Vertical Shaft Plumbness Using a Laser Alignment System. By Daus Studenberg, Ludeca, Inc.
|
|
- Hannah Lindsey
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 ABSTRACT Vertical Shaft Plumbness Using a Laser Alignment System By Daus Studenberg, Ludeca, Inc. Traditionally, plumbness measurements on a vertical hydro-turbine/generator shaft involved stringing a series of wires along the length of the shaft, attaching a weight to the end of the wires and then measuring the space from the wire to the shaft using an electronic micrometer. Although this method was inexpensive and has been used for many years, it did require access to a long length of the shaft to achieve an accurate resolution. Also, measurements involve physically measuring the distance between the wire and the shaft at various elevations on the shaft, increasing the amount of time and personnel requirement for the measurement. Ludeca, Inc. presents their experience with a laser-based system which replaces the time-consuming wire method. Measurements can now be performed in a fraction of the time it would otherwise take with the wire measurement method. Ludeca s measurement system, known as the PERMAPLUMB, uses a selfadjusting mechanical mirror, always plumb to earth, that reflects a class 1 laser beam into a detector. It requires only 14 of axial space along the shaft. The mirror and transducer are attached by a bracket that uses magnets on the turbine shaft. From a single 270-degree shaft rotation, the system calculates and displays angularity and corrective moves and provides a statistical quality measurement of the data. A move function allows monitoring of corrections as they are being made. The resolution is better than "/ft, (more accurate than required by NEMA). Adjacent turbines can also continue to operate since the system is insensitive to vibration. Introduction Plumbness is the relationship of a rotating centerline to gravity. It can be thought of as the verticality of a centerline. In practice, with vertical hydro shaft measurement, it is actually un-plumbness that is being measured, since the factor quantified is the difference from perfectly vertical as shown in Figure 1.
2 Figure 1 Shaft Centerline of Rotation in Relationship to the Plumb Line Plumbness is expressed as an angle. Since the angle is small, an angular slope, or rate of change, is a more appropriate form of expression than degrees or radians. The most common unit of expression for this parameter in relation to vertical hydro shafts is thousandths of an inch per foot or thousandths of an inch per inch. Plumbness is measured in two planes. If you were looking down on the shaft, the two planes of measurements would be the degree plane and the degree plane. Achieving plumbness in vertical hydro shaft applications is essential for proper operation. Precision plumbness helps reduce bearing temperatures, reduces shaft movement, reduces vibration and improves efficiency. From a scheduling perspective, achieving this accurately in the least amount of time is essential in saving money. Measuring Plumbness In measuring plumbness, various methods exist, including the use of tight wires, lasers and optics. The tight-wire is the most commonly used method and it is also the least expensive method. Four tight-wires are strung vertically along the length of the vertical hydro shaft. Typically, a non-magnetic stainless steel variety is used of to diameter. To ensure a minimum required range on the micrometer, the wires are placed approximately equidistant from the shaft. Each wire is spaced at 90 degree intervals from each other around the hydro-shaft. A finned weight of 20 to 30 pounds is suspended at the end of each wire where it is submerged in an oil bath to help dampen movement and vibration in the wire. An electric micrometer measures the distance between the hydro shaft and the wire. The wire and hydro shaft are electrically connected to each other in such a way as to complete an electrical circuit when the micrometer makes contact.
3 This, in turn, activates and electronic auditory tone that lets the user know when to stop advancing the micrometer. Readings are taken at points along the shaft to establish the relative position between the tight-wire and the hydro shaft as shown in Figure 2 below. Figure 2 Tight-wire Plumbness Measurement Concept The tight-wire method excels in being low cost and having a rather intuitive setup. However, it is a measurement where attention to detail is paramount in reducing the error involved in the measurement process. It is important to ensure that vibration be virtually non-existent during the measurement process. Disturbances of the tight-wire during measurement will distort the accuracy of the readings. In some cases, neighboring hydro units are kept in operation while the measurement process is being performed. If the units were forced to be shut down for the sake of the measurement process, lost revenue from the operation of those turbines would result. Additionally, chances increase for the wire to be physically disturbed when other projects are being performed near the vicinity of the measurement, particularly during a repair or overhaul. The technician has to be careful that the measurement is performed consistently and accurately. It is assumed that the surface being measured is of a high quality and that it is representative of concentricity of the shaft or coupling. Shaft out-of-roundness, pits, rust, or grime, can affect the accuracy of the reading. Variations of the micrometer reading can vary from person to person depending on when they stop advancing the micrometer to touch the tight wire. Accuracy in tight wire readings increases when a greater axial length is measured. This means it is desirable to string the tight-wire to the longest
4 distance that can be achieved. This also means that more of the shaft is dedicated to the measurement procedure. Consequently, the micrometer operator must travel farther distances to measurement points up and down the length of the shaft, or additional operators must be employed. Once the readings are taken, data needs to be recorded accurately by the operator or the person in charge of evaluating the data. It is apparent that there are many factors involved in tight-wire measurements that can induce error strictly from the measurement process as well as in prolonging the amount of time and space needed to take the measurements. To achieve an increase in productivity, it is necessary to reduce the human element from the measurement process, reduce the amount of area needed to be measured on the shaft and reduce the amount of time required to obtain measurements and perform corrections. Laser-Based Plumbness Measurement Method The PERMAPLUMB system is a laser based plumbness measurement tool. It circumvents a great number of the limitations of the tight-wire method by removing the human element from the measurement process through the use of a laser and a computer for data acquisition. This helps to ensure that the accuracy of the measurements are not user dependent. In addition, the Permaplumb system offers a measurement resolution an entire order of magnitude better than that obtainable with the tightwire/micrometer method. The system also sets up easily and gives alignment readings quickly on demand, reducing the amount of time dedicated to the measurement process. The system consists of laser and mirror mounted on a compact magnetic bracket that is only 14 long as shown in Figure 3 below. Figure 3 The PERMAPLUMB and 14 Bracket
