Testing Plasma Physics in the Ionosphere

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1 Testing Plasma Physics in the Ionosphere Dennis Papadopoulos University of Maryland College Park, MD X. Shao, G. Milikh - UMCP C. Chang, T. Wallace, M. McCarrick, I Doxas BAE Systems-AT U. Inan, D. Piddyachiy STAR Laboratory, Stanford University M. Parrot LPCE CNRS J.J Berthelier CETP Observatoire de Saint Maur E. Mishin BC Invited Paper (D35) Presented at the 37 th COSPAR Scientific Assembly July 13-19, 2008 Montreal, CA

ω e,ω e >ν, Ω i <ν EMHD plasma Helicon waves no Alfven or Ion Cyclotron waves D (h<70 km): ν>ω e,ω e

2 The Polar Ionosphere as Plasma Magnetosphere F (h> 120 km):collisionless (ν<<ω), Magnetized plasma Electron and ion plasma waves, cyclotron waves, whistlers, MHD ( Shear- Msonic) waves E(70<h<120 km): ω e,ω e >ν, Ω i <ν EMHD plasma Helicon waves no Alfven or Ion Cyclotron waves D (h<70 km): ν>ω e,ω e weakly ionized gas not plasma Active Regions (Plasmas with Free Energy): E-Electrojets, F- Density Gradient

How to Inject Energy in Space Ionospheric Heaters HAARP Ionospheric heater -

8-10 MHz) that induces controlled temporary modification to the plasma

Use in conjunction with diagnostics to study, in a cause and effect fashion: EM

plasma and Radiation Belts to controlled perturbations of the ionospheric plasma

3 How to Inject Energy in Space Ionospheric Heaters HAARP Ionospheric heater - Powerful HF transmitter ( MHz) that induces controlled temporary modification to the plasma temperature at desired altitude. Use in conjunction with diagnostics to study, in a cause and effect fashion: EM propagation, plasma turbulence and instabilities Response of magnetospheric plasma and Radiation Belts to controlled perturbations of the ionospheric plasma 180 Elements ERP dbw EISCAT, Tromsø HIPAS, Alaska ARECIBO, Puerto Rico 1 GW SURA, Russia 48 Elements.1 GW 36 acres Frequency (MHz)

4 RESEARCH TOPICS Collisional Heating (D Region) ULF/ELF generation by current modulation Multiple site detection Waveguide propagation Shear Alfven Wave Injection Satellite detection Excitation of Ionospheric Alfven Resonator F-Region Collisionless Heating (Anomalous Absorption) (and in Sporadic E) First measurements of Magnetosonic Wave generation and Injection into the Alfvenic Waveguide Generation and detection of artificial density ducts Langmuir turbulence - Parametric Instabilities Electron acceleration- Optical Emissions Field aligned striations - Scintillations Upper hybrid waves and conversion of lower hybrid waves to whistlers Artificially Stimulate emissions

5 HAARP Experiment Methodology DEMETER Lake Ozette HAARP Ground Probes Satellite Probes km 650 km 800 KM DMSP

6 D Region Heating Basic Physics of ULF Generation by Ejet current Modulation Ground Measurements Propagation in the Earth-Ionosphere Waveguide Ionospheric Alfven Resonator Excitation by HAARP SAW Wave DEMETER Detection F-Region Heating Basic Physics of Magnetosonic ULF Generation Modeling of ULF Propagation in the Alfvenic Duct First Detection of Heater Generated Msonic Waves in Space First Ground Detection of Heater Generated Msonic Waves in the Duct Measurements of Artificially Generated Ducts in Space

7 Absorption per unit length k = Collisional Heating ων 2 e en ( ω±ω cos θ) + ν e 2 2 en

8 D Region Heating Basic Physics of ULF Generation by Ejet current Modulation Ground Measurements Propagation in the Earth-Ionosphere Waveguide Ionospheric Alfven Resonator Excitation by HAARP SAW Wave DEMETER Detection Region Heating Basic Physics of Magnetosonic ULF Generation Modeling of ULF Propagation in the Alfvenic Duct First Detection of Heater Generated Msonic Waves in Space First Ground Detection of Heater Generated Msonic Waves in the Duct Measurements of Artificially Generated Ducts in Space

