Solar Powered Smart Ultrasonic Insects Repellent with DTMF and Manual Control for Agriculture

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1 Solar Powered Smart Ultrasonic Insects Repellent with DTMF and Manual Control for Agriculture Humayun Rashid 1, Iftekhar Uddin Ahmed 1, S M Taslim Reza 1, M. A. Islam 2 1 Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EEE), International Islamic University Chittagong (IIUC), Chittagong-4314, Bangladesh 2 Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan raahat.rashid09@gmail.com Abstract The paper represents a smart gadget to avert the calamitous effects of pest bugs in the farming land as well as in household commodities. In this paper, development and performance analysis of smart ultrasonic insects repellent device has been demonstrated. This device is able to generate different types of frequencies which are very helpful to repel different types of insects. It can be controlled from any distance with DTMF (Dual Tone Multi Frequency) technology. Besides, manual control with night mode via LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) has also been employed. The device would be charged through solar energy system which is a cost effective approach. A power amplifier along with a microcontroller known as Arduino Uno as well as solar charger circuit regulator and solar panel are used. The implementation of this device in farmland has shown a great reduction of bugs attack compared to the other land which doesn't have one. Keywords ultrasonic; insects repellent; dtmf; arduino I. INTRODUCTION Pest bugs may possess harmful as well as disastrous influences on farming production and the organic atmosphere. Infestation pestilence might result in issues through destroying harvest and also nutrients manufacturing that may well lead to health and fitness risk to human beings. Noise is being used to get rid of pests with loud claps and yells for a very long time in agriculture system [1]. A substantial Kansas State University research verified that ultrasonic noise performs insect repellent impact and also a decrease in the pairing as well as a reproduction of numerous pests [2]. The Federal Trade Commission and the American Mosquito Control Association have both informed individuals that scientific questions into the performance of ultrasonic pest control gadgets have a perfect, provisional and fleeting influence on pest populations [1]. Ultrasonic audio can be characterized as advanced auditory frequency spectrum with a frequency range of more than 20,000 hertz. People are not able to listen to ultrasound due to the fact that the eardrum will not vibrate rapid but several animals can listen effectively into the ultrasonic range [2]. Ultrasonic waves create a noisy and hostile environment which repels pest. Most important effect of ultrasonic sound is that they not only work as a repellent but also has an effect on reducing in mating and reproduction of various harmful insects. Bugs identify noise through unique hairs or sensilla positioned upon the antennae (mosquitoes) or genitalia (cockroaches), or through more complex tympanal body parts [6]. Cockroaches have Sensory hairs to sense the ultrasonic sound as well as Spiders, Wasps, Beetles, Flies etc. have Tympanic membrane to detect ultrasonic sound and Fleas communicate using high-frequency ultrasonic sound. A paper on sonic pest repellents has been presented in [1] by Nicholas Aflitto and Tom DeGomez. In this system infrasonic and ultrasonic sound, the range is used to repellent the insect which is harmful both for human and crops. Another smart pest repellent system has been proposed in [4] by Nur Najia H. Binti Mohd Nasir which is done using ultrasonic sensor. A circuit has been designed in this system which can vary the frequency of ultrasonic sound automatically. An electronic pest specifically mosquito repelling device is proposed in [8] by Carlos F.S. Andrade and Virginia S. Bueno based on Aedes albopictus (Skuse). A pair of tests were done in this project to get the required output of that device which lasted for 15 minutes. Another electronic insect repeller is introduced in [9] by Simeon M. I, Mohammed A.S and Adebayo S. E. This system was developed based on basic electronics components which are available to buy and easy to implement. This system also has the ability to vary the frequency automatically. One of the main problems of conventional ultrasonic insect repellent system is a generation of fixed frequency which is not capable of repelling all kind of insects. Another common phenomenon which is observed that the attack of the insects on crops is mostly occurring on the night. The conventional device needs to be controlled fully manually and uses battery which needs to be recharged or interchanged. In this work, a smart ultrasonic insect repellent device has presented. The aim of this work is to present a smart device which will give more fruitful results in the farmland than the conventional one. The device is developed to overcome these limitations of previously developed systems. II. METHODOLOGY The developed model device consists of three units as illustrated in fig 1. Which are as follows: A) Ultrasonic frequency generation unit, B) Solar charging unit and C) Controlling unit. Ultrasonic frequency generation unit is able to generate fixed and variable range of frequency according to the user s choice. A rechargeable DC battery along with a solar panel and solar charge controller circuit is employed to make a solar charging unit.

