R13. Question paper consists of Part-A and Part-B Answer ALL sub questions from Part-A Answer any THREE questions from Part-B *****

Transcription

1 Code No: RT41044 R13 Set No. 1 COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE AND ORGANIZATION (Common to Electronics and Communication Engineering and Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering) Time: 3 hours Max. Marks: 70 PART A(22 Marks) 1. a) b) c) d) e) f) Describe about memory unit. Discuss various types of Interrupts. Define Microinstruction. What do you mean by content addressable memory? What is the difference between isolated I/O and memory mapped I/O? What are the advantages and disadvantages of each? What do you mean by delayed load? [4] [4] [3] [4] [5] [2] PART B(3x16 = 48 Marks) 2. a) Distinguish between fixed point representation and floating point representation. b) Represent the number (+46.5)10 as a floating-point binary number with 24 bits. The normalized fraction mantissa has 16 bits and the exponent has 8 bits. 3. a) What are the basic differences among a branch instruction, a call subroutine instruction, and program interrupt? b) Construct a bidirectional shift register with parallel load and give the function table of the circuit. 4. a) Give an overview of address sequencing in microprogrammed control unit. b) Formulate a mapping procedure that provides eight consecutive microinstructions for each routing. The operation code has six bits and the control memory has 2048 words. 5. a) Explain the functionalities of memory management hardware. b) Explain various mapping procedures of cache memory with an example. 6. a) Demonstrate how communication proceeds between CPU and IOP. b) Explain in detail various I/O modes of transfer. 7. a) Illustrate arithmetic pipeline with an example. b) Derive speedup achieved by a pipeline unit over a non-pipeline unit.

2 Code No: RT41044 R13 Set No. 2 COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE AND ORGANIZATION (Common to Electronics and Communication Engineering and Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering) Time: 3 hours Max. Marks: 70 PART A(22 Marks) 1. a) b) c) d) e) f) Describe about Arithmetic Logic Unit. Describe the basic Instruction format. Define Micro-operation. What is the purpose of cache memory? Define cycle stealing. Write about Pipeline conflicts. [4] [4] [4] [3] [3] [4] PART B(3x16 = 48 Marks) 2. a) Demonstrate the procedure for obtaining product-of-sums using k-maps. b) Define (r 1) s complement and r s complement. 3. a) Give the major characteristics of RISC and CISC architectures. b) What are addressing modes? Give an overview of the addressing modes. 4. a) Distinguish between microprogrammed and hardwired control unit. b) What are the microinstructions needed for the fetch routine? Explain. 5. a) A computer employs RAM chips of and ROM chips of size Extend the memory system to 4096 bytes of RAM and 4096 bytes of RAM. List the memory address map and indicate what size decoders are needed. b) Demonstrate with an example address mapping using pages. 6. a) Design parallel priority interrupt hardware for a system with eight interrupt sources. b) What is direct memory transfer? Give an overview and the block diagram of a DMA controller. 7. a) Illustrate with an example hardware implementation of division algorithm. b) What are the pipeline conflicts that cause the instruction pipeline to deviate from its normal operation?

3 Code No: RT41044 R13 Set No. 3 COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE AND ORGANIZATION (Common to Electronics and Communication Engineering and Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering) Time: 3 hours Max. Marks: 70 PART A(22 Marks) 1. a) Describe about control unit. [4] b) Describe the phases of instruction cycle briefly. [5] c) Define microprogram. [3] d) What do you mean by bootstrap loader? [4] e) What do you mean by vectored interrupt? [3] f) Write about delayed branch. [3] PART B(3x16 = 48 Marks) 2. a) Describe fixed point representation and floating point representation. b) Give an overview of the basic functional units and bus structures of a computer. 3. a) An 8-bit register contains the binary value What is the register value after arithmetic shift right? Starting from the initial number , determine the register value after an arithmetic shift left, and state whether there is an overflow b) Give few examples of external interrupts and few examples of internal interrupts. What is the difference between a software interrupt and subroutine call. 4. a) What are main types of control units? Explain briefly. b) Give the block diagram of a control memory and the associated hardware needed for selecting the next micro-instruction address. 5. a) Suppose that the processor has access to two levels of memory. Level 1 contains 1000 words and has an access time of 0.01 µs; level 2 contains 1,00,000 words and has an access time of 0.1µs. Assume that if a word to be accessed is in level 1, then the processor accesses it directly. If it is in level 2, then the word is first transferred to level 1 and then accessed by the processor. Suppose, we ignore the time required to determine whether the word is in level 1 or level 2 and 95% of the memory accesses are found in the cache, then what is the average access time of a word. b) What is cache memory? What are its advantages? Explain. 6. a) Demonstrate interrupt-initiated I/O. b) Explain the functionalities of an IOP interface unit. 7. a) Illustrate with an example an instruction pipeline. b) Illustrate with an example Booth multiplication algorithm.

4 Code No: RT41044 R13 Set No. 4 COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE AND ORGANIZATION (Common to Electronics and Communication Engineering and Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering) Time: 3 hours Max. Marks: 70 PART A(22 Marks) 1. a) Distinguish among computer organization and computer architecture. b) What do you mean by register transfer language? What are the uses of register transfer language? c) Define Microcode. d) What do you mean by associative memory? Give applications of associative memory. e) What do you mean by multiprogramming? f) Describe about MIMD. [4] [4] [3] [5] [3] [3] PART B(3x16 = 48 Marks) 2. a) Illustrate with examples fixed point representation and floating point representation. b) Give an overview of the performance measurement of computers. 3. a) Using a 4-bit counter with parallel load and a 4-bit adder, draw a block diagram that shows how to implement the following statements: x: R1 R1+R2 Add R2 to R1 x'y: R1 R1+1 Increment R1 where R1 is a counter with parallel load and R2 is a 4-bit register b) Explain the functionalities and applications of the following: i. Decoders ii. Encoders iii. Multiplexers iv. De-multiplexers 4. a) What is the difference between a microprocessor and microprogram? Is it possible to design a microprocessor? b) Explain how address sequencing is done in a microprogrammed control unit. 5. a) Demonstrate logical to physical address mapping using segmented-paging. b) What is virtual memory? Explain. 6. a) Give an overview of parallel priority interrupt hardware. b) Demonstrate the mechanism of DMA. 7. a) Illustrate with an example an arithmetic pipeline. b) Give the flowchart of addition and subtraction of two floating-point binary numbers.

