Optical Communication and Networks M.N. Bandyopadhyay

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2 Optical Communication and Networks M.N. Bandyopadhyay Director National Institute of Technology (NIT) Calicut Delhi

3 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKS M.N. Bandyopadhyay 2014 by PHI Learning Private Limited, Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from the publisher. ISBN The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publisher. Published by Asoke K. Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited, Rimjhim House, 111, Patparganj Industrial Estate, Delhi and Printed by Mohan Makhijani at Rekha Printers Private Limited, New Delhi

4 To Dr. Soumendra Nath Bandyopadhyay (Son) Debendra Nath Bandyopadhyay (Grandson)

5

6 Contents Preface xiii 1 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION Introduction 1 2 SEMICONDUCTORS AND OPTICAL FIBER Introduction Maxwell s Equation Optoelectronic Interaction Band Gap Energy and Photon Energy Absorption Spectrum Radiative Transition and Non-radiative Transition Wide Band Gap Semiconductors Concept of Optical Fiber Optical Fiber Communication System Description of Optical Fiber Principle of Total Internal Reflection Various Types of Optical Fibers Definition of Modes Difference between Step Index and Graded Index Fibers Optical Fiber Categories Types of Optical Fibers Based on Materials Used Fabrication Process External CVD Process Vapour Phase Axial Deposition Process Internal CVD Process Plasma CVD Process Multielement Glasses Phasil System 24 v

7 vi Contents 2.17 Double Crucible Method Rod-in-tube Procedure Procedure to Drawn Fiber 26 Summary 27 Review Questions 28 3 CABLES Optical Fiber Cables Slotted Core Cable Loose Fiber Bundle Cable Loose Tube Cable Ribbon Cable Tightly Buffered Cable Tightly Packed Cable Properties of the Cable Cable structure Fiber Splices and Connectors Types of Splices Requirements of Splicing Techniques Procedure for good quality splicing Optical Fiber Connectors Characteristic of a Good Connector Splice and Connector Losses Procedure for Measurement of Losses of Splices and Connectors 46 Summary 47 Review Questions 47 4 OPTICAL FIBER LOSS, SIGNAL DISTORTION AND SPECTRAL DISPERSION Introduction Absorption Loss Scattering Loss Radiative Loss Distortion of Signal Fiber Dispersion Material, Chromatic or Spectral Dispersion Waveguide Dispersion Intermodal Dispersion or Group Delay Mathematical Expression for Dispersion Expression for Material Dispersion Expression for Waveguide Dispersion Polarization Dispersion Dispersion for Different Light Sources Fiber Dispersion Multimode Fibers Single Mode Fiber 67

8 Contents vii 4.7 Design Optimization Refractive Index Profiles Relation between Dispersion and Bandwidth Dispersion Limit Measurement of Information Capacity of An Optical Waveguide Multimode Dispersion Measurement in Multimode Fibers Intermodal or Chromatic Dispersion Measurement in Single Mode Fibers Mode Coupling 79 Summary 80 Review Questions 81 5 MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS OF OPTICAL FIBER OPERATION Introduction Mathematical Expression for Fiber Mathematical Analysis of Meridional Rays Mathematical Analysis of Skew Rays Mathematical Analysis of Total Internal Reflection Mathematical Analysis of TE and TM Waves Mathematical Analysis of Propagation Constant in the Fiber Calculation of V Number of the Fiber Solved Problems 94 Summary 116 Review Questions STUDY OF OPTICAL SOURCES Introduction Description of LED Mathematical Analysis of LED Merits and Demerits of LEDs Properties and Uses of LED Description of Laser Structures of Laser Diode Special Types of Structure of Index Guided Laser Operation of Double Heterostructure GaAs Laser Diode and InP Laser Diode Modes of Laser Diode Patterns of Mode Fabry Pérot Resonator Distributed Feedback Laser Distributed Bragg Reflector Laser Coupled Cavity Lasers Quantum Well Laser Optical Amplifiers Fiber Amplifiers Stimulated Raman Scattering Fiber Amplifier 148

9 viii Contents Stimulated Brillouin Scattering Fiber Amplifier Comparative Analysis between Different Optical Amplifiers Uses of Optical Amplifier Amplification of Power Use as Preamplifier Application in In-line Amplifier Application of Optical Amplifiers in Optical Switch Application in Nonlinear Processing Application in Soliton Transmission Mathematical Analysis and Problems Related to Optical Source Noise in Optical Amplifiers Noise Source of Laser Comparative Study between LED and LASER Diode 162 Summary 163 Review Questions STUDY OF OPTICAL DETECTORS Introduction Photodetector Characteristics Classification of Photodetectors Conventional PN Junction Photodiode PIN Photodetector Avalanche Photodiode Photoconductor Phototransistor Photodarlington Transistor Noise in Photodetector Dark Current Noise Shot Noise Thermal Noise Noise in Avalanche Photodetector Temperature Effect on Avalanche Photodetector Mathematical Analysis Applications of Phototransistors Metal semiconductor metal (MSM) Photodiode Coherent Technique for Detection Preamplifier 199 Summary 199 Review Questions BASIC PRINCIPLES OF OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM Introduction Point-to-Point Transmission Link Analog and Digital Communication Coherent and Incoherent Detection Photon Counting 205

10 Contents ix 8.6 Modulation Code Merits of Optical Communication Description of Optical Communication Components of Optical Communication Bidirectional WDM Performance Criteria of WDM Technique Multiple Access in Optical Communication Switching in Communication Network Switching Criteria Architecture of Switching Multiple Stage Switches Two-dimensional Switches Scalable Switches Switching in Optical Communication Topology in Optical Communication Optical Domain Analysis Major Applications of Light Wave Technology Sensitivity 217 Summary 217 Review Questions TRANSMITTERS AND RECEIVERS Introduction Transmitter for Optical Communication LED Transmitter Digital LED Transmitter Laser Transmitter Analog Laser Transmitter Digital Laser Transmitter Resemblence and Difference between Analog and Digital Transmitters Design of Transmitter Design of Receiver Equivalent Circuit of Optical Receiver Equivalent Circuit of Pre-amplifier 232 Summary 234 Review Questions OPTICAL FIELD ACCESS Introduction Field Access Techniques Tapering Polishing Etching Cleaving Bending 237

11 Optical Communication And Networks 30% OFF Publisher : PHI Learning ISBN : Author : M. N. Bandyopadhyay Type the URL : Get this ebook

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