9 Conventional Electrojet Ionospheric ULF Generation Upward Injection Whistler and SA wave field aligned currents driven by varying the conductivity Hall J J / = ν / Ω JT α ν P H en e en e ν<<ω J Pedersen D Current loop diffusion ν>>ω εω=σ Bo Far Field H E At ULF Evanescent

10 D Region Heating Basic Physics of ULF Generation by Ejet current Modulation Ground Measurements Propagation in the Earth-Ionosphere Waveguide Ionospheric Alfven Resonator Excitation by HAARP SAW Wave DEMETER Detection Region Heating Basic Physics of Magnetosonic ULF Generation Modeling of ULF Propagation in the Alfvenic Duct First Detection of Heater Generated Msonic Waves in Space First Ground Detection of Heater Generated Msonic Waves in the Duct Measurements of Artificially Generated Ducts in Space

11 Ground Measurements -Gakona An example of step down modulation at 1.0,.8,.6,.4 and.2 Hz DP at 780 kw

12 ULF at Gakona Power Spectral Frequency spectrum in a moving time window Clear Schumann resonances at 8, 14,.. Hz Signals emerge as freq. peaks in sync with HAARP ULF operation Greatly varying background below 1 Hz Density (PSD) Triggered Pc1 broadband

13 ULF Signal Propagation Gakona Evanescent Mode Juneau 800 km 9.9 pt.28 pt 28 April, 2007 UTC 05:01:00 05:05:45 HAARP at 2.88 MW and 3.3 MHz Detected 1 Hz & 3 Hz peaks B~1/R 2 wave evanescent (Frequencies below Shuman Resonance)

14 ULF Signal Propagation Propagating Mode Gakona Clear 15 Hz peak can be seem at both sites EW Amplitudes: Gakona: 0.25 pt Chiniak: 0.07 pt Chiniak 670 km Propagating mode 3 db attenuation

15 D Region Heating Basic Physics of ULF Generation by Ejet current Modulation Ground Measurements Propagation in the Earth-Ionosphere Waveguide Ionospheric Alfven Resonator Excitation by HAARP SAW Wave DEMETER Detection F-Region Heating Basic Physics of Magnetosonic ULF Generation Modeling of ULF Propagation in the Alfvenic Duct First Detection of Heater Generated Msonic Waves in Space First Ground Detection of Heater Generated Msonic Waves in the Duct Measurements of Artificially Generated Ducts in Space

16 SA Waves Ionospheric Alfven Resonator (IAR) k v g B S Notice b B=0 SA wave is guided along the B field Reflections create standing wave structure E b Cash et al ω R n π VA ( Δh) Fabry-Perot like Resonator Natural SA waves

17 IAR Excitation Excitation of the IAR due naturally excited waves at.25 Hz and.5 Hz and by HAARP generated shear (?) waves at 1.0 Hz. Notice the high quality of the artificial excitation despite the fact that it corresponds to the 4 th harmonic frequency.

18 Paradox? Natural lines.25 Hz.5 Hz HAARP

19 D Region Heating Basic Physics of ULF Generation by Ejet current Modulation Ground Measurements Propagation in the Earth-Ionosphere Waveguide Ionospheric Alfven Resonator Excitation by HAARP SAW Wave DEMETER Detection F-Region Heating Basic Physics of Magnetosonic ULF Generation Modeling of ULF Propagation in the Alfvenic Duct First Detection of Heater Generated Msonic Waves in Space First Ground Detection of Heater Generated Msonic Waves in the Duct Measurements of Artificially Generated Ducts in Space

20 SAW DEMETER Detection Frequency.2 Hz Closest distance 80 km Detection time 25 sec Detection distance 150 km Maximum E º10 mv/m Estimated power ~ kw 1.5 pt on the ground After.2 Hz Before SEPTEMBER 28, 2008