5 Code No: RT41044 R13 Set No. 1 COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE AND ORGANIZATION (Common to Electronics and Communication Engineering and Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering) Time: 3 hours Max. Marks: 70 PART A(22 Marks) 1. a) b) c) d) e) f) Describe about memory unit. Discuss various types of Interrupts. Define Microinstruction. What do you mean by content addressable memory? What is the difference between isolated I/O and memory mapped I/O? What are the advantages and disadvantages of each? What do you mean by delayed load? [4] [4] [3] [4] [5] [2] PART B(3x16 = 48 Marks) 2. a) Distinguish between fixed point representation and floating point representation. b) Represent the number (+46.5)10 as a floating-point binary number with 24 bits. The normalized fraction mantissa has 16 bits and the exponent has 8 bits. 3. a) What are the basic differences among a branch instruction, a call subroutine instruction, and program interrupt? b) Construct a bidirectional shift register with parallel load and give the function table of the circuit. 4. a) Give an overview of address sequencing in microprogrammed control unit. b) Formulate a mapping procedure that provides eight consecutive microinstructions for each routing. The operation code has six bits and the control memory has 2048 words. 5. a) Explain the functionalities of memory management hardware. b) Explain various mapping procedures of cache memory with an example. 6. a) Demonstrate how communication proceeds between CPU and IOP. b) Explain in detail various I/O modes of transfer. 7. a) Illustrate arithmetic pipeline with an example. b) Derive speedup achieved by a pipeline unit over a non-pipeline unit.

6 Code No: RT41044 R13 Set No. 2 COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE AND ORGANIZATION (Common to Electronics and Communication Engineering and Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering) Time: 3 hours Max. Marks: 70 PART A(22 Marks) 1. a) b) c) d) e) f) Describe about Arithmetic Logic Unit. Describe the basic Instruction format. Define Micro-operation. What is the purpose of cache memory? Define cycle stealing. Write about Pipeline conflicts. [4] [4] [4] [3] [3] [4] PART B(3x16 = 48 Marks) 2. a) Demonstrate the procedure for obtaining product-of-sums using k-maps. b) Define (r 1) s complement and r s complement. 3. a) Give the major characteristics of RISC and CISC architectures. b) What are addressing modes? Give an overview of the addressing modes. 4. a) Distinguish between microprogrammed and hardwired control unit. b) What are the microinstructions needed for the fetch routine? Explain. 5. a) A computer employs RAM chips of and ROM chips of size Extend the memory system to 4096 bytes of RAM and 4096 bytes of RAM. List the memory address map and indicate what size decoders are needed. b) Demonstrate with an example address mapping using pages. 6. a) Design parallel priority interrupt hardware for a system with eight interrupt sources. b) What is direct memory transfer? Give an overview and the block diagram of a DMA controller. 7. a) Illustrate with an example hardware implementation of division algorithm. b) What are the pipeline conflicts that cause the instruction pipeline to deviate from its normal operation?

7 Code No: RT41044 R13 Set No. 3 COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE AND ORGANIZATION (Common to Electronics and Communication Engineering and Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering) Time: 3 hours Max. Marks: 70 PART A(22 Marks) 1. a) Describe about control unit. [4] b) Describe the phases of instruction cycle briefly. [5] c) Define microprogram. [3] d) What do you mean by bootstrap loader? [4] e) What do you mean by vectored interrupt? [3] f) Write about delayed branch. [3] PART B(3x16 = 48 Marks) 2. a) Describe fixed point representation and floating point representation. b) Give an overview of the basic functional units and bus structures of a computer. 3. a) An 8-bit register contains the binary value What is the register value after arithmetic shift right? Starting from the initial number , determine the register value after an arithmetic shift left, and state whether there is an overflow b) Give few examples of external interrupts and few examples of internal interrupts. What is the difference between a software interrupt and subroutine call. 4. a) What are main types of control units? Explain briefly. b) Give the block diagram of a control memory and the associated hardware needed for selecting the next micro-instruction address. 5. a) Suppose that the processor has access to two levels of memory. Level 1 contains 1000 words and has an access time of 0.01 µs; level 2 contains 1,00,000 words and has an access time of 0.1µs. Assume that if a word to be accessed is in level 1, then the processor accesses it directly. If it is in level 2, then the word is first transferred to level 1 and then accessed by the processor. Suppose, we ignore the time required to determine whether the word is in level 1 or level 2 and 95% of the memory accesses are found in the cache, then what is the average access time of a word. b) What is cache memory? What are its advantages? Explain. 6. a) Demonstrate interrupt-initiated I/O. b) Explain the functionalities of an IOP interface unit. 7. a) Illustrate with an example an instruction pipeline. b) Illustrate with an example Booth multiplication algorithm.