5 The laser transducer is mounted upon the bracket as shown in Figure 4 below. Figure 4 Laser Transducer Mounted upon the Permaplumb Bracket A beam is reflected off a self-leveling mirror on the bottom of the bracket back into a 1 micron resolution detector located inside the laser transducer. The mirror s 2-axis pivot points ensure that the mirror s surface will always maintain relative plumbness to the horizon as shown in Figure 5 below. Figure 5 Self Adjusting Mirror Assembly Plumbness is measured by simply attaching the system to the vertical shaft by means of its integrated magnetic feet and rotating the shaft to four positions 90 degrees apart as shown in Figure 6. A measurement is taken at each of the 90 degree positions. After the last measurement is taken, the plumbness results can be displayed through the computer. Correcting plumbness is usually done in
6 one of two ways: axially moving (shimming) the thrust bearing or translating (horizontally moving) the thrust bearing. PERMAPLUMB will provide you with correction values and a live Move function with which to monitor corrections in real time for either (or both) of these two approaches. Figure 6 Attaching the PERMAPLUMB to the Hydro Shaft Using PERMAPLUMB for Vertical Hydro Shaft Alignment The PERMAPLUMB system can readily be integrated into procedures that require vertical shaft plumbness measurements. Because the shaft will be rotated, it is necessary to take into account factors that will ensure no obstructions or interferences during the rotation. This includes backing off any adjustable bearing shoes so that the shaft may be rotated without any rubbing. Standard checks and safety procedures should always be performed prior to the measurement process. Such checks include ensuring that no dog leg or runout exists in the shaft. Dial indicators or proximity probes can be mounted at various positions along the shaft to quickly determine if such problems exist and if they need to be addressed prior to and/or after the plumbness measurements and corrections. Proximity probes achieve high accuracies and are less susceptible to shaft surface finish inaccuracies than dial indicators. Data can be acquired in one turn of the shaft, thereby speeding up the process of correcting and detecting dog leg and run-out issues. The equal loading of all of the pads of the thrust bearing needs to be ensured. Various procedures exist depending upon the type of thrust bearing that is being used. Methods range from the slugged arc method to the more advanced and
7 time-saving method of integrating load cells into the adjustable shoes. In most cases, plumbing the shaft and equalizing the loads will go hand-in-hand between corrections. Measurements begin by mounting the PERMAPLUMB system onto any area along the length of the hydro shaft. The easiest area to access would typically be the deck above the turbine as shown in Figure 7 below. Figure 7 The PERMAPLUMB System Installed on the Hydro Shaft The system is then connected to a laptop computer and power supply. Dimensions and parameters are entered into the WinPLUMB software package. Such dimensions include the thrust bearing data to make corrections on the thrust bearing, translation data to monitor the shaft position at the upper and lower guide bearings and tolerances to help determine when the shaft is plumbed to tolerance as shown in FIGURE 8 below.
8 Figure 8 Entering Dimensions,Tolerances and Targets into the WinPLUMB Software Once the dimensions are entered, it is time to take the measurements. This begins by turning on the high pressure lubrication system and having the mounted Permaplumb system on the shaft rotated to the designated 0 degree position. The high pressure lubrication system is then deactivated to let the shaft settle down. This is where the first measurement point will be taken. The high pressure lubrication system is then reactivated and the process is repeated for the next three points over 270 degrees of shaft rotation. The results achieved (see Figure 9 below) will display the plumbness results in mils per inch. The NEMA tolerance of 0.25 mils per foot are entered (as mils per inch) into the tolerance function so that the system can indicate if the tolerance was achieved. The measurement resolution is better than /ft, which is far better than the tolerance required by NEMA.
9 Figure 9 The Results Screen Should corrections be required on the thrust bearing pads, PERMAPLUMB provides the amount each pad should be moved up (or down) to achieve tolerance as shown in Figure 10. A special feature in the software also allows for Pad Up & Down, which yields optimized corrections for adding and subtracting to the pad height in order to achieve plumbness without changing the shaft elevation. Figure 10 Thrust Bearing Corrections for Each Shoe
10 Corrections on the pads are performed and the shaft is remeasured to verify plumbness. The whole process can be measured live, if needed. A special live move mode is activated to continuously update the hydro shaft s plumbness condition as corrections are being made as shown in Figure 11 below. This not only updates the actual plumbness value, but continuously updates the predicted thrust bearing pad corrections and well as the shaft position change at the upper and lower guide bearings. Plumbness is able to be continuously monitored for situations in which the thrust bearing itself may need to be translated. The live move mode is particularly useful in ensuring that corrections are made without interference during the move. Should the shaft contact the guide bearings or become obstructed during the repositioning, this would become evident in this mode. Figure 11 Live Move Mode Assurance of measurement accuracy during the measurement process is vital. Data collected needs to be relied upon to perform corrections and verify results. During the data collection process, a sample of 32 readings per second can be collected per measurement point. The user can select how many seconds of data are to be collected per measurement point, up to 204 seconds. This is extremely useful when vibration could become an issue during measurement, which is usually the case when adjacent turbines are running during the measurement process.
