PartIIILectures. Multistage Amplifiers
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1 University of missan Electronic II, Second year PartIIILectures Assistant Lecture: 1
2 Multistage and Compound Amplifiers Basic Definitions: 1- Gain of Multistage Amplifier: Fig.(1-1) A general Multistage Amplifier 2
3 Example: A given amplifier arrangement has the following voltage gains. A v1 =10, A v2 =20 and A v3 =40. What is the overall gain? Also express each gain in db and determine the total db voltage gain. Solution: Example: Three amplifier stages are working in cascade with 0.05v peak to peak input providing 150v peak-to-peak output. If the voltage gain of the first stage is 20and input to the third stage is 15v peak-to-peak. Determine: i. The overall voltage gain. ii. Voltage gain of 2 nd and 3 rd stages. iii. Input voltage of the 2 nd stage. Solution: 3
4 4
5 2- Different Coupling schemes Used in Amplifiers: 1- Resistance Capacitance (RC) coupling: It is the most important method of coupling the signal from one stage to the next stage and is shown in Fig.(1-2)a. in this method the signal developed across the collector resistor of each stage is coupled through capacitor into the base of the next stage. The cascaded stages amplify the signal and overall gain is equal to the product of individual stage gains. The amplifier using this coupling scheme, are called RC-coupled amplifiers. Fig.(2-1) 5
6 2. Impedance coupling: This coupling is shown in Fig.(1-2)b. it may be noted that the Rc is replaced by an inductor (L). as frequency increases the XL(equal to W.L) increases. In other word inductor pass direct current but block alternating current. The amplifier using this scheme, are called impedance-coupling amplifiers. 3. Transformer Coupling: This coupling is shown in fig.(1-2)c. in this method, primary winding of the transistor acts as a collector load and secondary winding conveys the a.c. output signal directly to the base of the next stage. The amplifiers using this scheme of coupling are called transformer coupled amplifiers. 4. Direct Coupling: This is shown in Fig.(1-2)d. in this method the a.c. output signal is fed directly to the next stage. This type is used low frequency signales to be amplified. 6
7 1- RC coupled amplifier: Fig.(1-3) 7
8 1-1 calculation of Voltage Gain for RC Coupled Amplifies: Fig.(1-4) The parameters re1' and re2' represent the a.c. emitter diode transmittance of Q 1 and Q 2 respectively. R e1 ' =26/I E1 and r e2 ' =26/I E2 Now the R i of the first stage as in fig.(1-4)a R i2 =R B // ( 1.r e1 ')= 1.r e1 ' (if R B >> 1 r e1 ') R o =R c //R i2 Where: R i2 the input of the 2 nd stage. R i1 =R B //( 2.r e2 ') = 2.r e2 ' (if R B >> 2.r e2 ') R o2 =R c //R L 8
9 R o1 R A V1 = 1. = 1. o1 Ro 1 ' ' R r r R A v2 = r o2 ' e2 i1 R A v =A v1.a v2 = r o 1. ' e1 1. o1 e1 R o2 ' e2 r If Q 1 and Q 2 are identical, then r e1 '=r e2 '=r e ' And : R R A v =A v1.a v2 = ' 2 r o1ė o2 Example: Determine R i, R o, A i, A v, for the first stage and second stage for the circuit shown in Fig.(1-5). Also determine the overall voltage gain and the gain in db. Solution: Given V cc =10v, R c =5kΩ, R B =1MΩ, R E =1kΩ, R L =10kΩ, 1 = 2 =100. Fig.(1-5) R i for first and second stages: 9
10 The input resistance for the first stage: The input resistance for the second stage: The output resistance for the first and second stages: H.W: A radio receiver uses a two stage RC coupled amplifier shown in the figure below, determine the values of voltage gain of each stage and overall voltage gain. 10
11 1-2 Advantages and Disadvantages of RC Coupled Amplifier a. Advantages: It is the most convenient and least expensive multistage amplifier. It has wide frequency response. It provides less frequency distortion. b. Disadvantages: The overall gain of amplifier is comparatively small because of the loading effect of successive stages. It has tendency to become noisy with age, especially in moist climates. It provides poor resistance matching between stages. 1-3 Application of RC Coupled Amplifiers The RC coupled amplifier has excellent frequency response from 50 HZ to 20KHZ. This property makes it very useful in the initial stages of all the public address systems. However, it may be noted that a coupled amplifier cannot be used as a final stage of that amplifier because of its poor matching characteristics. 11