8 Code No: RT41044 R13 Set No. 4 COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE AND ORGANIZATION (Common to Electronics and Communication Engineering and Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering) Time: 3 hours Max. Marks: 70 PART A(22 Marks) 1. a) Distinguish among computer organization and computer architecture. b) What do you mean by register transfer language? What are the uses of register transfer language? c) Define Microcode. d) What do you mean by associative memory? Give applications of associative memory. e) What do you mean by multiprogramming? f) Describe about MIMD. [4] [4] [3] [5] [3] [3] PART B(3x16 = 48 Marks) 2. a) Illustrate with examples fixed point representation and floating point representation. b) Give an overview of the performance measurement of computers. 3. a) Using a 4-bit counter with parallel load and a 4-bit adder, draw a block diagram that shows how to implement the following statements: x: R1 R1+R2 Add R2 to R1 x'y: R1 R1+1 Increment R1 where R1 is a counter with parallel load and R2 is a 4-bit register b) Explain the functionalities and applications of the following: i. Decoders ii. Encoders iii. Multiplexers iv. De-multiplexers 4. a) What is the difference between a microprocessor and microprogram? Is it possible to design a microprocessor? b) Explain how address sequencing is done in a microprogrammed control unit. 5. a) Demonstrate logical to physical address mapping using segmented-paging. b) What is virtual memory? Explain. 6. a) Give an overview of parallel priority interrupt hardware. b) Demonstrate the mechanism of DMA. 7. a) Illustrate with an example an arithmetic pipeline. b) Give the flowchart of addition and subtraction of two floating-point binary numbers.

9 R13 Code No: RT41042 Set No. 1 COMPUTER NETWORKS (Electronics and Communication Engineering) 1. a) What are the advantages of and draw backs of mesh topology [4] b) Explain about the Novell networks. [4] c) What is the difference between Fixed framing and variable length framing? [4] d) Explain the concept involved in Flooding algorithm. [4] e) What is the significance of TCP protocol? [3] f) Write short notes on . [3] 2. a) Compare the WAN, LAN and MAN topologies. b) Define Encapsulation and Peer to Peer communication in the layered architecture. 3. a) With neat sketch Explain Packet switching technique in detail. b) Give brief explanation about copper cables with neat sketch. 4. a) Describe the stop and wait protocol with neat sketch. b) What is the significance of data link layer? Explain the design issues of data link layer. 5. a) Explain Distance Vector routing algorithm with an example. b) What are the differences between Static Routing Algorithm and Dynamic Routing Algorithm? 6. a) Explain TCP Connection management Finite State Machine. Explain all states in it. b) Explain the different layers of ATM. 7. Write short notes on (a) SNMP (b) Network Security [16]

10 Code No: RT41042 R13 Set No. 2 COMPUTER NETWORKS (Electronics and Communication Engineering) 1. a) What are the advantages of and draw backs of Star topology? [4] b) Differentiate Guided and Unguided transmission medias. [4] c) Explain about Stop and wait protocol. [3] d) What is the significance of The Network layer in the ATM networks? [4] e) List the different layers of ATM. [3] f) What are the fundamental cryptographic principles? [4] 2. a) What are the responsibilities of Presentation layer and Session layer of OSI model? b) What is Internet? Explain the Architecture of Internet with a neat Sketch. 3. a) What are the different cable topologies of an Ethernet? Explain Manchester Encoding. b) With neat sketch Explain VCN switching technique in detail. 4. a) What is CSMA with CD? What are the three different states a CSMA/CD can be in? Explain with a neat diagram. b) What are the different classes of bridges? Explain with neat sketches. 5. a) Explain shortest path routing algorithm with an example. b) Discuss the internetworking of network layer in internet. 6. a) How a Connection is established in a Transport Protocol. Explain three protocol scenarios for establishing a connection. b) Explain in detail about Connection management. 7. a) Write short notes on Electronic Mail. b) How DNS service maps domain names to IP addresses.

11 R13 Code No: RT41042 Set No. 3 COMPUTER NETWORKS (Electronics and Communication Engineering) 1. a) What are the advantages of and draw backs of bus topology [4] b) Explain why the cables are twisted in twisted pair wireless system? [4] c) What are the design issues of Data Link layer? [4] d) What is the significance of The Network layer in the internet [4] e) What are the different transport layer protocols [3] f) Write short notes on Multi Media. [3] 2. a) What are the responsibilities of Network layer and Transport layer of OSI model b) Explain Novell Networks and Arpanet. 3. a) What are the different categories of UTP and compare them. b) Explain in detail about encoding asynchronous communications. 4. a) Compare the throughput of pure aloha and slotted aloha. b) Explain flow control mechanism using Sliding window protocol. 5. a) Explain Broadcast routing algorithm with an example b) Differentiate the open loop congestion control and closed loop congestion control 6. a) Write a short note on Remote Procedure Call. b) Explain the structure of TCP Header format. 7. a) How SHA-1 Algorithm works. b) What are the protocols associated with WWW. Explain them.

12 R13 Code No: RT41042 Set No. 4 COMPUTER NETWORKS (Electronics and Communication Engineering) 1. a) What are the advantages of and draw backs of LAN? [4] b) Write a short note on Category 3 UTP and Category 5 UTP. [4] c) What are the differences between 10base2 and 10 base5 cables? [4] d) What are the General Principles of Congestion prevention policies? [4] e) What are the different services provided by transport layer? [3] f) Write short notes on Name Servers. [3] 2. a) What are the responsibilities of Physical layer and Data link layer of OSI model b) Explain the different Network topologies and their advantages in detail. 3. a) What are the specifications of Narrow band ISDN? b) With neat sketch Explain Circuit switching technique in detail. 4. a) What is Carrier Sense Multiple Access? What are the different approaches? b) What is the significance of Error control Mechanism? Explain how it is achieved by CRC? 5. a) Explain Hierarchical routing algorithm with an example. b) How Congestion control in Datagram Subnets takes place? 6. a) Are the TCP Connections are half- duplex? How the Connections will release in TCP? b) Explain flow control in transport layer in detail. 7. a) Explain the working of domain name system. b) What is multimedia? Explain in detail about voice over IP?

13 Code No: RT41042 R13 Set No. 1 IV B.Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, March COMPUTER NETWORKS (Electronics and Communication Engineering) 1. a) Give advantages of a client server system using LAN over the big time sharing [3] system. b) List out the advantages and disadvantages of circuit switching. [3] c) List out the situations in which pure ALOHA and slotted ALOHA performs better. [4] Justify your answer. d) What is a Choke packet? How do they help in congestion control? [4] e) List out the transport layer service primitives and their meaning. [4] f) Discuss in brief about Transposition Ciphers. [4] 2. a) Explain the principle differences between connection-oriented communication and connectionless communication. b) Which characteristics affect the quality of service offered by a network? Justify your answer with proper example. 3. a) Explain in detail about broad band ISDN. b) Describe about the architecture of ATM networks. 4. a) Write about CSMA and CSMA/CD in detail. b) What is the need for bridges? Explain the working of 802.x to 802.y bridges in detail. 5. a) Explain in detail about broadcast and multicast routings. [10] b) What is the format of IPv4 header? Describe the significance of each field. [6] 6. a) Explain the Real Time Transport Protocol. b) Discuss in detail about the connection establishment and release in TCP. 7. a) What is authentication? Explain how the authentication is provided based on shared secret key? b) Explain in detail about the MPEG standard for video compression. '' '' '' ''' '

14 Code No: RT41042 R13 Set No. 1 IV B.Tech I Semester Regular Examinations, November COMPUTER NETWORKS (Electronics and Communication Engineering) 1. a) Explain about WAN. [4] b) What are the different types of ISDN interfaces? [4] c) With an example explain the process of Error detection using LRC. [4] d) What is the difference between Broadcasting and Multicasting? [4] e) What are TCP and UDP protocols? [3] f) Explain about HTTP. [3] 2. a) Explain the different topologies of the network. b) Explain the TCP/IP model? 3. a) Explain the significance of Switching? What are different switching techniques used in computer networks? Discuss. b) Discuss about ATM in detail? 4. a) Explain about ALOHA and CDMA. b) Explain various classes of IEEE 802.X Standard Ethernet. 5. a) With an example explain the Dynamic routing algorithms used in computer networks. b) What are the reasons for congestion? What are the problems with congestion? 6. a) Explain the Services of Transport layer. b) Explain leaky bucket and token bucket algorithms. 7. a) Explain how Network Security can be achieved. b) Write about electronic mail in detail. '' '' '' ''''''

15 Code No: RT41042 R13 Set No. 2 IV B.Tech I Semester Regular Examinations, November COMPUTER NETWORKS (Electronics and Communication Engineering) 1. a) Explain about LAN. [4] b) What are the differences between Narrowband ISDN and Broadband ISDN? [4] c) With an example explain the process of Error detection usingvrc. [4] d) What are the characteristics of datagram networks? [4] e) What are the responsibilities of Transport layer? [3] f) What is meant by data encryption standard? [3] 2. a) Explain various categories of networks. b) Explain the ISO/OSI reference model. 3. a) With neat sketch explain Twisted pair cables, connectors of twisted pair cables with neat graph explain the performance of Twisted pair cables. b) What is the significance of ISDN? Explain the basic concept of ISDN. Give the protocol architecture of ISDN? 4. a) Explain the working of CSMA Protocol. b) Explain the advantages of wireless LANS. 5. a) Explain the layered architecture of ATM Network. b) With an example explain the shortest path routing algorithms used in computer networks. 6. a) Discuss about TCP and UDP Protocols b) Explain ATM AAL Layer Protocol. 7. a) Write about Electronic mail in detail. b) Explain the working of DNS. '' '' '' ''''''

16 Code No: RT41042 R13 Set No. 3 IV B.Tech I Semester Regular Examinations, November COMPUTER NETWORKS (Electronics and Communication Engineering) 1. a) Explain about MAN. [4] b) What is the significance of Switching? What are the different types of Switching techniques? [4] c) With neat sketch explain the basic concept involved in Elementary Protocol: stop and wait [4] d) Explain the differences between 10 base 2 and 10 base 5 Ethernet. [4] e) What are the sub layers of AAL layer of ATM. [3] f) What is the significance of DNS? [3] 2. a) Explain the following networks i) ARPANET ii) Internet b) What is the significance of layered architecture? Explain the OSI layered architecture with neat sketch. 3. a) With neat graphs explain various line coding techniques (Digital to digital conversion). b) Explain the concept of ATM and its interfaces. How addressing is achieved in ATM? 4. a) Explain the following error detection techniques i) LRC ii) CRC b) With an example explain the sliding window Flow control mechanism. 5. a) With an example explain the distance vector routing algorithms used in computer networks b) What are the general principles of congestion control? Explain. 6. a) Explain in detail about Connection management. b) Discuss about the header format of UDP. 7. Write short notes on the following i) Multi Media ii) SNMP [16] '' '' '' ''''''

17 Code No: RT41042 R13 Set No. 4 IV B.Tech I Semester Regular Examinations, November COMPUTER NETWORKS (Electronics and Communication Engineering) 1. a) What is the significance of topologies? What are the different types of topologies? [4] b) What are the different types of ATM interfaces. [4] c) Explain the differences between Pure and Slotted ALOHA Systems. [4] d) Define Congestion. What are the general Principles of Congestion? [4] e) What is Connection management? [3] f) Explain the WWW. [3] 2. a) Explain the differences between OSI model and TCP/IP model? b) Explain the following networks i) ARPANET ii) NSFNET 3. a) With neat sketch explain Coaxial cable, Standards of coaxial cable and connectors of coaxial cables. b) Explain the significance of Switching? What are different switching techniques used in computer networks? Discuss. 4. a) Explain the following error detection techniques i) Cheksum ii) CRC b) What is the significance of Bridges? Explain the different types of Bridges. 5. a) With an example explain the Flooding, Hierarchical routing algorithms used in computer networks b) Explain the Network layer in the internet. 6. a) Explain ATM AAL Layer Protocol b) Explain leaky bucket and token bucket algorithms. 7. Write short notes on the following i) DNS ii) SNMP [16] '' '' '' ''''''