11 The standard deviation display ensures that the measurement duration selected creates stable data to overcome vibration issues. This is useful in finding the optimum amount of time required for data collection to create a stable measurement while reducing measurement time to the minimum possible. Measurement accuracy is also ensured through rotation to 4 points. A special feature known as circular completion ensures that the hydro shaft is rotated about an axis with zero interference. It ensures that readings at the four points follow the equation that the sum of the 0 degree and 180 degree readings should equal the sum of the 90 and 270 degree readings. If that equation is violated during measurement, a circular completion error will result showing the degree to which this violation occurs. A value of 0.2 in the raw detector data or less would be considered a good reading. This feature indicates if shaft interference issues have occurred during measurement. Repeatability of the measurement is essential as a standard measurement process. PERMAPLUMB features a repeatability function to allow for previous measurements to be compared to the current measurements. Repeatable measurements ensure that what you see is what it really is.. Repeatability checks with the PERMAPLUMB can also be used to verify shaft rigidity. A perfectly rigid shaft will create identical plumbness readings with the PERMAPLUMB no matter where the system is mounted on the hydro shaft. Rigidity can be inspected between two shafts that are connected by a solid coupling. Next we describe how this is done: Plumbness is measured below the coupling at least twice to establish repeatability. Plumbness is then measured above the coupling, again twice to ensure repeatability. The results between the measurements taken above and below the coupling are then compared to establish rigidity. Any difference in the results of greater than mils/inch would be considered a lack of rigidity. Conclusion The ability to perform a plumbness measurement in the least amount of time with a high degree of accuracy benefits in both the short term, with improved time savings, and the long term, which improved service life and efficiency. Quick setup, reliability, immunity to vibration, accuracy and time savings are all factors that make the PERMAPLUMB system ideal for plumbness measurements. Author Daus Studenberg is an applications engineer for Ludeca, Inc. in Miami, FL. He holds a Bachelor s Degree in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Florida. His responsibilities at Ludeca, Inc. include field service, technical support, training and product development.
Power Generation. Application Notes
1. Application Notes Power Generation System Recommendations Turbines Split-Joint Flatness Rotating Equipment L-705 Turbine Alignment System L-740 Leveling Laser System S-680 5-Axis Shaft Alignment System
More informationFast Optical Form Measurements of Rough Cylindrical and Conical Surfaces in Diesel Fuel Injection Components
Fast Optical Form Measurements of Rough Cylindrical and Conical Surfaces in Diesel Fuel Injection Components Thomas J. Dunn, Robert Michaels, Simon Lee, Mark Tronolone, and Andrew Kulawiec; Corning Tropel
More informationL-742 Ultra-Precision Roll Alignment System for Printing Presses/Paper Machines
ujijijijijijijijijijijijijijijijijijijijijijijijijijijijijijijijijijijijijijijijijijijijijijijijijijijijijijijijijijijijiji Application Notes Roll Alignment System Recommendations Printing Presses/Paper
More informationStudy of Vee Plate Manufacturing Method for Indexing Table
Study of Vee Plate Manufacturing Method for Indexing Table Yeon Taek OH Department of Robot System Engineering, Tongmyong University 428 Sinseon-ro, Nam-gu, Busan, Korea yeonoh@tu.ac.kr Abstract The indexing
More informationINSPECTION AND CORRECTION OF BELLHOUSING TO CRANKSHAFT ALIGNMENT
INSPECTION AND CORRECTION OF BELLHOUSING TO CRANKSHAFT ALIGNMENT BACKGROUND Proper alignment of the transmission input shaft to the crankshaft centerline is required in order to achieve the best results
More informationFIXTURLASER NXA Ultimate
FIXTURLASER NXA Ultimate Welcome to our world. Since the very beginning in 1984, ACOEM AB has helped industries throughout the world to achieve more profitable and sustainable production. We have reached
More informationModule-4 Lecture-2 Perpendicularity measurement. (Refer Slide Time: 00:13)
Metrology Prof. Dr. Kanakuppi Sadashivappa Department of Industrial and Production Engineering Bapuji Institute of Engineering and Technology-Davangere Module-4 Lecture-2 Perpendicularity measurement (Refer
More informationOffice europeen des Publication number : EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION
Office europeen des brevets @ Publication number : 0 465 1 36 A2 @ EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION @ Application number: 91305842.6 @ Int. CI.5 : G02B 26/10 (22) Date of filing : 27.06.91 ( ) Priority : 27.06.90
More informationVibration based condition monitoring of rotating machinery
Vibration based condition monitoring of rotating machinery Goutam Senapaty 1* and Sathish Rao U. 1 1 Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy
More informationBORE ALIGNMENT. Straightness measurement of bore and bearing journals PRINTER CONNECTION PC PROGRAM INCLUDED ELECTRONIC INCLINOMETER EXPANDABLE
D650 D660 BORE ALIGNMENT Straightness measurement of bore and bearing journals ELECTRONIC INCLINOMETER PC PROGRAM INCLUDED PRINTER CONNECTION EXPANDABLE IT S ALL ABOUT STRAIGHTNESS The Easy-Laser Linebore
More informationCHAPTER 9 POSITION SENSITIVE PHOTOMULTIPLIER TUBES
CHAPTER 9 POSITION SENSITIVE PHOTOMULTIPLIER TUBES The current multiplication mechanism offered by dynodes makes photomultiplier tubes ideal for low-light-level measurement. As explained earlier, there
More informationAgilent 10774A Short Range Straightness Optics and Agilent 10775A Long Range Straightness Optics
7Y Agilent 10774A Short Range Straightness Optics and Agilent 10775A Long Range Straightness Optics Introduction Introduction Straightness measures displacement perpendicular to the axis of intended motion
More informationHelpful Alignment Tips for Machine Shops
Table of Contents Background... 3 Offset or Centerline Misalignment... 3 Parallelism or Angular Misalignment... 4 Alignment Equipment Needed... 5 How it Works... 5 Measuring Procedure... 5 Making the Measurements...