21 D Region Heating Basic Physics of ULF Generation by Ejet current Modulation Ground Measurements Propagation in the Earth-Ionosphere Waveguide Ionospheric Alfven Resonator Excitation by HAARP SAW Wave DEMETER Detection F-Region Heating Basic Physics of Magnetosonic ULF Generation Modeling of ULF Propagation in the Alfvenic Duct First Detection of Heater Generated Msonic Waves in Space First Ground Detection of Heater Generated Msonic Waves in the Duct Measurements of Artificially Generated Ducts in Space

22 Collisionless Heating Anomalous Absorption (F-Region; Sporadic E) 4.9 MHz F 3.8 MHz SE Lundborg and Thidé, 1986

23 D Region Heating Basic Physics of ULF Generation by Ejet current Modulation Ground Measurements Propagation in the Earth-Ionosphere Waveguide Ionospheric Alfven Resonator Excitation by HAARP SAW Wave DEMETER Detection F-Region Heating Basic Physics of Magnetosonic ULF Generation Modeling of ULF Propagation in the Alfvenic Duct First Detection of Heater Generated Msonic Waves in Space First Ground Detection of Heater Generated Msonic Waves in the Duct Measurements of Artificially Generated Ducts in Space

Msonic Wave Generation Ducted MS wave Ejet not needed J Bo J F Layer HAARP B δ p Δ J = exp( iωt) 2 B M bˆ( Volume) ΔJ exp( iωt) bm ˆ exp( iωt) M parallel to B The wave propagates

24 Msonic Wave Generation Ducted MS wave Ejet not needed J Bo J F Layer HAARP B δ p Δ J = exp( iωt) 2 B M bˆ( Volume) ΔJ exp( iωt) bm ˆ exp( iωt) M parallel to B The wave propagates isotropically but is reflected at the D/E region and is much weaker on the ground under the heated region. It can be measured by satellites or at large lateral distances (skip zone) o

25 D Region Heating Basic Physics of ULF Generation by Ejet current Modulation Ground Measurements Propagation in the Earth-Ionosphere Waveguide Ionospheric Alfven Resonator Excitation by HAARP SAW Wave DEMETER Detection F-Region Heating Basic Physics of Magnetosonic ULF Generation Modeling of ULF Propagation in the Alfvenic Duct First Detection of Heater Generated Msonic Waves in Space First Ground Detection of Heater Generated Msonic Waves in the Duct Measurements of Artificially Generated Ducts in Space

26 Use Lysak 1997 Model Up to 8000km Variation of B-field strength with z accounted for with scale factor 2 x 2 x ( R / R 0 ) 3 B B = / x Code drives B directly; arbitrary shape, position F-region Modulated Heating Grid uniform in x, variable in z Courant condition constant at high z Simulations by I. Doxas 40km 80km 370km V A =c

27 2D Simulations Show Skip Distance Sawtooth/sine sweep B-drive in x,z (units are grid points) 8000 km 2000 km 370 km mho/m Va kmês parallel Pedersen Hall E layer F1 layer km km Zkm

28 8000 km 80 sec 1 Hz Sin Modulation 2000 km 100 sec 6000 km 140 sec 180 sec 2000 km

29 1 Hz Sawtooth 100 km/sec 100 sec 130 sec 160 sec 220 sec

30 3D Simulations Show Beaming for Sawtooth Sweep y km 4800 Contour plot of Bz 3200 Horizontal slice at height of drive, z=370km (same as min of V A ) x km Driver is swept in sawtooth in x-direction along a 100km track. V_sweep=100km/s, repetition=1hz

31 Msonic Generation Tests Summary Several detections by DEMETER mv/m amplitude No detections at Chiniak or Juneau (skip distance) Few detections at Lake Ozette with no simultaneous detection at Gakona All of the above with F-region matching 3.3 MHz and little or no D-region absorption or electrojet One exception- Strong sporadic E