18 R13 Code No: RT41043 Set No. 1 DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING (Common to Electronics and Computer Engineering, Electronics and Communication Engineering and Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering) 1. a) Define D 4 and D 8 distances. [3] b) What are the advantages of filtering in frequency domain? [4] c) How to estimate the degradation function by experimentation? [4] d) Define brightness, hue and saturation. [3] e) Write short notes on spatial redundancy. [4] f) Write short notes on morphological gradient. [4] 2. a) What is meant by image interpolation? Discuss about various interpolation methods. b) What is the need of image transform? List out various transform used in image processing. 3. a) With an example, explain the concept of histogram equalization. b) State 2D sampling theorem and explain about aliasing in images. 4. a) Explain about noise reduction in an image using band reject and band pass filters. b) Explain the concept of minimum mean square error filtering. 5. a) Explain about RGB color model and write its applications. b) Describe about histogram processing in color images. 6. a) Draw the diagram of two band subband coding and decoding system, and explain it. b) With an example, explain about arithmetic coding. 7. a) Discuss about opening and closing for gray scale images. b) Explain the detection of isolated points in an image.

19 R13 Code No: RT41043 Set No. 2 DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING (Common to Electronics and Computer Engineering, Electronics and Communication Engineering and Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering) 1. a) What is meant by spatial resolution and explain its significance. [4] b) Define Fourier spectrum and Phase angle of 2D-DFT. [3] c) Write short notes on Max and Min filters. [4] d) Write short notes on chromaticity and tristimulus values. [4] e) Explain about subjective fidelity criteria. [3] f) Explain the duality of erosion and dilation operations. [4] 2. a) Explain the following terms: (i) Adjacency (ii) Connectivity (iii) Regions (iv) Boundaries b) Obtain the Haar transformation matrix for N = a) Explain the use of histogram statistics for image enhancement. b) Prove the validity of the discrete convolution theorem of two variables. 4. a) What is an adaptive median filter? Explain its use for noise reduction in an image. b) With an example, explain the concept of image reconstruction from back projections. 5. a) Discuss about CMY and CMYK color models. b) Discuss about noise in color images. 6. a) Explain the concept of wavelet packets and write its advantages. b) Draw the functional block diagram of general image compression system and explain it. 7. a) Explain the following morphological algorithms: (i) Boundary extraction (ii) Hole filling b) Define image gradient and explain its use in edge detection.

20 Code No: RT41043 R13 Set No. 3 DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING (Common to Electronics and Computer Engineering, Electronics and Communication Engineering and Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering) 1. a) 3 1 Compute the Haar transform of the 2 X 2 image F 6 2 [4] b) What is Log Transformation and write its use in image processing. [3] c) Write the expression for contraharmonic mean filter and explain its use in image restoration. [4] d) What is the purpose of color model and list out some color models. [4] e) What is image compression? Why it is needed? [4] f) List out different masks used to compute the gradient. [3] 2. a) Explain the basic concepts of sampling and quantization in the generation of digital image. b) Discuss about KL Transform and write its applications in image processing. 3. a) Determine the convolution and correlation between the following images: f ( x, y) and g ( x, y) b) Explain the following filters: (i) Band reject and Band pass filters (ii) Notch filters 4. a) What are the different approaches to estimate the noise parameters in an image? Explain. b) State and explain the Fourier-Slice Theorem. 5. a) Discuss the concept of converting colors from RGB to HSI. b) With necessary equations, explain about color edge detection. 6. a) What are the various Multiresolution analysis requirements? Explain. b) What is meant by block transform coding? Explain. 7. a) Explain about morphological hit-or-miss transform. b) Discuss about edge linking using local processing.

21 Code No: RT41043 R13 Set No. 4 DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING (Common to Electronics and Computer Engineering, Electronics and Communication Engineering and Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering) 1. a) Define Walsh Transform and write its properties. [4] b) What is meant by gamma correction? Why it is needed? [3] c) Write the difference between image restoration and image enhancement. [4] d) Write short notes on RGB to CMY conversion. [4] e) Write the difference between Fourier transform and wavelet transform. [4] f) Explain the effect of noise in edge detection. [3] 2. a) Explain about linear and nonlinear operations used in image processing. b) State and Prove the translation and rotation properties of 2D-DFT. 3. a) Explain the concept of weighted average filter. b) With necessary equations, explain the concept of homomorphic filtering. 4. a) List out some important noise probability density functions used in image processing and sketch their plots. b) Discuss about Radon Transform and write its applications. 5. a) Explain about intensity slicing and write its applications. b) Discuss about segmentation in RGB vector space. 6. a) Explain about wavelet transform in two dimensions. b) Draw the block diagram of lossless predictive coding model and explain it. 7. a) Explain the following morphological operations: (i) Erosion (ii) Dilation b) Explain the basics of intensity thresholding in image segmentation.

