Paul Bernhardt 1, Carl Siefring 1, Andrew Yau 2, H. Gordon James 3. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC. University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada

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1 Space Based Instrumentation for Future Detection of Artificial ULF/ELF/VLF waves and Their Effects using the Canadian Sponsored Enhanced Polar Outflow Project (epop) Satellite Paul Bernhardt 1, Carl Siefring 1, Andrew Yau 2, H. Gordon James 3 1 Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 2 University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada 3 Communication Research Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

2 Enhanced Polar Outflow Probe (epop) Science Team A. W. Yau, P. V. Amerl, L. L. Cogger, E. Donovan, D. J. Knudsen, J. S. Murphree, T. S. Trondsen, University of Calgary P. A. Bernhardt, C.L. Siefring, Naval Research Laboratory M. Connors, University of Athabasca A. Hamza, R. Langley, University of New Brunswick H. Hayakawa, K. Tsuruda, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science H. G. James, Communications Research Centre S. Kostov, G. Sofko, University of Saskatchewan J. Laframboise, York University J. MacDougall, J. P. St. Maurice, University of Western Ontario D. D. Wallis, Magnametrics

Enhanced - Polar Outflow Probe (NRL-0101) Concept Experiment Description Directly Monitor Polar Ionosphere and Disturbances with a Suite of 8 Space Environment Sensors Orbit: 350 x 1500 km > 70 o

3 Enhanced - Polar Outflow Probe (NRL-0101) Concept Experiment Description Directly Monitor Polar Ionosphere and Disturbances with a Suite of 8 Space Environment Sensors Orbit: 350 x 1500 km > 70 o Inclination Satellite Mass: < 100 kg Goals/Objectives Monitor Reduction of Trapped Radiation Using HAARP Radio Transmissions. Develop Understanding of Magnetosphere-Ionosphere (M-I) Coupling on DoD Systems using Radio Propagation and Satellites Demonstrate Capability of Forecasting the Plasma Environment in Near-Earth Space Identify System Impacts of Ionospheric Ion Acceleration and Outflow Study Plasma/Atmospheric Outflow and Wave-Particle Interactions

4 e-pop Science Objectives: Ion Outflow and Acceleration Polar wind ions and electrons Collisional-collisionless transition region dynamics Neutral outflow Ion-neutral charge exchange and geocorona Auroral bulk flow Role of cold O + plasma in auroral substorm onset Topside auroral ion acceleration and heating Wave particle interaction and propagation Temporal/spatial relationship with aurora Small-scale plasma irregularities

Ionospheric Ion Heating and Outflow diverging geomagnetic field lines mirror force causes heated ions

satellite detects upwelling ionospheric plasma entering the magnetosphere AMICIST sounding rocket data

Bonnell, Cornell electrostatic potential structures - sounding rocket data show transverse ion

5 Ionospheric Ion Heating and Outflow diverging geomagnetic field lines mirror force causes heated ions to migrate higher altitudes broadband, low-frequency electrostatic waves heat ions transverse to B satellite detects upwelling ionospheric plasma entering the magnetosphere AMICIST sounding rocket data Courtesy P. Kintner & J. Bonnell, Cornell electrostatic potential structures - sounding rocket data show transverse ion energization associated with BroadBand Extremely Low Frequency (BBELF) oscillations (f ~ W O+ and below) - the BBELF, in turn, is frequently associated with highly structured cross-field flows

e-pop Micro-Satellite: Instrument Payload Imaging particle instruments for unprecedented resolution on satellites IRM: Imaging rapid ion mass spectrometer SEI: Suprathermal electron imager NMS:

6 e-pop Micro-Satellite: Instrument Payload Imaging particle instruments for unprecedented resolution on satellites IRM: Imaging rapid ion mass spectrometer SEI: Suprathermal electron imager NMS: Neutral mass and velocity spectrometer Auroral imager and wave receivertransmitter for first micro-satellite measurements FAI: Fast auroral imager RRI: Radio receiver instrument CERTO: Coherent electromagnetic radio tomography Integrated instrument control/data handling, and science-quality orbitattitude system data to maximize science return MGF: Magnetometer GAP: Differential GPS Attitude and Position System

7 e-pop Instrument Payload Instrument Component Volume (cm 3 ) Mass (kg) Power (W) IRM IRM-E 2, /7 IRM-S 1, IRM-B 707 (1 m boom) 1.5 SEI SEI-E 4, /9 SEI-S SEI-B 707 (1 m boom) 2.0 NMS NMS 7, /18 FAI FAI-E /10* FAI-SV 1, FAI-SI 1, RRI RRI ~800 < 5 kg 10*/5* GAP GAP-T 1, */8* GAP-A (total) 1, MGF MGF TBD TBD CERTO CERTO-E */5* CERTO-B 1,250 (TBC) /6.4 Total 35,800 + TBD TBD * TBC