32 D Region Heating Basic Physics of ULF Generation by Ejet current Modulation Ground Measurements Propagation in the Earth-Ionosphere Waveguide Ionospheric Alfven Resonator Excitation by HAARP SAW Wave DEMETER Detection F-Region Heating Basic Physics of Magnetosonic ULF Generation Modeling of ULF Propagation in the Alfvenic Duct First Detection of Heater Generated Msonic Waves in Space First Ground Detection of Heater Generated Msonic Waves in the Duct Measurements of Artificially Generated Ducts in Space

33 Ionospheric Condition Requirements (a) (b) (c) SAW Msonic

34 Msonic DEMETER Detection APRIL 24, 2008 Closest distance 50 km Detection time 120 sec Detection distance km Maximum E º 3 mv/m Estimated power ~ few kw No field on the ground at Gakona or Juneau

35 Msonic DEMETER Detection Simultaneous profile of density and electric field fluctuations measured by DEMETER

Closest distance 120 km Detection time 110 sec Detection distance 700-800 km

36 Closest distance 120 km Detection time 110 sec Detection distance km Maximum E º.1 mv/m Estimated power < 1 kw No field on the ground August 24, 2008

37 D Region Heating Basic Physics of ULF Generation by Ejet current Modulation Ground Measurements Propagation in the Earth-Ionosphere Waveguide Ionospheric Alfven Resonator Excitation by HAARP SAW Wave DEMETER Detection F-Region Heating Basic Physics of Magnetosonic ULF Generation Modeling of ULF Propagation in the Alfvenic Duct First Detection of Heater Generated Msonic Waves in Space First Ground Detection of Heater Generated Msonic Waves in the Duct Measurements of Artificially Generated Ducts in Space

38 Lake Ozette vs. Gakona Detections Example.5 Hz Ozette.1 pt Gakona f Hz f Hz

39 The Surprise 20 Hz Detection at Lake Ozette (.09 pt) but not Gakona <.05 pt. Too fast for F-region!! Msonic generation and ducting with BX p operating on sporadic E

40 Lake Ozette - Highlights Weak signals at best ( 0.1 pt) Except two 0.2 Hz events Total of 14 possible events found based on PSD-CC Far more 20 Hz events than ULF events (< 10 Hz) Most Lake Ozette events are in sync with low/no Gakona electrojet activity, thus in sync with non-event at Gakona Weak signals at Lake Ozette due to weak F layer?

41 D Region Heating Basic Physics of ULF Generation by Ejet current Modulation Ground Measurements Propagation in the Earth-Ionosphere Waveguide Ionospheric Alfven Resonator Excitation by HAARP SAW Wave DEMETER Detection F-Region Heating Basic Physics of Magnetosonic ULF Generation Modeling of ULF Propagation in the Alfvenic Duct First Detection of Heater Generated Msonic Waves in Space First Ground Detection of Heater Generated Msonic Waves in the Duct Measurements of Artificially Generated Ducts in Space

42 HAARP CW - Duct Formation at Demeter Flyover April 29, 2008; 06:46:00 UTC O mode at 3.3 MHz - CW Electron & ion density cavity recorded during Demeter flyover Lateral size ~ 600 km at Demeter alt. of ~ 850 km 3 HAARP-CW Demeterflyover events Duct formation in all 3 Artificial duct ELF/VLF propagation channel Ion Density Electron Density

43 Ion Density Electron Density DEMETER Duct Detection May 1 May 2

44 HAARP HF DEMETER Detection First SEE Satellite Detection?

CONTROLLED WAVE PARTICLE INTERACTION STUDIES IN THE RADIATION BELTS

CONTROLLED WAVE PARTICLE INTERACTION STUDIES IN THE RADIATION BELTS DENNIS PAPADOPOULOS UMCP ACKNOWLEDGE: C.L.CHANG, J.LEBINSKY AT BAE SYSTEMS XI SHAO, B.ELIASSON, S. SHARMA AND G. MILIKH AT UMCP SUPPORT: