circuit calculations
AC reactive circuit calculations This worksheet and all related files are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, version 1.0. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/1.0/,
More informationSpeakers are Important In or Out of the Circuit
Innovation. Amplified. Chapter 7 Speakers are Important In or Out of the Circuit by Hartley Peavey Speakers are Important In or Out of the Circuit. Most guitar players have heard that operating a tube
More informationWhy a push-pull amplifier?
Unison Research P70 Fully balanced dual mono valves Amplifier in Push- Pull topology Why a push-pull amplifier? A push-pull topology amplifier is characterised by a power stage in which active devices
More informationπ Speakers Crossover Electronics 101
π Speakers Crossover Electronics 101 Overview 1. Resistors - Ohms Law Voltage Dividers and L-Pads 2. Reactive components - Inductors and Capacitors 3. Resonance 4. Peaking 5. Damping Formulas Ohm s Law
More information1 TRANSISTOR CIRCUITS
FM TRANSMITTERS The first group of circuits we will discuss are FM TRANSMITTERS. They can be called SPY TRANSMITTERS, FM BUGS, or a number of other interesting names. They all do the same thing. They transmit
More informationDesign Project: Sensitive audio detector
Design Project: Sensitive audio detector This worksheet and all related files are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, version 1.0. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/1.0/,
More informationLearning Objectives:
Learning Objectives: At the end of this topic you will be able to; recall the conditions for maximum voltage transfer between sub-systems; analyse a unity gain op-amp voltage follower, used in impedance
More informationBEST BMET CBET STUDY GUIDE MODULE ONE
BEST BMET CBET STUDY GUIDE MODULE ONE 1 OCTOBER, 2008 1. The phase relation for pure capacitance is a. current leads voltage by 90 degrees b. current leads voltage by 180 degrees c. current lags voltage
More information87415A microwave system amplifier A microwave. system amplifier A microwave system amplifier A microwave.
20 Amplifiers 83020A microwave 875A microwave 8308A microwave 8307A microwave 83006A microwave 8705C preamplifier 8705B preamplifier 83050/5A microwave The Agilent 83006/07/08/020/050/05A test s offer
More informationDescription The RA-FX1D offers 8 Mono and 8 Dual Mono selectable delays to cover a range of popular applications.
Digital Multi-Effects Module Features Low cost and high performance Digital Delay Module Superior sound quality 8 Mono and 8 Dual Mono selectable delays 24-bit, 48 khz ADC/DAC Stereo input, stereo output
More informationCHAPTER 2. Basic Concepts, Three-Phase Review, and Per Unit
CHAPTER 2 Basic Concepts, Three-Phase Review, and Per Unit 1 AC power versus DC power DC system: - Power delivered to the load does not fluctuate. - If the transmission line is long power is lost in the
More informationInvestigating Electromagnetic and Acoustic Properties of Loudspeakers Using Phase Sensitive Equipment
Investigating Electromagnetic and Acoustic Properties of Loudspeakers Using Phase Sensitive Equipment Katherine Butler Department of Physics, DePaul University ABSTRACT The goal of this project was to
More informationPractical Transformer on Load
Practical Transformer on Load We now consider the deviations from the last two ideality conditions : 1. The resistance of its windings is zero. 2. There is no leakage flux. The effects of these deviations
More informationSQN Electronics Ltd. SQN-4S Series IVe Miniature 4:2 Sound Mixer The original broadcast quality stereo portable mixer for TV, film and radio locations
SQN Electronics Ltd SQN-4S Series IVe Miniature 4:2 Sound Mixer The original broadcast quality stereo portable mixer for TV, film and radio locations The SQN-4S has been the unrivalled Industry standard
More informationAP Physics C. Alternating Current. Chapter Problems. Sources of Alternating EMF
AP Physics C Alternating Current Chapter Problems Sources of Alternating EMF 1. A 10 cm diameter loop of wire is oriented perpendicular to a 2.5 T magnetic field. What is the magnetic flux through the
More informationHomework Assignment 01
Homework Assignment 01 In this homework set students review some basic circuit analysis techniques, as well as review how to analyze ideal op-amp circuits. Numerical answers must be supplied using engineering
More informationYacht Audio S P E A K E R S. Product Information
Product Information 1 Innovation Innovation at work. This is a speaker that makes the joy of music listening its fundamental focus. Whether you are enjoying two channel stereo music or spectacular surround
More informationDesigning Your Own Amplifier, Part 1: Voltage Amplifier Stages
Audio Classroom Designing Your Own Amplifier, Part 1: Voltage Amplifier Stages This article appeared originally in Audiocraft, March 1956. 1956 by Audiocom, Inc. BY NORMAN H. CROWHURST How, do you go about
More informationUNIT 2. Q.1) Describe the functioning of standard signal generator. Ans. Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation
UNIT 2 Q.1) Describe the functioning of standard signal generator Ans. STANDARD SIGNAL GENERATOR A standard signal generator produces known and controllable voltages. It is used as power source for the
More informationAC Circuit. What is alternating current? What is an AC circuit?