2 and to adjust the voltage variable resistor R3 has been used as depicted in Fig 2. Capacitor C1 is used for the purpose of substantial protection against static discharge. One diode D1 has been connected from the positive terminal of the solar panel to the input terminal of LM317 to prevent backflow of current and another diode D2 has been used from the output terminal to the battery to prevent unwanted discharge. Fig. 1. Functional block diagram of the proposed solar smart ultrasonic insects repellent. The controlling unit consists of three types of control system. They are a) Control from any distance using DTMF technology, b) Automatic night mode using LDR and c) Manual Control Unit. The device has five modes. First three models are able to generate different frequencies ranging from 20 KHz to 100 KHz. The other two modes are combination modes and night mode. B. Ultrasonic frequency Generation Unit All kind of sounds is a function of frequency. Arduino Uno microcontroller along with a crystal oscillator has been used to generate ultrasonic sound. It s employed to generate a square wave of the specified frequency with specific duty cycle on a digital pin. The pin is connected to the amplifier circuit based on LM386 power amplifier with an 8-ohm as shown in Fig. 3. The audio playback works using two of the Arduino board s timers. One timer is used to generate a high-frequency square wave whose duty cycle corresponded to a particular value (amplitude) in the audio sample. Another timer is used to update this duty cycle at the required frequency. III. DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT A. Solar Charging Unit A voltage regulator LM317 has been used for the purpose of generating regulated desired voltage from a 10-watt solar panel for charging purpose. The LM317 device is an adjustable three terminal positive voltage regulator capable of supplying more than 1.5 Amp over an output voltage range of 1.25 V to 37 V including various features[3]. Fig. 2. Simplified circuit diagram of the solar charging unit. LM7805 has the characteristics of internal thermal overload protection as well as able to provide 1.5 amperes current with regulated 5 volts [5]. The output of the LM7805 is able to provide fixed voltage with accuracy to maintain the voltage regulation which is required for proper operation of the components. There are two resistors R1 and R2 amounting values of 220 ohms and 330 ohms to set the output voltage Fig. 3. Circuit diagram of Amplifier circuit using LM386 power amplifier. The microcontroller unit is able to operate in various modes depending on user input. In each mode, the microcontroller generated a square wave signal whose frequency varied continuously to create frequency range. C. Controlling Unit Three controlling systems have been developed for the proposed system as shown in Fig. 4. The first controlling system based on DTMF. DTMF is a technology which can be used to control the device from any distance by using GSM mobile phone. A DTMF receiver MT8870 is used for developing the remote control function which has the function of the bandpass filter and a digital decoder with the capability of decoding 16 DTMF tone to pairs to code 4 bits [6] as illustrated in Fig 4. DTMF is the signal to be transmitted to the Arduino Uno when the keypad buttons of the mobile phone are pushed [7]. The keypad buttons of mobile phone produce two different tones of high and low frequencies. The A, B, C, D buttons are not used in a cell phone but reserved for the special purpose. Mixed frequencies of the different range have obtained through DTMF which is shown in Table I.