22 R13 Code No: RT41043 Set No. 1 DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING (Common to Electronics and Computer Engineering, Electronics and Communication Engineering and Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering) 1. a) Define D 4 and D 8 distances. [3] b) What are the advantages of filtering in frequency domain? [4] c) How to estimate the degradation function by experimentation? [4] d) Define brightness, hue and saturation. [3] e) Write short notes on spatial redundancy. [4] f) Write short notes on morphological gradient. [4] 2. a) What is meant by image interpolation? Discuss about various interpolation methods. b) What is the need of image transform? List out various transform used in image processing. 3. a) With an example, explain the concept of histogram equalization. b) State 2D sampling theorem and explain about aliasing in images. 4. a) Explain about noise reduction in an image using band reject and band pass filters. b) Explain the concept of minimum mean square error filtering. 5. a) Explain about RGB color model and write its applications. b) Describe about histogram processing in color images. 6. a) Draw the diagram of two band subband coding and decoding system, and explain it. b) With an example, explain about arithmetic coding. 7. a) Discuss about opening and closing for gray scale images. b) Explain the detection of isolated points in an image.

23 R13 Code No: RT41043 Set No. 2 DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING (Common to Electronics and Computer Engineering, Electronics and Communication Engineering and Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering) 1. a) What is meant by spatial resolution and explain its significance. [4] b) Define Fourier spectrum and Phase angle of 2D-DFT. [3] c) Write short notes on Max and Min filters. [4] d) Write short notes on chromaticity and tristimulus values. [4] e) Explain about subjective fidelity criteria. [3] f) Explain the duality of erosion and dilation operations. [4] 2. a) Explain the following terms: (i) Adjacency (ii) Connectivity (iii) Regions (iv) Boundaries b) Obtain the Haar transformation matrix for N = a) Explain the use of histogram statistics for image enhancement. b) Prove the validity of the discrete convolution theorem of two variables. 4. a) What is an adaptive median filter? Explain its use for noise reduction in an image. b) With an example, explain the concept of image reconstruction from back projections. 5. a) Discuss about CMY and CMYK color models. b) Discuss about noise in color images. 6. a) Explain the concept of wavelet packets and write its advantages. b) Draw the functional block diagram of general image compression system and explain it. 7. a) Explain the following morphological algorithms: (i) Boundary extraction (ii) Hole filling b) Define image gradient and explain its use in edge detection.

24 Code No: RT41043 R13 Set No. 3 DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING (Common to Electronics and Computer Engineering, Electronics and Communication Engineering and Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering) 1. a) 3 1 Compute the Haar transform of the 2 X 2 image F 6 2 [4] b) What is Log Transformation and write its use in image processing. [3] c) Write the expression for contraharmonic mean filter and explain its use in image restoration. [4] d) What is the purpose of color model and list out some color models. [4] e) What is image compression? Why it is needed? [4] f) List out different masks used to compute the gradient. [3] 2. a) Explain the basic concepts of sampling and quantization in the generation of digital image. b) Discuss about KL Transform and write its applications in image processing. 3. a) Determine the convolution and correlation between the following images: f ( x, y) and g ( x, y) b) Explain the following filters: (i) Band reject and Band pass filters (ii) Notch filters 4. a) What are the different approaches to estimate the noise parameters in an image? Explain. b) State and explain the Fourier-Slice Theorem. 5. a) Discuss the concept of converting colors from RGB to HSI. b) With necessary equations, explain about color edge detection. 6. a) What are the various Multiresolution analysis requirements? Explain. b) What is meant by block transform coding? Explain. 7. a) Explain about morphological hit-or-miss transform. b) Discuss about edge linking using local processing.

25 Code No: RT41043 R13 Set No. 4 DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING (Common to Electronics and Computer Engineering, Electronics and Communication Engineering and Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering) 1. a) Define Walsh Transform and write its properties. [4] b) What is meant by gamma correction? Why it is needed? [3] c) Write the difference between image restoration and image enhancement. [4] d) Write short notes on RGB to CMY conversion. [4] e) Write the difference between Fourier transform and wavelet transform. [4] f) Explain the effect of noise in edge detection. [3] 2. a) Explain about linear and nonlinear operations used in image processing. b) State and Prove the translation and rotation properties of 2D-DFT. 3. a) Explain the concept of weighted average filter. b) With necessary equations, explain the concept of homomorphic filtering. 4. a) List out some important noise probability density functions used in image processing and sketch their plots. b) Discuss about Radon Transform and write its applications. 5. a) Explain about intensity slicing and write its applications. b) Discuss about segmentation in RGB vector space. 6. a) Explain about wavelet transform in two dimensions. b) Draw the block diagram of lossless predictive coding model and explain it. 7. a) Explain the following morphological operations: (i) Erosion (ii) Dilation b) Explain the basics of intensity thresholding in image segmentation.

26 Code No: RT4104A R13 Set No. 1 IV B.Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, March OPTICAL COMMUNICATION (Electronic and communication Engineering) 1. a) Compare step index and graded index fibers. [4] b) Discuss Group delay of a Optical fiber. [4] c) Discuss Fiber Splicing. [3] d) Differentiate between LED and LASER. [3] e) Explain quantum Limit. [4] f) Write short notes on WDM. [4] 2. a) What are the advantages, applications and disadvantages of optical fiber as compared to copper cables? 8] b) Estimate the maximum core diameter for an optical fiber with refractive index difference of 1.45% and core refractive index of 1.52 in order that it may be suitable for single-mode operation when operating wavelength is 0.85μm. Also calculate cut off wavelength c if core diameter is 1.1μm. 3. a) Explain various fiber materials. b) In a system, a 2km fiber was used, the 3-dB pulse widths at the input and output are 0.5 ns and 10 ns respectively. Find the pulse broadening for the fiber and bandwidth length product in MHz-km. 4. a) Discuss the effects of various misalignments in fiber to fiber joints. b) Discuss about connector return loss. 5. a) Write short note on LED structures. b) Explain the principles of PIN and APD. 6. a) Explain Power coupling in Optical Fiber. b) Write short notes on digital signal Transmission and error sources. 7. a) Explain link power budget with example. b) Explain Rise time budget with example. '' '' '' ''' '