Chapter 21 Alternating Current Circuits and Electromagnetic Waves 1. Alternating Current 2. Resistor in an AC circuit 3. Capacitor in an AC circuit 4. Inductor in an AC circuit 5. RLC series circuit 6.
More informationTechnical Notes Vol. 1, No Volt Distribution Systems Using JBL Industrial Series Loudspeakers
Technical Notes Vol. 1, No. 2 70-Volt Distribution Systems Using JBL Industrial Series Loudspeakers Theory of Line Distribution Systems In a typical paging, background music, or noise-masking system, many
More information148 Electric Machines
148 Electric Machines 3.1 The emf per turn for a single-phase 2200/220- V, 50-Hz transformer is approximately 12 V. Calculate (a) the number of primary and secondary turns, and (b) the net cross-sectional
More informationEE301 ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS CHAPTER 2 : OSCILLATORS. Lecturer : Engr. Muhammad Muizz Bin Mohd Nawawi
EE301 ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS CHAPTER 2 : OSCILLATORS Lecturer : Engr. Muhammad Muizz Bin Mohd Nawawi 2.1 INTRODUCTION An electronic circuit which is designed to generate a periodic waveform continuously at
More informationThe 6C33c-b and the beauty of the low anode resistance audio valves. By Ari Polisois. Foreword. After you read the present article, I suggest you
The 6C33c-b and the beauty of the low anode resistance audio valves. By Ari Polisois. Foreword. After you read the present article, I suggest you examine the lecture linked to the style SC-SCC output transformers,
More informationNorth D25-06S. High performance silk dome tweeter for cabinets six to ten inches in width
North D25-06S High performance silk dome tweeter for cabinets six to ten inches in width FEATURES: 25 mm Hand-Coated Silk Dome Underhung Geometry 1.0mm p-p excursion MAPD-loaded rear chambers Reinforced
More informationAn Automatic Voice-Controlled Audio Amplifier
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume, Issue 1, January-01 1 An Automatic Voice-Controlled Audio Amplifier Jonathan A. Enokela and Jonathan U. Agber Abstract The delivery of
More informationEE 221 Circuits II. Chapter 13 Magnetically Coupled Circuits
EE Circuits II Chapter 3 Magnetically Coupled Circuits Magnetically Coupled Circuits 3. What is a transformer? 3. Mutual Inductance 3.3 Energy in a Coupled Circuit 3.4 inear Transformers 3.5 Ideal Transformers
More informationGeneral Licensing Class Circuits
General Licensing Class Circuits Valid July 1, 2011 Through June 30, 2015 1 Amateur Radio General Class Element 3 Course Presentation ELEMENT 3 SUB-ELEMENTS (Groupings) Your Passing CSCE Your New General
More informationSound Generator Jamie Maloway ( ) Polyphon nthesizer
ELEN146 Weird Sound Generator 1 Polyphon nic Syn nthesizer 2 Construction The system is comprised of two main components the synthesizer and the power amplifier. For practicality reasons, a custom PCB
More informationGertsch Products RatioTrans are high precision AC Voltage Dividers. They have the following useful features. 1. EXTREME ACCURACY
INSTRUCTION BOOK FOR STANDARD RATIO TRANSFORMER RATIOTRAN SECTION I - GENERAL DESCRIPTION Gertsch Products RatioTrans are high precision AC Voltage Dividers. They have the following useful features. 1.
More informationEE301 ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS
EE30 ELECTONIC CICUITS CHAPTE 5 : FILTES LECTUE : Engr. Muhammad Muizz Electrical Engineering Department Politeknik Kota Kinabalu, Sabah. 5. INTODUCTION Is a device that removes or filters unwanted signal.