8 e-pop In-situ Measurement Requirements Polar wind and suprathermal ions Composition, density, velocity, temperature (1-40 amu, ev) Atmospheric neutrals Composition, density, velocity, temperature (1-40 amu, km/s) Ambient and suprathermal electrons Energy and pitch angle distributions (<200 ev); including photoelectrons Convection electric field from perpendicular ion drift velocity Auroral images Fast broadband images (10 per sec) and slower monochromatic images Field-aligned current density from magnetic field perturbations Ionospheric irregularities from differential GPS and CERTO beacon

9 Radio Science on e-pop RRI Science (10 Hz -18 MHz) Transionospheric Imaging of Density Structures Wave-Particle Interactions Ionospheric Heater-Triggered Nonlinear Processes GPS Occultation ( GHz) Limb Scan L-Band TEC and Scintillations CERTO Beacon VHF/UHF Transmissions for Tomography Irregularity Detection Via Scintillations

10 Radio Receiver Instrument Frequency Range 100 MHz Spontaneous Man-Made 10 MHz 1 MHz 100 khz 10 khz Measurements With RRI Programmable in 30 khz steps 1 khz 100 Hz 10 Hz f g [O+] f g [H+] f pi f lh f pe f ge RRI LOW RRI HIGH CADI SuperDARN HF Heaters

11 Radio Receiver Instrument Differenced or Direct Inputs + S - + S - Data and Control Signals

12 Radio Receiver Instrument Parameters Frequency range: 10 Hz 18 MHz Noise threshold (LSB): 0.4 mv Maximum signal for linearity: 1 V Sample size: 14 bits Max. sample rate/channel: 60,000 s -1 Number of channels: 4 Antennas: 4 tubular 3-m monopoles Absolute time stamp (GPS): ± 1 ms Mass with antennas, preamps: 8 kg Power: 5 W

13 HAARP HF Transmitter, Alaska epop Diagnostic Package 300 km

14 TRAPPED ENERGETIC PARTICLES IN THE RADIATION BELTS

15 EPOP MONITORING OF HAARP-PRODUCED PRECIPITATION OF TRAPPED ENERGETIC PARTICLES IN THE RADIATION BELTS ELF/VLF HF Waves Interaction HAARP Transmitter Precipitating Reflected Electrons Waves epop Orbit B-Field Pitch Angle Scattered Electrons Interaction Region Trapped Electrons Ionosphere Reflected Waves

16 HF Heater Radio Induced Aurora (RIA) and Stimulated Electromagnetic Emission (SEE) Observation Geometry Altitude (km) RIA Optical Cloud Supra-Thermal Electrons SEE Radiation HF Beam B-Field West Distance (km) North Distance (km) F-Layer Reflection Level epop

17 Stimulated Electromagnetic Emissio (Adapted from: f pump = 4 f ce - Df f pump = 4 f ce + Df Downshifted Peaks Amplitude Amplitude HF Pump Frequency, f pump Broad Upshifted Maximum Frequency

18 05 February 2002, HAARP Alaska, nm Excited by 5.8 MHz 30 Second Exposures, 37 x 37 Field-of-View

F-layer Ionospheric Irregularity Observations by Radio Induced Auroral epop Altitude (km) 630.0 and 557.

19 F-layer Ionospheric Irregularity Observations by Radio Induced Auroral epop Altitude (km) and nm Artificial Airglow HF Radio Beam F-Layer West (km) Arecibo HF Facility North (km)

20 17 February 2002, HAARP Alaska, nm Excited by 4.8 MHz 30 Second Exposures, 18.5 x 18.5 Field-of-View

21 Space Based Diagnostics for HAARP HAARP Antenna Pattern (7) Required Diagnostic: HF Receiver and Antenna (3 to 9 MHz) epop Instrument: Radio Receiver Instrument (1-18 MHz with 30 KHz Bandwidth) ELF/VLF Waves (10) Required Diagnostic: Receiver Covering 1 to 30 khz epop Instrument: RRI [100 (10?) Hz to 30 khz] Elevated F-Region Electron Temperatures (5) Required Diagnostic: Thermal Detector 0.0 to 0.3 ev epop Instrument: Suprathermal Electron Imager (0 to 200 ev) Suprathermal Electron Fluxes (7) Required Diagnostic: Thermal Detector 0 to 20 ev epop Instrument: SEI (0 to 200 ev) Stimulated Precipitation (9) Required Diagnostic: High Energy Electrons (~1 Mev) epop Instrument: Fast Auroral Imager (MCP Scintillations) or Imaging Rapid Ion Mass Spectrometer Optical Emissions (6) Required Diagnostic: Detector at N 2 1P, 630, 557.7, 427.8, and nm epop Instrument: Fast Auroral Imager (630 to 850 nm) Field Aligned Irregularities (Aspect Ratios) (8) Required Diagnostic: In Situ Electron or Ion Probe epop Instrument: None Required Diagnostic: Radio Scintillation/TEC Beacon and Antenna epop Instrument: CERTO (150, 400, and 1067 MHz Transmissions) Stimulated Electromagnetic Emissions (5) Required Diagnostic: HF Receiver and Antenna (3 to 9 MHz with 100 khz Bandwidth) Near Plasma Frequency New Harmonics of Plasma Frequency epop Instrument: Radio Receiver Instrument (1-18 MHz with 30 KHz Bandwidth)