More informationLoad application in load cells - Tips for users
Load application in load cells - Tips for users Correct load application on the load cells is a prerequisite for precise weighing results. Be it load direction, support structure or mounting aids load
More information48 in. X 96 in. 500 Pound Capacity Motorized Overhead Storage Unit Installation Guide [OPTION B] MODEL # PRM4X8 Patent Pending
48 in. X 96 in. 500 Pound Capacity Motorized Overhead Storage Unit Installation Guide [OPTION B] MODEL # PRM4X8 Patent Pending 1 Table of Contents Table of Contents PAGES Installation Support 3 Safety
More informationAgilent 5527A/B-2 Achieving Maximum Accuracy and Repeatability
Agilent 5527A/B-2 Achieving Maximum Accuracy and Repeatability Product Note With the Agilent 5527A/B Laser Position Transducer System 2 Purpose of this Product Note The ability to model the performance
More informationThe introduction and background in the previous chapters provided context in
Chapter 3 3. Eye Tracking Instrumentation 3.1 Overview The introduction and background in the previous chapters provided context in which eye tracking systems have been used to study how people look at
More informationOwners Manual for. The Transcriptor. Skeleton Turntable
Owners Manual for The Transcriptor Skeleton Turntable Owner's Manual for The Transcriptor Skeleton Turntable - 1 - E X C L U S I V E U N I T E D S T A T E S I M P O R T E R A N D D I S T R I B U T O R
More informationPACIFIC LASER SYSTEMS. HVL100 Procedures
PACIFIC LASER SYSTEMS HVL100 Procedures A. Setting Up for Level Calibration of Horizontal Lines, Plumb and Down pg. 2 B. Setting Up for Vertical Line Calibration pg. 4 C. Setting Up for Square Calibration
More informationWhat are we looking at?
What are we looking at? What are our Goals: Accurate information to provide: Machinery Condition Monitoring Machinery Diagnostics Machinery Reliability Improvements Etc. Probe Coil Types 3000 and 7000
More informationKit for building your own THz Time-Domain Spectrometer
Kit for building your own THz Time-Domain Spectrometer 16/06/2016 1 Table of contents 0. Parts for the THz Kit... 3 1. Delay line... 4 2. Pulse generator and lock-in detector... 5 3. THz antennas... 6
More informationWeek IX: INTERFEROMETER EXPERIMENTS
Week IX: INTERFEROMETER EXPERIMENTS Notes on Adjusting the Michelson Interference Caution: Do not touch the mirrors or beam splitters they are front surface and difficult to clean without damaging them.
More informationGT THE USE OF EDDY CURRENT SENSORS FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF ROTOR BLADE TIP TIMING: DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW METHOD BASED ON INTEGRATION
Proceedings of ASME Turbo Expo 2016 GT2016 June 13-17, 2016, Seoul, South Korea GT2016-57368 THE USE OF EDDY CURRENT SENSORS FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF ROTOR BLADE TIP TIMING: DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW METHOD BASED
More informationMeasuring systems for ironing rings and punches
Measuring systems for ironing rings and punches Equipment and proven technology for precision tooling measurement in beverage can industry RINGMASTER THE MASTER TOOL FOR RING MEASURE MENT RINGMASTER provides
More informationComp-DS Driveshaft. User Manual B
Comp-DS Driveshaft User Manual 2010-1378B Driveshaft Parts List 1.22B 1.21C 1.22C 1.22D 1.21A 1.21B 1.22A 1.1 Figure 1 1.0 Complete Driveshaft 1.1 Tube and Flange Assembly 1.2 Coupling Assembly (2 required
More informationVoelzow & Company, Inc.
Voelzow & Company, Inc. P.O. Box 158 Wingate, NC 28174 704-233-9222 Fax 704-233-9211 E-mail: voelzow@perigee.net Web: www.laseralignment.net 5-1 Chapter 5: Alignment of vertical machines This chapter tells
More informationRega Research Limited., England RB700
www.rega.co.uk Rega Research Limited., England Mission Statement Rega s philosophy is to make high quality products at sensible prices, as a means of reproducing music as faithfully as possible. Rega is
More informationType XTSR71 Sizes
(Page 1 of 13) s 494-5258 Type XTSR71 s 494-5258 Figure 1 Thomas XTSR71 Coupling 1. General Information 1.1 Thomas Couplings are designed to provide a mechanical connection between the rotating shafts
More informationTHE SIX SIMPLE MACHINES
Simple Machines A machine is a device that helps make work easier to perform. (Remember, Work = Force X Distance). A machine makes work easier to perform by accomplishing one or more of the following functions:
More informationTechNote #34 ROTALIGN
Shaft alignment TechNote #34 ROTALIGN ROTALIGN ment of cardan shafts using Cardan Bracket ALI 2.893SET Introduction This technical note describes the alignment of two machines joined via a cardan spacer
More informationApplications and Setups
1 Applications and Setups Manhole stake This section describes three fundamentals for using the Model DG813/613 to install gravity flow pipe; they are Grade, Elevation, and Line otherwise known as G-E-L.