27 R13 Code No: RT4104A Set No. 1 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION (Electronics and Communication Engineering) PART A(22 Marks) 1. a) Write the expression for refractive index in graded index fibers and step index fiber. [4] b) Give the relation between numerical aperture of Skew rays and meridional rays. [4] c) What is group delay? [3] d) Define and explain about population inversion? [4] e) What are the requirements of good connectors? [3] f) Explain briefly about link power budget analysis. [4] PART B(3x16 = 48 Marks) 2. a) With a neat diagram, explain the working principle of analog and digital optical communication systems. b) Compute the V-number and number of modes supported by a fiber with n and n ; core radius 25 µm and operating wavelength is 1300 nm. 3. a) Write short notes on following (i) Mode field diameter (ii) Core-cladding losses. b) What are different types of bending losses in optical fiber? 4. a) Draw the structure of edge emitting LEDs and explain. b) What is known as quantum limit? A digital fiber optic link operating at 850 nm requires a maximum BER of 10*9. Find the minimum incidental optical power Po to achieve this BER at a data rate of 10 Mb/s for a simple binary level signaling scheme. (ry: 1), [1/r : B/2]. 5. a) Explain the various measures of efficiency in PIN photodiode and briefly explain the working principle of PIN diode. b) Draw and explain the output patterns of source to fiber power launching of LED. 6. a) Explain digital signal transmission in optical detectors. b) Differentiate between the photo diode parameters, Quantum limit and Dark current. 7. a) Describe the eye pattern analysis for assessing the performance of a digital fiber optical link. b) Explain NRZ and RZ line codes in optical link with an example.

28 R13 Code No: RT4104A Set No. 2 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION (Electronics and Communication Engineering) PART A(22 Marks) 1. a) Define the cut off wave length. [3] b) State the Goos-Haenchen effect. [4] c) Explain about Rayleigh scattering. [4] d) What is the principle of operation of LASER? [3] e) What is meant by splicing? And what are the basic requirements of fiber splicing. [4] f) What are the connectors? Write different types of connectors. [4] PART B(3x16 = 48 Marks) 2. a) Define and explain the linear polarized modes in optical fiber. b) Define a mode? Explain mode theory in optical fiber? What is Vnumber? Explain. 3. a) Compare Single mode fibers and Graded index fibers. Explain the requirements for fiber materials. b) Explain about linear scattering losses in optical fiber. 4. What is meant by fiber splicing? Explain various types of fiber splicing techniques and fiber connectors [16] 5. a) Explain the working of Avalanche photodiode. b) The quantum efficiency of an In GaAs PIN diode is 80% in the wave length range between 1300nm and 1600nm. Compute the range of responsivity of the PIN diode in the specified wavelength range. 6. a) What is link power budget? Discuss with examples. b) Explain about the frequency chirping and its effects. 7. a) Explain the method of measurement of chromatic dispersion in optical fibers b) Discuss various line codes which are used in optical links.

29 Code No: RT4104A R13 Set No. 3 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION (Electronics and Communication Engineering) PART A(22 Marks) 1. a) Write and explain about Snell s law. [4] b) What are the conditions for total internal reflection? [3] c) What are the techniques used in splicing? [4] d) What is meant by hetero junction? List out the advantages of hetero junction. [4] e) Give the advantages of Pindiode. [3] f) Define the Model noise and Model partition noise. [4] PART B(3x16 = 48 Marks) 2. a) Compare Single mode fibers and Graded index fibers. Explain the requirements for fiber materials. b) How many types of rays can propagate in a optical fiber? Explain. 3. a) Explain the pulse broadening due to inter model dispersion in different types of optical fibers. b) Explain the intra modal dispersion effect in optical fiber. 4. a) Explain the resonant frequencies of a Laser Diode. b) Explain the function of quantum efficiency. 5. a) In a 100-ns pulse, 6x photons at a wavelength of 1300nm fall on an In GaAsPhoto detector on the average, 5.4 x electron-hole (e-h) pairs are generated. Find the quantum efficiency. b) Explain why the mechanical Misalignment problem occurs when fibers are joint. 6. a) Discuss about the Point to Point Fiber Optic Link and its characteristics with an example b) How the rise-time budget is required in optical communication system? And explain the rise-time-budget. 7. a) What are the advantages and the necessity of WDM? b) Explain how the attenuation does and dispersion is measured in optical communication.

30 Code No: RT4104A R13 Set No. 4 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION (Electronics and Communication Engineering) PART A(22 Marks) 1. a) Define relative refractive index difference. [3] b) What is the necessity of cladding in optical fibers? [3] c) A step index fiber has the normalized frequency of 26.6 at 1300nm. If the core radius is 25μm, find the numerical aperture. [4] d) Define Internal-Quantum efficiency. And what is the quantum efficiency of photo detector. [4] e) Derive the relationship between powers launching versus wavelength. [4] f) What are the different error sources in fiber optical receiver? [4] PART B(3x16 = 48 Marks) 2. a) What are the various elements of Optical communication system? Explain each element in brief? b) Derive the Numerical aperture of step index fiber (SIF) by suing Snell s law. 3. Explain all four types of distortion mechanisms in optical communication. [16] 4. a) Write different types of splicing techniques. b) Draw the structure of surface emitting LEDs and explain the radiation pattern. 5. a) What is Equilibrium numerical aperture? b) A GaAs optical source with a refractive index of 3.6 is coupled to a silica fiber that has a refractive index of If the fiber end and the source are in close physical contact, find Fresnel reflection at interface and Power loss (db). 6. a) Define diffusion length, carrier lifetime and absorption coefficient. b) Derive an expression for the total system rise time budget in terms of transmitter fiber and receiver rise time. 7. a) Explain the need of WDM in OC. And explain the function of WDM b) Explain the technique of insertion loss method to measure attenuation.