22 Space-Based, Diagnostic Requirements for HAARP Measurement Importance Diagnostic epop Instrument ELF/VLF Waves Very High Receiver Covering 1 Hz to 30 khz Stimulated Prescipitation Suprathermal Electron Fluxes Field Aligned Irregularities Very High High High High Energy Electrons (~1 MeV) Thermal Detector 0 to 20 ev In Situ Probe or Radio Beacon Optical Emissions High Photo Detector N 2 1P, 630, 557.7, 427.8, nm Elevated F-Region Electron Temperature Stimulated Electromagnetic Emissions Moderate Moderate Thermal Electron Detector 0.0 to 0.3 ev HF Receiver/Antenna (3 to 9 MHz with 100 khz Bandwidth) RRI VLF Band 10 Hz to 30 khz IRM or FAI Particle and Optical Sensors SEI Low Energy Electron Detector (0 to 200 ev) CERTO Radio Beacon (150, 400, 1067 MHz) FAI Optical Sensor (630 to 850 nm) SEI Low Energy Electron Detector (0 to 200 ev) RRI HF Band (1-18 MHz, 30 khz Bandwidth) Note: RRI = Radio Receiver Instrument, SEI = Suprathermal Electron Imager, FAI = Fast Auroral Imager, CERTO = Coherent Electromagnetic Radio Tomography, IRM = Rapid Ion Mass Spectrometer

23 High Latitude Scintillation Models Climatological Models for Global Scintillations Seasonal and Solar Cycle Dependencies No Capability for Real- Time Scintillation Predictions Variable Occurrence Unpredictable Intensity Complex Dynamics

24 In Situ Measurements of O + -Ion Flow are a Proxy for F-Region Irregularities that Produce Radio Wave Scintillations Structuring of Polar Cap Patches High Latitude Ionospheric Irregularities U. of Maryland Simulation Ref.: Guzdar et al., 2001 Plasma Turbulence on Wide Range of Scales Parallel Electric Fields Polar Outflow of O + Ions Ion Signature of F-Region Irregularities Altitude s of the density Longitude Isosurface Latitude

25 Enhanced - Polar Outflow Probe (NRL-0101) Radio Wave Propagation and Particle Interactions HF/VHF Radar Ionospheric Irregularities e-pop receiver Impact Determination Orbiting e-pop Receiver, HF Radar, and Ionospheric Irregularities Coordinated observation of radar echo propagation with ground radar facility In-situ observation of scattered HF waves in the highlatitude ionosphere

26 e-pop Microsatellite - Project Status Mission Development Enhanced POP (e-pop) selected by CSA and NSERC in 2001/08 for mission (instrument and spacecraft bus) development NSERC funding for Science Team and CSA funding for instrument development to start in FY01/02 Instrument Payload Original POP instruments (IRM, SEI, NMS): preliminary design in progress; development of engineering model to commenced 2002 FAI and RRI: Concept design & feasibility study completed 2001/07, preliminary design commenced 2001/08 CERTO: Inclusion of instrument on e-pop via US DoD Spacecraft Bus CSA to procure spacecraft bus under separate industrial contract

27 Enhanced - Polar Outflow Probe e-pop (NRL-0101) Summary The National Security Space Architect (NSSA) Space Weather Architecture Study (1999) identifies ionospheric specification and forecast (including high latitude scintillations and D-region absorption) as a National Security Priority. The HAARP/Tether Panel on Military Applications of HAARP (2002) identifies radiation belt mitigation as a high priority. The epop diagnostics package directly addresses the generation and detection of ELF/VLF for radiation belt particle depletion using HAARP. Scintillation, Scattering and Absorption have a significant operational impact, which impact UHF SATCOM, GPS navigation, and Aircraft HF Communications at high latitudes. epop provides vital measurements of ionospheric parameters that control the generation of scintillation-producing irregularities and radio wave absorption at high latitudes.

First Results from the 2014 Coordinated Measurements Campaign with HAARP and CASSIOPE/ePOP

First Results from the 2014 Coordinated Measurements Campaign with HAARP and CASSIOPE/ePOP Carl L. Siefring, Paul A. Bernhardt, Stanley J. Briczinski, and Michael McCarrick Naval Research Laboratory Matthew