More informationSMART LASER SENSORS SIMPLIFY TIRE AND RUBBER INSPECTION
PRESENTED AT ITEC 2004 SMART LASER SENSORS SIMPLIFY TIRE AND RUBBER INSPECTION Dr. Walt Pastorius LMI Technologies 2835 Kew Dr. Windsor, ON N8T 3B7 Tel (519) 945 6373 x 110 Cell (519) 981 0238 Fax (519)
More information6o ft (18.3 m) Southwest Windpower, Inc West Route 66 Flagstaff, Arizona USA Phone: Fax:
6o ft (18.3 m) sectional MONOPOLE TOWER INSTALLATION MANUAL Southwest Windpower, Inc. 1801 West Route 66 Flagstaff, Arizona 86001 USA Phone: 928.779.9463 Fax: 928.779.1485 www.skystreamenergy.com 3-CMLT-1390-01
More informationShaft encoders are digital transducers that are used for measuring angular displacements and angular velocities.
Shaft Encoders: Shaft encoders are digital transducers that are used for measuring angular displacements and angular velocities. Encoder Types: Shaft encoders can be classified into two categories depending
More informationALIGNMENT METHODS APPLIED TO THE LEP MAGNET MEASUREMENTS. J. Billan, G. Brun, K. N. Henrichsen, P. Legrand, 0. Pagano, P. Rohmig and L. Walckiers.
295 ALIGNMENT METHODS APPLIED TO THE LEP MAGNET MEASUREMENTS J. Billan, G. Brun, K. N. Henrichsen, P. Legrand, 0. Pagano, P. Rohmig and L. Walckiers. CERN, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland Introduction Electromagnets
More informationPrecision Double Row Cylindrical Roller Bearings With Tapered Bore
Roller Bearings With Tapered Bore High precision cylindrical roller bearings are bearings with a low cross section, high load carrying capacity and speed capability. These properties make them particularly
More informationDesign Guide: CNC Machining VERSION 3.4
Design Guide: CNC Machining VERSION 3.4 CNC GUIDE V3.4 Table of Contents Overview...3 Tolerances...4 General Tolerances...4 Part Tolerances...5 Size Limitations...6 Milling...6 Lathe...6 Material Selection...7
More informationUsing Frequency Diversity to Improve Measurement Speed Roger Dygert MI Technologies, 1125 Satellite Blvd., Suite 100 Suwanee, GA 30024
Using Frequency Diversity to Improve Measurement Speed Roger Dygert MI Technologies, 1125 Satellite Blvd., Suite 1 Suwanee, GA 324 ABSTRACT Conventional antenna measurement systems use a multiplexer or
More informationRELIABILITY OF GUIDED WAVE ULTRASONIC TESTING. Dr. Mark EVANS and Dr. Thomas VOGT Guided Ultrasonics Ltd. Nottingham, UK
RELIABILITY OF GUIDED WAVE ULTRASONIC TESTING Dr. Mark EVANS and Dr. Thomas VOGT Guided Ultrasonics Ltd. Nottingham, UK The Guided wave testing method (GW) is increasingly being used worldwide to test
More informationLaser LA-4P. Operating instructions
Laser LA-4P GB Operating instructions A 1 2 3a 5 3c 3b 3a 4 11 11 6 10 7 14a 14b 14c 12 9 8 B C 2. 1. D E F Ø 50mm - 115 mm Ø 2-4,5 G I K s > 6m > 20ft L M N P1 Q O 13 P2 GB Operating instructions The
More informationMEASURING MACHINE TOOLS WITH BALL BARS
MEASURING MACHINE TOOLS WITH BALL BARS Every time we detect a part that is out of tolerance, the implication is that something went wrong in the machining process: either the operator made a mistake, or
More informationInjection Molding. System Recommendations
Bore Application Alignment Notes Injection Molding System Recommendations L-743 Injection Molding Machine Laser The L-743 Ultra-Precision Triple Scan Laser is the ideal instrument to quickly and accurately
More information4) Drive Mechanisms. Techno_Isel H830 Catalog
4) Drive Mechanisms This section will introduce most of the more common types of drive mechanisms found in linear motion machinery. Ideally, a drive system should not support any loads, with all the loads
More informationGAIN COMPARISON MEASUREMENTS IN SPHERICAL NEAR-FIELD SCANNING
GAIN COMPARISON MEASUREMENTS IN SPHERICAL NEAR-FIELD SCANNING ABSTRACT by Doren W. Hess and John R. Jones Scientific-Atlanta, Inc. A set of near-field measurements has been performed by combining the methods
More informationGeometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing
Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GDT) is Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing o a method of defining parts based on how they function, using standard ASME/ANSI symbols; o a system of specifying
More informationInstructions LASNIX Polarization Sensors Models 601, 605, option H
Instructions LASNIX Polarization Sensors Models 601, 605, option H 1. HANDLING. LASNIX polarization sensors operate on the principle of a rotating linear polarizer. The polarizer element is a very thin
More informationEngineering & Design: Geometric Dimensioning
Section Contents NADCA No. Format Page Frequently Asked Questions -2 s e c t i o n 1 Introduction -2 2 What is GD&T? -2 3 Why Should GD&T be Used? -2 4 Datum Reference Frame -4 4.1 Primary, Secondary,