3 IV. RESULT ANALYSIS A. Ultrasonic Sound Generation Developed device has both auto and the manual system so that a farmer can keep it at a fixed frequency by manual switches or if he wants that the device will generate different frequencies within a range after certain time intervals, he can keep the device in the auto mode. Implementation of proposed device under testing environment is shown in fig 6. Fig. 4. Circuit diagram of controlling unit using DTMF, LDR, and switch. TABLE I. FREQUENCY RANGE IN DTMF TECHNOLOGY Frequency Hz A 770 Hz B 852 Hz C 941 Hz * 0 # D The second controlling system is manual switches to set five modes. Five switches have been connected to digital pin D2 to D6. The third controlling unit is employed using an LDR which has been interfaced with the analog pin A4 and used to detect day or night to activate night mode. If the user wants to operate the device only at night, then LDR would detect the night and activate the device. 16x2 LCD display has been interfaced with the microcontroller using SPI communication and LCD Display is able to show various information about modes and frequencies. Circuit diagram of the solar powered smart ultrasonic insect repellent device is shown in fig 5. Fig. 5. Circuit diagram of the solar powered smart ultrasonic insect repellent system. Fig. 6. Implementation of proposed device under testing environment. There are five of modes of operations. Each mode has difference frequency ranges for different purposes. 1) Mode 1: To activate mode 1, the user has to call the mobile connected to the device and pressed 1. Mode 1 is dog and cat repellent mode. It can create frequency ranging from 22 KHz to 25 KHz for repellent of dogs and cats. 2) Mode 2: When mode 2 is on by pressing mobile button 2 or by a manual switch, insect repellent will be activated. Frequency ranges between 31KHz to 44 KHz for insect s repellent system is set which will be continuously amplified through the amplifier circuit. It is effective on Mosquitoes, Fleas, House Fly, Spiders, and Cockroaches. 3) Mode 3: Mode 3 is for rat repellent which is activated by pressing 3 of the keypad of the mobile or manual switch. If mode 3 is activated than rats will be repelled by the ultrasonic sound range created by the device. Frequency ranges changes from 60 KHz to 72 KHz. 4) Mode 4 (Combination Mode): Combination mode is also developed which can be activated by pressing 4 of mobile s keypad or by pressing switch 4 of the manual switch. It will allow running mode 1 to mode 3 in a loop with a time gap between every mode. 5) Mode 5 (Night Mode): Night mode can also be activated by pressing 5 of DTMF keypad of mobile. It will allow running combination mode only at night and remained off during the daytime.

After some analysis and testing, performance results were obtained to see the nature of frequencies of various modes via oscilloscope provided in the following fig 7.

This charger has been used to charge the battery at constant voltage because the output voltage is adjustable.

It has been found that approximately 2 hours is required to fully charge the battery using the 10-watt solar panel as shown in Fig. 8. 13 2.6 (i) (ii) 12 11 10 9 8 7 Discharging 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.

5 4 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 Time (minutes) 1.7 1.6 1.5 Tests have been done using a rat in the cage to determine if the developed system is able to create any effect on living creature.

4 After some analysis and testing, performance results were obtained to see the nature of frequencies of various modes via oscilloscope provided in the following fig 7. This solar charger has the ability to regulate voltage along with over voltage cut off facilities. This charger has been used to charge the battery at constant voltage because the output voltage is adjustable. The variation of current and voltage of the battery with solar panel has been observed during charging. It has been found that approximately 2 hours is required to fully charge the battery using the 10-watt solar panel as shown in Fig (i) (ii) Discharging (iii) (iv) Fig. 7. The output waveform of ultrasonic sounds with frequencies of (i) 8.22 KHz, (ii) 9.44 KHz, (iii) KHz and (iv) KHz Time (minutes) Tests have been done using a rat in the cage to determine if the developed system is able to create any effect on living creature. The rat showed disturbed behavior when ultrasonic sound was varying between khz frequency ranges which proved that the developed system is effective to repel harmful creatures for agriculture system. B. Solar Charging System A distinct feature has added in this study is that the battery of the gadget will be powered up by the sunlight automatically. Hence extra power source to charge up the battery of the system will not be required. 10-watt rating solar panel has been used along with a solar charge controller in this project to charge a 12-volt battery Charging Time (minutes) Fig. 8. Voltage and current variation of a solar panel with respect to time while charging from the sun Fig. 9. Voltage variation with time while discharging. Besides the discharging states of the battery has also been taken into consideration. Fig.9 shows voltage variation with time while discharging. With fully charged battery, the device can be run up to approximately 12 hours with proposed design. However, better performance can be achieved with a high efficient battery and solar panel. C. Comparison with Previous developed System In [4] a system has been proposed by Nur Najiah Binti Mohd Nasir where the ultrasonic sensor has been used to repel the harmful insects. In this paper, some analysis has been done studying the factor about the ultrasonic sensor and its effect on the insect. But there is no exact mention of the accurate method which was used to implement the system. In the developed system, the proper mentioning of working principle of the developed system is done with the proper implementation of the system using Arduino along with multiple controlling modes to control the developed system from any remote place. An electronic insect repellent system has been presented by Simeon M. I, Mohammed A.S and Adebayo S. E. in [9] which has the ability to vary frequency automatically. This system is developed with very traditional electronic components of the astable multivibrator, D flip-flop, PNP and NPN transistors which may be less effective in some conditions whereas developed solar powered smart ultrasonic insects repellent with DTMF and manual control has used latest components and technology. Another additional feature which has made the system distinctive is the attachment of solar charging system using a solar panel and solar charge controller. Consequently, it has