More informationMeasurement of the equivalent circuit of quartz crystals
Measurement of the equivalent circuit of quartz crystals This application note shows how to measure the equivalent circuit of a quartz crystal with Bode 100. A.) Basics: An equivalent describtion of a
More informationChapter 11. Alternating Current
Unit-2 ECE131 BEEE Chapter 11 Alternating Current Objectives After completing this chapter, you will be able to: Describe how an AC voltage is produced with an AC generator (alternator) Define alternation,
More informationDistortion and Power Compression in Low-frequency Transducers
Technical Notes Volume 1, Number 9 Distortion and Power Compression in Low-frequency Transducers 1 Introduction: All too often, consultants and sound contractors are concerned with only the Input power
More informationFigure 1: Closed Loop System
SIGNAL GENERATORS 3. Introduction Signal sources have a variety of applications including checking stage gain, frequency response, and alignment in receivers and in a wide range of other electronics equipment.
More informationName. Part A (25 Points) Complete on Blackboard. A. (25 Pts) Part B (75 Points) 1. (14 Pts) 2. (4 Pts) 3. (12 Pts) 4. (12 Pts) 5.
Name Part A (25 Points) Complete on Blackboard A. (25 Pts) Part B (75 Points) 1. (14 Pts) 2. (4 Pts) 3. (12 Pts) 4. (12 Pts) 5. (15 Pts) 6. (15 Pts) 7. (3 Pts) Total Draw circuit diagrams for all problems,
More informationUNIT _ III MCQ. Ans : C. Ans : C. Ans : C
UNIT _ III MCQ Ans : C Ans : C Ans : C Ans : A Ans : B Multiple Choice Questions and Answers on Transistor Tuned Amplifiers Q1. A tuned amplifier uses. load 1. Resistive 2. Capacitive 3. LC tank 4. Inductive
More informationElectrical Fundamentals and Basic Components Chapters T2, T3, G4
Electrical Fundamentals and Basic Components Chapters T2, T3, G4 Some Basic Math, Electrical Fundamentals, AC Power, The Basics of Basic Components, A Little More Component Detail, Reactance and Impedance
More informationAntenna? What s That? Chet Thayer WA3I
Antenna? What s That? Chet Thayer WA3I Space: The Final Frontier Empty Space (-Time) Four dimensional region that holds everything Is Permeable : It requires energy to set up a magnetic field within it.
More informationAC CURRENTS, VOLTAGES, FILTERS, and RESONANCE
July 22, 2008 AC Currents, Voltages, Filters, Resonance 1 Name Date Partners AC CURRENTS, VOLTAGES, FILTERS, and RESONANCE V(volts) t(s) OBJECTIVES To understand the meanings of amplitude, frequency, phase,
More informationElectronic Measurements & Instrumentation. 1. Draw the Maxwell s Bridge Circuit and derives the expression for the unknown element at balance?
UNIT -6 1. Draw the Maxwell s Bridge Circuit and derives the expression for the unknown element at balance? Ans: Maxwell's bridge, shown in Fig. 1.1, measures an unknown inductance in of standard arm offers
More informationThe ROSE 80 CW Transceiver (Part 1 of 3)
Build a 5 watt, 80 meter QRP CW Transceiver!!! Page 1 of 10 The ROSE 80 CW Transceiver (Part 1 of 3) Build a 5 watt, 80 meter QRP CW Transceiver!!! (Designed by N1HFX) A great deal of interest has been
More informationBALANCED DRIVE. Line of speaker units designed with optimized motor symmetry. The Wavecor Balanced Drive Technology
BALANCED DRIVE Line of speaker units designed with optimized motor symmetry. The Introduction The Balanced Drive line of loudspeaker transducers is yet another example of Wavecor paying attention to every
More informationMAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION (Autonomous) (ISO/IEC Certified) SUMMER 14 EXAMINATION Model Answer
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION (Autonomous) (ISO/IEC 27001 2005 Certified) SUMMER 14 EXAMINATION Model Answer Subject Code : 17317 Page No: 1 Important Instructions to examiners: 1) The
More informationhb001 CVT introduction the perfect sine wave
hb001 CVT introduction the perfect sine wave Outstanding Spike and Electrical Noise protection: The very best power protection comes from a special type of transformer known as a Constant Voltage Transformer
More informationMC2301. Features and Benefits. Promotional Highlights TUBE POWER AMPLIFIER MCINTOSH LABORATORY INC., 2 CHAMBERS STREET, BINGHAMTON, NEW YORK 13903
MC2301 Product Preview Page 1 McIntosh Laboratory, Inc., Binghamton, NY 13903 Design Engineering Department PRODUCT PREVIEW MC2301 TUBE POWER AMPLIFIER Project 1336 Promotional Highlights 300 Watts Mono
More information11. AC-resistances of capacitor and inductors: Reactances.
11. AC-resistances of capacitor and inductors: Reactances. Purpose: To study the behavior of the AC voltage signals across elements in a simple series connection of a resistor with an inductor and with
More information