More information8/17/2014. Process of directly or indirectly measuring vertical distances to determine the elevation of points or their differences in elevation
Process of directly or indirectly measuring vertical distances to determine the elevation of points or their differences in elevation Leveling results are used: To design highways, railroads, canals, sewers,
More informationFASTENERS, MEASUREMENTS AND CONVERSIONS
FASTENERS, MEASUREMENTS AND CONVERSIONS Bolts, Nuts and Other Threaded Retainers Although there are a great variety of fasteners found in the modern car or truck, the most commonly used retainer is the
More informationMetrology and instrumentation Indian Institute of Technology
Metrology and instrumentation Indian Institute of Technology SOURCE: S. KALPAKJIAN BOOK SLIDE-WAY CROSS-SECTION Cross-section of a machine tool slide-way. The width, depth, angles, and other dimensions
More informationFeatures. Continuous Duty Cycle Actuators
Features Predictable life. Continuous operation. Oil lubricated. High mechanical and thermal efficiency 2 models available. Capacity 3,500 to 27,000 pounds Available with C-Face motor adaptors and speed
More information7. Michelson Interferometer
7. Michelson Interferometer In this lab we are going to observe the interference patterns produced by two spherical waves as well as by two plane waves. We will study the operation of a Michelson interferometer,
More information6 1/2 x 6 1/2 Flat Top Pergola
6 / x 6 / Flat Top Pergola A S S E M B L Y G U I D E Models: Portland, Liberty O P T I O N A L A C C E S S O R Y Bolt Down Bracket Kit V.-0506 Ta b l e o f Co n t e n t s PAGE The Introduction & Overview......................................................
More informationInstallation and Leveling Instructions for Micro/Level Wedge Style Isolators
Technical Bulletin M/L 685 Installation and Leveling Instructions for Micro/Level Wedge Style Isolators 16WL50-1.25M6 with attachment bolt 16WM40-(1)1.25M6 with attachment bolt 12W with Anti-Skid Pad Vibro/Dynamics
More informationPET*STAR 4 OPERATOR MANUAL
Operator Manual 17315060 Rev. 0 (PS - 4) PET*STAR 4 OPERATOR MANUAL Paragraph Page 1.0 INTRODUCTION... 2 2.0 INSTALLATION... 2 3.0 ALIGNMENT... 2 4.0 SPHERICAL ROLLER BEARING & PILLOW BLOCK... 5 5.0 OUTBOARD
More informationTech Tip 8 Controlling Photopolymer Plate Gauge
Tech Tip 8 Controlling Photopolymer Plate Gauge MacDermid photopolymer plates are manufactured to the highest quality standards to assure the best image reproduction and the longest press life. One important
More informationOPERATION, PARTS & MAINTENANCE MANUAL MODELS HB73-16 HB97-18 HB97-16 HB97-12 HB HB HB HB145-18
OPERATION, PARTS & MAINTENANCE MANUAL MODELS HB73-16 HB97-18 HB97-16 HB97-12 HB121-18 HB121-16 HB121-14 HB145-18 Proudly Made in the USA 2 3 4 FOREWORD This manual has been prepared for the owner and operators
More informationSPES Underwater Eddy Current Proximity Sensor User s Manual P/N M2A-107
SPES -108 Underwater Eddy Current Proximity Sensor User s Manual P/N 9431-09M2A-107 Safety Information The following manual contains information and warnings. They must be followed in order to keep the
More informationOrder/Technical Support Tel: (800) / FAX: (800) /
Key-operated safety interlock switch, plastic Without key locking Switches with plastic body for use on light machinery, without inertia. For use in unstable environments where there is a risk of the guard
More informationGaging Exploration (Applications)
Gaging Exploration (Applications) PMPA Technical Conference Tomorrow is Today - Conquering the Skills Challenge Chicago, IL April 24, 2018 Gary K. Griffith Corona, California Gary K. Griffith 50+ Years
More informationOPTOFORM 40 ENGINEERING SPECIFICATIONS
OPTOFORM 40 The world s most competitively priced Ultra Precision Lathe specifically designed for manufacturing both INTRA-OCULAR LENSES and CONTACT LENSES. ENGINEERING SPECIFICATIONS Description Through
More informationDelrin Cone T-Handle Spring Stop w/pad...9 Screw Jack Large Toggle Clamp w/pad...9 Adjustable Ball Positioner...14
Distributed by Rapp Industrial Sales INDEX Aluminum Fixture Plates...4 Pin Rest...11 Acrylic Plates...4 Thread Adapter...11 Fixturing Towers...5 Delrin Cone...11 CMM Fixturing Kits...6-7 Magnetic Rest
More informationTHE STORAGE RING CONTROL NETWORK OF NSLS-II
THE STORAGE RING CONTROL NETWORK OF NSLS-II C. Yu #, F. Karl, M. Ilardo, M. Ke, C. Spataro, S. Sharma, BNL, Upton, NY, 11973, USA Abstract NSLS-II requires ±100 micron alignment precision to adjacent girders
More informationLeica Rugby 600 Series Your reliable team player on site
Rugby 600 Series Your reliable team player on site Rugby Simple, fast, tough Select the perfect team player for your site Rugby lasers are the toughest rotating lasers suitable for all construction applications.