31 R13 Code No: RT4104A Set No. 1 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION (Electronics and Communication Engineering) PART A(22 Marks) 1. a) Write the expression for refractive index in graded index fibers and step index fiber. [4] b) Give the relation between numerical aperture of Skew rays and meridional rays. [4] c) What is group delay? [3] d) Define and explain about population inversion? [4] e) What are the requirements of good connectors? [3] f) Explain briefly about link power budget analysis. [4] PART B(3x16 = 48 Marks) 2. a) With a neat diagram, explain the working principle of analog and digital optical communication systems. b) Compute the V-number and number of modes supported by a fiber with n and n ; core radius 25 µm and operating wavelength is 1300 nm. 3. a) Write short notes on following (i) Mode field diameter (ii) Core-cladding losses. b) What are different types of bending losses in optical fiber? 4. a) Draw the structure of edge emitting LEDs and explain. b) What is known as quantum limit? A digital fiber optic link operating at 850 nm requires a maximum BER of 10*9. Find the minimum incidental optical power Po to achieve this BER at a data rate of 10 Mb/s for a simple binary level signaling scheme. (ry: 1), [1/r : B/2]. 5. a) Explain the various measures of efficiency in PIN photodiode and briefly explain the working principle of PIN diode. b) Draw and explain the output patterns of source to fiber power launching of LED. 6. a) Explain digital signal transmission in optical detectors. b) Differentiate between the photo diode parameters, Quantum limit and Dark current. 7. a) Describe the eye pattern analysis for assessing the performance of a digital fiber optical link. b) Explain NRZ and RZ line codes in optical link with an example.

32 R13 Code No: RT4104A Set No. 2 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION (Electronics and Communication Engineering) PART A(22 Marks) 1. a) Define the cut off wave length. [3] b) State the Goos-Haenchen effect. [4] c) Explain about Rayleigh scattering. [4] d) What is the principle of operation of LASER? [3] e) What is meant by splicing? And what are the basic requirements of fiber splicing. [4] f) What are the connectors? Write different types of connectors. [4] PART B(3x16 = 48 Marks) 2. a) Define and explain the linear polarized modes in optical fiber. b) Define a mode? Explain mode theory in optical fiber? What is Vnumber? Explain. 3. a) Compare Single mode fibers and Graded index fibers. Explain the requirements for fiber materials. b) Explain about linear scattering losses in optical fiber. 4. What is meant by fiber splicing? Explain various types of fiber splicing techniques and fiber connectors [16] 5. a) Explain the working of Avalanche photodiode. b) The quantum efficiency of an In GaAs PIN diode is 80% in the wave length range between 1300nm and 1600nm. Compute the range of responsivity of the PIN diode in the specified wavelength range. 6. a) What is link power budget? Discuss with examples. b) Explain about the frequency chirping and its effects. 7. a) Explain the method of measurement of chromatic dispersion in optical fibers b) Discuss various line codes which are used in optical links.

33 Code No: RT4104A R13 Set No. 3 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION (Electronics and Communication Engineering) PART A(22 Marks) 1. a) Write and explain about Snell s law. [4] b) What are the conditions for total internal reflection? [3] c) What are the techniques used in splicing? [4] d) What is meant by hetero junction? List out the advantages of hetero junction. [4] e) Give the advantages of Pindiode. [3] f) Define the Model noise and Model partition noise. [4] PART B(3x16 = 48 Marks) 2. a) Compare Single mode fibers and Graded index fibers. Explain the requirements for fiber materials. b) How many types of rays can propagate in a optical fiber? Explain. 3. a) Explain the pulse broadening due to inter model dispersion in different types of optical fibers. b) Explain the intra modal dispersion effect in optical fiber. 4. a) Explain the resonant frequencies of a Laser Diode. b) Explain the function of quantum efficiency. 5. a) In a 100-ns pulse, 6x photons at a wavelength of 1300nm fall on an In GaAsPhoto detector on the average, 5.4 x electron-hole (e-h) pairs are generated. Find the quantum efficiency. b) Explain why the mechanical Misalignment problem occurs when fibers are joint. 6. a) Discuss about the Point to Point Fiber Optic Link and its characteristics with an example b) How the rise-time budget is required in optical communication system? And explain the rise-time-budget. 7. a) What are the advantages and the necessity of WDM? b) Explain how the attenuation does and dispersion is measured in optical communication.

34 Code No: RT4104A R13 Set No. 4 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION (Electronics and Communication Engineering) PART A(22 Marks) 1. a) Define relative refractive index difference. [3] b) What is the necessity of cladding in optical fibers? [3] c) A step index fiber has the normalized frequency of 26.6 at 1300nm. If the core radius is 25μm, find the numerical aperture. [4] d) Define Internal-Quantum efficiency. And what is the quantum efficiency of photo detector. [4] e) Derive the relationship between powers launching versus wavelength. [4] f) What are the different error sources in fiber optical receiver? [4] PART B(3x16 = 48 Marks) 2. a) What are the various elements of Optical communication system? Explain each element in brief? b) Derive the Numerical aperture of step index fiber (SIF) by suing Snell s law. 3. Explain all four types of distortion mechanisms in optical communication. [16] 4. a) Write different types of splicing techniques. b) Draw the structure of surface emitting LEDs and explain the radiation pattern. 5. a) What is Equilibrium numerical aperture? b) A GaAs optical source with a refractive index of 3.6 is coupled to a silica fiber that has a refractive index of If the fiber end and the source are in close physical contact, find Fresnel reflection at interface and Power loss (db). 6. a) Define diffusion length, carrier lifetime and absorption coefficient. b) Derive an expression for the total system rise time budget in terms of transmitter fiber and receiver rise time. 7. a) Explain the need of WDM in OC. And explain the function of WDM b) Explain the technique of insertion loss method to measure attenuation.