12 2- Impedance Coupled: Fig. (1-6)shows the two stage impedance coupled amplifier. The circuit consists of two single stage C.E amplifiers. The inductor (L) the capacitor (C c ) and resistor (R B ) forms the coupling network. The function of C 1,C 2, and C E are the same as explained in R C coupled amplifier. Fig.(1-6) The expression of overall voltage gain and individual gains may be obtained in the same way as obtained for R C coupled amplifier. The only change to be made is that R c should be obtained by inductive reactance (X L =WL). Thus voltage gain of the first stage, A v2 =R o2 /r e2 ' Av=A v1.a v2 12
13 3- Transformer coupled Amplifier Fig.(1-7) shows a two stage transformer coupled amplifier. The circuit consists of two single stage C.E amplifiers. The function of transformer (T 1 ) is to couple the a.c. output signal from the output of the first stage to the input of the second stage, while transformer (T 2 ) couples the output signal to the load. The input coupling capacitor is C 1, while the emitter bypass capacitor is C E. Fig.(1-7) 3-1 calculation of Voltages Gain for Transformer coupled Amplifier: 13
14 Example: Fig.(1-8) shows the circuit diagram of a two stage transformer coupled transistor amplifier. Calculate the values of individual stage gains and the overall voltage gain in db. Neglect V BE, take re'=25/i E 14
15 Fig.(1-8) Solution: 15
16 3-2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Transformer Coupled Amplifier: a. Advantages: No signal power is lost in the collector or base resistors, because of the low winding resistance of the transformer. It provides a higher voltage gain than RC coupled amplifier. It provides an excellent resistance matching between the stages. b. Disadvantages: The coupling transformer is expensive and bulky, particularly when operated at audio frequencies. At radio frequencies, the winding inductance and distributed capacitance produce reverse frequency distortion. It tends to produce 'hum' in the circuit. 16
17 3-3 Application of Transformer Coupled Amplifier: The transformer coupled amplifier provide excellent impedance matching between the individual stages. This ability makes it very useful in multistage amplifier, where it is used as a final stage. It is used to transfer power to the low impedance load (such as speaker). The impedance of the speaker varies from 4Ω to 16Ω, where as the output resistance of a transistor amplifier is several hundred ohms. In order to match the load impedance, with that of amplifier output, a step-down transformer of proper turns ratio is used. The resistance of the secondary winding of the transformer is made equal to the speaker impedance, while that of the primary winding is made equal to the output resistance of the amplifier. 4- Direct Coupled Amplifier: It is also called DC amplifier and used to amplify very low frequency (below 10 HZ) signals including direct current or zero frequency. It may be noted that the capacitors, inductors and transformers cannot be used as a coupling network at very low frequencies because the electrical size of these devices, at low frequencies, become very large. Fig. (1-8) shows the two stage direct coupled amplifier the operation of this circuits is discussed below: The signal to be amplified is applied directly to the input of the first stage. Due to the transistor action, it appears in the amplified form across the collector resistor of Q1. This voltage then drives the base of the 17
18 second transistor Q2 and the amplified output is obtained across the collector resistor of Q2. Fig.(1-8) 4-1 calculation of Voltage Gain of Direct Coupled Amplifier: Consider Fig.(1-9). Fig.(1-9) 18
19 Example: for the following figure determine the individual stages a.c. voltage gains and the overall voltage gain. Neglect V BE, take re'=26/i E in ma, 1 = 2 =100. Solution: 19
20 Individual stages a.c. voltage gain The voltage across R 2 : 20
21 4-2 Direct coupled amplifier using complementary transistor: Figure (1-10) shows the two stage direct coupled amplifier using complementary transistors. The term 'complementary' means that one Fig. (1-10) stage uses NPN transistor while the second stage uses PNP transistor. The operation of the circuit may be understood from the condition that when the positive going input signal is applied to the base of transistor Q 1, its collector current increases. This increases the voltage across R3due to which the collector voltage of transistor Q 1 decreases. Consequently, the base of transistor Q 2 becomes less positive. It means that a negative going signal is applied to the base of transistor Q 2 transistor. It cause a forward bias across emitter-base junction of transistor Q 2 to increase, which in turn increases the collector current. As result of this, the voltage drop across R6 increases and we get a positive going amplified output. Similarly, during the positive going signal, we get a negative going amplified output across R6. Example: for the circuit below, determine the d.c. collector currents and collector to emitter voltage of Q 1,Q 2. Also determine the approximate 21
22 overall a.c. voltage gain of the cascade amplifier. Assume =100 and C 1 and C 2 to very large. V BE =0.7v. Solution: d.c. collector currents and collector to emitter voltage of Q 1,Q 2 we know that the voltage drop across the R 2 : 22
23 I C2 =I E2 V C2 =I C2. R 5 = (3.2 x 10-3 )x 100= 0.32v Overall voltage gain A V2 =1 (if it is an emitter follower stage) Then : A V =A V1.A V2 =2.93x1=2.93 Ans. 4-3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Direct coupled Amplifier: Advantages: 1. The circuit arrangement is very simple because it uses a minimum number of resistors. 2. The circuit cost is low. 3. It can amplify very low frequency signals down to zero frequency. 23
24 Disadvantages: 1. It cannot amplify high frequency signals. 2. It has poor temperature stability. Because of this, its Q-point shifts. In a multistage direct coupled amplifier, the Q-point shifts are amplified in succeeding stages. 4-4 Application of Direct Coupled Amplifier: The Direct Coupled Amplifier are used in many electronic system that handle signals, which change very slowly with time. Some of the important application are given below: 1. Analog computation. 2. Power supply regulators. 3. Bioelectric measurements. 4. Linear integrated circuits. 5- Darlington Amplifier: The Darlington amplifier consists of two cascade emitter followers as shown in Fig.(1-11). The darlington amplifier has a high input resistance, low output resistance, and high current gain. These characteristics make it very useful as a current amplifier. The voltage gain of this amplifier is less than unity. Fig.(1-11) 24
25 5-1 Darlington Amplifier Characteristics: Consider the darligton amplifier circuit shown in Fig.(1-11). Let I b1 = Base current of Q 1 transistor, 25
26 26
27 27
28 Example: 28
29 29
30 Example: 30
31 31
32 Tuned Amplifiers 1. Single-tuned voltage Amplifier: Figure below shows the circuit of single-tuned voltage amplifier using a bipolar junction transistor (BJT). The circuit in Fig. (a) is called capacitively coupled tuned amplifier because the output is taken through the coupling capacitor (C c ). similarly, the circuit shown in Fig. (b) is called inductively coupled tuned amplifier because the output is taken across an inductor. Both these circuits consists of a transistor amplifier and tuned circuit as the load. The values of capacitance (C) and inductance(l) of tuned circuit are selected in such a way that the resonant frequency of the tuned circuit is equal to the frequency to be selected and amplified. The resistors(r 1, R 2, and R E ) are called biasing resistors. These resistors provide d.c. operating currents and voltages for for the transistor. 32
33 As in the following figure: 2. Double-tuned Voltage Amplifier: Figure bellow shows the circuit of a double tuned voltage amplifier. It consist of a transistor amplifier with two tuned circuits. One of the tuned (i.e., L 1 C 1 ) is shown as the collector load and other (i.e., L 2 C 2 ) as the output. The resistor R 1,R 2 and RE are used to provided the d.c. currents and voltages for the transistor operation. The signal to be amplified is applied at the input terminal through the coupling capacitor (C c ). The resonant frequency of the tuned circuit L 1 C 1 is made equal to that of the signal (by adjusting L 1 or C 1 ). Under these conditions, the tuned circuit offers a very high impedance to the input signal. As a result of 33
34 this, a large output appears across the tuned circuit L 1 C 1. The output from this tuned circuit is inductively coupled to the L 2 C 2 tuned circuit. The double tuned voltage amplifiers are extensively used in intermediate frequency (IF) amplifier. 34
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