More informationConstruction Tolerances - The following tolerances apply to cast-in-place structures:
00540.40(b) Construction 00540.40 Tolerances - The following tolerances apply to cast-in-place structures: (a) Foundation Footings: (1) Lateral Alignment: Actual (as cast) location of the center of gravity:
More informationSURVEY AND ALIGNMENT FOR THE SWISS LIGHT SOURCE
1 SURVEY AND ALIGNMENT FOR THE SWISS LIGHT SOURCE F.Q. Wei, K. Dreyer, U. Fehlmann, J.L. Pochon and A. Wrulich SLS / Paul Scherrer Institute CH5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland ABSTRACT The Swiss Light Source
More informationRange Sensing strategies
Range Sensing strategies Active range sensors Ultrasound Laser range sensor Slides adopted from Siegwart and Nourbakhsh 4.1.6 Range Sensors (time of flight) (1) Large range distance measurement -> called
More informationF. Rotor Head Maintenance
There are several apparent advantages of the fiberglass construction over the metal. The major one is the life of the blade. From all indication the fiberglass blade will have no finite life, as does the
More informationEmerson Process Management - CSI
Page 1 of 15 DoctorKnow Application Paper Title: Characterizing Shaft Misalignment Effects Using Dynamic Measurements Source/Author:Dan Nower & Curt Thomas Product: Corrective Technology: Corrective Classification:
More informationInstallation Instructions - Model V4JSD 1
Installation Instructions - Model V4JSD 1 Support Assemblies: Parts list: (Note see enclosed cut sheet for quantities and dimensional information) A vertical structural member (1 ½ x 1 ½ modular frame)
More informationA Laser-Based Thin-Film Growth Monitor
TECHNOLOGY by Charles Taylor, Darryl Barlett, Eric Chason, and Jerry Floro A Laser-Based Thin-Film Growth Monitor The Multi-beam Optical Sensor (MOS) was developed jointly by k-space Associates (Ann Arbor,
More informationUnderstanding Optical Specifications
Understanding Optical Specifications Optics can be found virtually everywhere, from fiber optic couplings to machine vision imaging devices to cutting-edge biometric iris identification systems. Despite
More informationLaser LAX 300 G. Operating instructions
Laser LAX 300 G en Operating instructions A1 4 3 2a 1a 2b 8 4 5 9 1b 6 7 A2 A3 11 10 A4 A5 A6 L1 ± 0,3 mm/m ± 23/64 A7 L1 ± 0,3 mm/m ± 23/64 L2 ± 1/4 ± 0,2 mm/m B1 B2 90 C1 C2 C3 C4 X1 X2 X3 5m 5m S
More informationDetection of Internal OR External Pits from Inside OR Outside a tube with New Technology (EMIT)
Detection of Internal OR External Pits from Inside OR Outside a tube with New Technology (EMIT) Author: Ankit Vajpayee Russell NDE Systems Inc. 4909 75Ave Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6B 2S3 Phone 780-468-6800
More information1.6 Beam Wander vs. Image Jitter
8 Chapter 1 1.6 Beam Wander vs. Image Jitter It is common at this point to look at beam wander and image jitter and ask what differentiates them. Consider a cooperative optical communication system that
More informationMachine Tools That Create Solutions Since 1939
DUGARD Machine Tools That Create Solutions Since 1939 Dugard 1000Y Plus / 1500 Vertical Machining Centres www.dugard.com The Leading Edge in Precision Machining Now with 610mm Y travel and heavy duty roller
More informationGAGING AND INSPECTION
Fixture Plates...75 Fixturing Towers...76 CMM Fixturing Kits... 77-78 Clamping Components... 79-80 Standoffs and Locators... 81-82 Magnetic Components... 83-84 Height Adjustment...84 Positioners...85 Clamp
More informationAnswers to Questions and Problems
Fundamentals of Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing Using Critical Thinking Skills 3 rd Edition By Alex Krulikowski Answers to Questions and Problems Second Printing Product #: 1103 Price: $25.00 Copyright
More informationOperators Manual: Diamond Rock Saw Excavator Attachment Austramac Flashcut Series
Operators Manual: Diamond Rock Saw Excavator Attachment Austramac Flashcut Series! WARNING! Inappropriate use of rock saw may cause serious injury or death. Operators must read this manual before use and
More informationSurveying & Measurement. Detail Survey Topographic Surveying
Surveying & Measurement Detail Survey Topographic Surveying Introduction Mapping surveys are made to determine the relief of the earth s surface and locate critical points on it. to determine the locations
More informationHydraulic Clamp Carrier. Installation & Operation Manual
Hydraulic Clamp Carrier Installation & Operation Manual Hydraulic Clamp Carrier Installation & Operation Manual Quick Machinery Company 8272 Peninsula Drive Kelseyville, CA 95451 phone: (707) 272-6719
More informationDIMENSIONING ENGINEERING DRAWINGS
DIMENSIONING ENGINEERING DRAWINGS An engineering drawing must be properly dimensioned in order to convey the designer s intent to the end user. Dimensions provide the information needed to specify the
More informationMATERIAL COMBINATION NUMBER 2: Corrosive environment requiring harder, wear-resistant seating faces and resistance to dezincification.