5 allowed using no external power source to power up the developed system. Table II is showing the comparison between different types of insect repellent system. TABLE II. COMPARISON BETWEEN DIFFERENT TYPES OF INSECT REPELLENT SYSTEM WITH DEVELOPED SYSTEM Features Smart Insect Repeller Using Ultrasonic Sensor [4] Different types of Insect Repellent System Smart Insect Repeller Using Ultrasonic Sensor [4] Electronic Pest Repeller With Automatic Frequency Variation[9] Ultrasonic Sound Generation Yes Yes Yes Automatic No Yes Yes Frequency Variation Manual Frequency No No Yes Variation DTMF Control No No Yes Manual Control Yes Yes Yes Solar charging Capability No No Yes V. CONCLUSION Solar Powered Smart Ultrasonic Insects Repellent With DTMF And Manual Control The proposed device model has been implemented for the agricultural system of Bangladesh but at the same time, this can be suitable for other domestic purposes. Farmers can keep the device either in auto mode or manual mode according to their necessity. Considering the economic and environmental impact of conventional chemical pesticides, this ultrasonic sound based technology is far better. Conventional noise system and chemical pesticides bring sound and air pollution respectively which is harmful to human body. The smart ultrasonic sound repellent device won t create such type of pollution. Besides, it is environmentfriendly as its charging system is fully depended on a solar panel. However, better performance can be obtained with high efficient solar panel i.e. thin film solar panels which have low weight compared to the conventional silicon solar panel. And this will reduce the overall weight of the apparatus. Although this study evaluates the effects of ultrasound waves against pests and bugs further studies of ultrasonic waves as an effective medium of controlling pest behavior are also still open. REFERENCES [1] N. Aflitto and T. DeGomez, "Sonic Pest Repellents", The University of Arizona Cooperative Extension, pp. 1-4, [2] S. Jhaveri, R. Singh and T. Hiremani, "Electronic Pest Repellent", /wel45/public_html/edl09s/b01.pdf. [3] "LM317 3-Terminal Adjustable Regulator", [Online]. Available: [4] Nur Najiah Binti Mohd Nasir, "Design A Smart Insect Repeller Using Ultrasonic Sensor", Faculty Of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, [5] "LM340, LM340A and LM7805 Family Wide VIN 1.5-A Fixed Voltage Regulators", [Online]. Available: [6] Art J.S., Caraballo J., and Duff R. DTMF Technology applied to the Identification and Control of a Small Mobile Robot, Tecnologias Aplicadas a la Ensenanza de la Electronica (Technologies Applied to Electronics Teaching) (TAEE), June 2014; pp 1 6. [7] Yun Chan Cho and Jae Wook Jeon, Remote Robot Control System based on DTMF of Mobile Phone, The IEEE International conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN 2008), Korea, 2008, pp [8] C. Andrade and V. Bueno, Evaluation of Electronic Mosquito- Repelling Devices Using Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae)", Neotropical Entomology, vol. 30, no. 3, pp , [9] Simeon M. I, Mohammed A.S and Adebayo S. E., "Development and preliminary testing of an electronic pest repeller with automatic frequency variation", International Journal of Engineering Science Invention, vol. 2, no. 1, pp , 2013.

Electronic Components

Electronic Components Arduino Uno Arduino Uno is a microcontroller (a simple computer), it has no way to interact. Building circuits and interface is necessary. Battery Snap Battery Snap is used to connect