Cast Iron Slide Gates Spec Sheet General The contractor shall furnish and install the following cast iron slide gate assemblies as listed on the Gate Schedule and detailed on the manufacturer s drawings.
More informationExp No.(8) Fourier optics Optical filtering
Exp No.(8) Fourier optics Optical filtering Fig. 1a: Experimental set-up for Fourier optics (4f set-up). Related topics: Fourier transforms, lenses, Fraunhofer diffraction, index of refraction, Huygens
More informationMhow (MP) PIN c/o 56 APO RFI : PROCUREMENT OF FAST TRANSIENT RESPONSE ELECTROMAGNETIC PULSE (EMP) SIMULATOR
Tele : 07324-256130 Army Centre for Electromagnetics Mhow (MP) PIN - 900444 c/o 56 APO 2710/M/EMP Sml/ 23 Jul 20 To RFI : PROCUREMENT OF FAST TRANSIENT RESPONSE ELECTROMAGNETIC PULSE (EMP) SIMULATOR 1.
More informationBoardwalk Construction Guidelines
Boardwalk Construction Guidelines Acton Land Stewardship Committee Acton, Massachusetts 1 Rev. 2-2/9/2018 NOTICE TO AGENCIES OUTSIDE THE ACTON LAND STEWARDSHIP COMMITTEE THE BOARDWALK CONSTRUCTION GUIDELINES
More informationChapter 23. Garage Construction
Chapter 23. Garage Construction 23.1 ESTABLISHING CHALK LINES 23.2 MEASURING AND CUTTING WALL PLATES 23.3 MARKING WINDOW & DOOR LOCATIONS ON EXTERIOR WALL PLATES 23.4 MARKING STUDS ON EXTERIOR WALL PLATES
More informationShot Peening Small Holes By Bill Barker PROGRESSIVE TECHNOLOGIES
Shot Peening Small Holes By Bill Barker PROGRESSIVE TECHNOLOGIES Many rotating components have holes or slots that require shot peening for fatigue resistance and life enhancement. This discussion outlines
More informationConservation of energy during the reflection and transmission of microwaves
Related topics Microwaves, electromagnetic waves, reflection, transmission, polarisation, conservation of energy, conservation laws Principle When electromagnetic waves impinge on an obstacle, reflection,
More informationSQ2 User Instructions SQ2 Overview:
SQ2 User Instructions SQ2 Overview: The stationary circular saws including table, radial and chop saws are arguably the most important tools in the shop. They may also be the most difficult to reliably
More informationAC : TEACHING APPLIED MEASURING METHODS USING GD&T
AC 2008-903: TEACHING APPLIED MEASURING METHODS USING GD&T Ramesh Narang, Indiana University-Purdue University-Fort Wayne RAMESH V. NARANG is an Associate Professor of Industrial Engineering Technology
More information1. Enumerate the most commonly used engineering materials and state some important properties and their engineering applications.
Code No: R05310305 Set No. 1 III B.Tech I Semester Regular Examinations, November 2008 DESIGN OF MACHINE MEMBERS-I ( Common to Mechanical Engineering and Production Engineering) Time: 3 hours Max Marks:
More informationKentwood M509X 5 Head Moulder
TECH SPEC MS 31513 PAGE 1 Kentwood M509X 5 Head Moulder The Kentwood M509X 5 Head through feed Moulder s heavy cast iron construction, tight tolerance spindle assemblies, rugged feed works, heavy duty
More informationSSPC-PA 2 Procedure for Determining Conformance to Dry Coating Thickness Requirements
SSPC-PA 2 Procedure for Determining Conformance to Dry Coating Thickness Requirements William D. Corbett, KTA-Tator, Inc. Chair SSPC Committee C.3.2 on Dry Film Thickness Measurement SSPC-PA 2 Procedure
More informationAPRIL 2009 / NEW-100 / PAGE 1 OF 13
APRIL 2009 / NEW-100 / PAGE 1 OF 13 The standard UNIDEX line covers reaming applications from 5/16 to 1 1/4 diameter. The single indexable blade and high wear resistant carbide or cermet pads provide a
More informationCQ Tilting Pad Thrust Bearings
CQ Tilting Pad Thrust Bearings Installation and Maintenance Instructions 1. Introduction The following notes provide installation and assembly instructions for Waukesha Bearings CQ tilting pad thrust bearings.
More informationPolarization. Contents. Polarization. Types of Polarization
Contents By Kamran Ahmed Lecture # 7 Antenna polarization of satellite signals Cross polarization discrimination Ionospheric depolarization, rain & ice depolarization The polarization of an electromagnetic
More informationTooltech Precision Reamers are designed to meet hole geometry requirements in the complex and demanding machining environment of today s manufacturing
BLADED REAMERS Tooltech Precision Reamers are designed to meet hole geometry requirements in the complex and demanding machining environment of today s manufacturing industry. The innovative design of
More informationThe VIRGO suspensions
INSTITUTE OF PHYSICSPUBLISHING Class. Quantum Grav. 19 (2002) 1623 1629 CLASSICAL ANDQUANTUM GRAVITY PII: S0264-9381(02)30082-0 The VIRGO suspensions The VIRGO Collaboration (presented by S Braccini) INFN,
More informationPVA Sensor Specifications
Position, Velocity, and Acceleration Sensors 24.1 Sections 8.2-8.5 Position, Velocity, and Acceleration (PVA) Sensors PVA Sensor Specifications Good website to start your search for sensor specifications:
More information