PHYS225 Lecture 18. Electronic Circuits

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1 PHYS225 Lecture 18 Electronic Circuits

2 Oscillators and Timers Oscillators & Timers Produce timing signals to initiate measurement Periodic or single pulse Periodic output at known (controlled) frequency Shape is also known (controllable) Sinusoid, square, triangle, etc. Part of nearly every electronic device

3 Relaxation oscillators Use a simple RC decay to generate a sustained oscillation Example using an op amp as a comparator Flips between states at a given frequency (1/RC)

4 Sine Wave Generator Wien Bridge oscillator 1/3 gain amplifier with phase shift cancellation Other techniques RC phase shift quadrature

5 Resonators Use piezoelectric effect Voltage generates a strain Quartz crystal vibrates at a specific frequency Depends on thickness of crystal Can cat like a very sharply tuned RLC circuit element Q is Very stable and useful!

6 The 555 Timer The 555 Timer is one of the most popular and versatile integrated circuits ever produced! It is 30 years old and still being used! It is a combination of digital and analog circuits. It is known as the time machine as it performs a wide variety of timing tasks. Applications for the 555 Timer include: Bounce-free switches and Cascaded timers Frequency dividers Voltage-controlled oscillators Pulse generators and LED flashers

7 555 Timer DIS R VCC Q THR TR CV NE555 1 GN D Each pin has a function Note some familiar components inside

8 Inside the 555 Timer

9 Inside the 555 Timer The voltage divider (blue) has three equal 5K resistors. It divides the input voltage (Vcc) into three equal parts. The two comparators (red) are op-amps that compare the voltages at their inputs and saturate depending upon which is greater. The Threshold Comparator saturates when the voltage at the Threshold pin (pin 6) is greater than (2/3)Vcc. The Trigger Comparator saturates when the voltage at the Trigger pin (pin 2) is less than (1/3)Vcc

10 The flip-flop (green) is a bi-stable device. It generates two values, a high value equal to Vcc and a low value equal to 0V. When the Threshold comparator saturates, the flip flop is Reset (R) and it outputs a low signal at pin 3. When the Trigger comparator saturates, the flip flop is Set (S) and it outputs a high signal at pin 3. The transistor (purple) is being used as a switch, it connects pin 7 (discharge) to ground when it is closed. When Q is low, Qbar is high. This closes the transistor switch and attaches pin 7 to ground. When Q is high, Qbar is low. This open the switch and pin 7 is no longer grounded 10

11 Types of 555-Timer Circuits 5V 5V Ra 4 8 R 4 8 C Rb uF DIS THR TR CV NE555 R 1 GN D VCC Q 3 LED 1 2 1K C uF DIS THR TR CV NE555 R 1 GN D VCC Q 3 LED Astable Multivibrator puts out a continuous sequence of pulses Monostable Multivibrator (or one-shot) puts out one pulse each time the switch is connected

12 Monostable Multivibrator (One Shot) V cc 8 4 Reset R Threshold Comparator R a 6 2 V cc 3 R - + +V -V R Q Output 3 Trigger 2 1 Vcc 3 +V - + -V Trigger Comparator S Q Control Flip-Flop C 7 R 1 Monstable Multivibrator One-Shot

13 Behavior of the Monostable Multivibrator The monostable multivibrator is constructed by adding an external capacitor and resistor to a 555 timer. The circuit generates a single pulse of desired duration when it receives a trigger signal, hence it is also called a one-shot. The time constant of the resistor-capacitor combination determines the length of the pulse.

14 Uses of the Monostable Multivibrator Used to generate a clean pulse of the correct height and duration for a digital system Used to turn circuits or external components on or off for a specific length of time. Used to generate delays. Can be cascaded to create a variety of sequential timing pulses. These pulses can allow you to time and sequence a number of related operations.

15 Astable Pulse-Train Generator (Multivibrator) V cc 8 4 R Threshold Comparator R 1 R 2 6 R - + +V -V R Q Output V -V S Q Trigger Comparator Control Flip-Flop C 7 R 1 Astable Pulse-Train Generator

16 Behavior of the Astable Multivibrator The astable multivibrator is simply an oscillator. The astable multivibrator generates a continuous stream of rectangular offon pulses that switch between two voltage levels. The frequency of the pulses and their duty cycle are dependent upon the RC network values. The capacitor C charges through the series resistors R 1 and R 2 with a time constant (R 1 + R 2 )C. The capacitor discharges through R 2 with a time constant of R 2 C

17 Uses of the Astable Multivibrator Flashing LED s Pulse Width Modulation Pulse Position Modulation Periodic Timers

18 Flashing LED s 40 LED bicycle light with 20 LEDs flashing alternately at 4.7Hz

19 Understanding the Astable Mode Circuit 555-Timers, like op-amps can be configured in different ways to create different circuits. This one creates a train of equal pulses, as shown at the output.

20 10V TCLOSE = U1 V V R1 1k V 8V 1 10V V1 2 U2 TOPEN = 0 C1 1uF 6V 4V Capacitor Voltage 2V 0 Capacitor C1 is charged up by current flowing through R1 I V1 V R1 0V 0s 1ms 2ms 3ms 4ms 5ms 6ms 7ms 8ms 9ms 10ms V(U2:1) V(R1:2) V(V1:+) CAPACITOR 10 V 1k CAPACITOR As the capacitor charges up, its voltage increases and the current charging it decreases Time

21 10mA 10V 8mA 8V 6mA Capacitor and Resistor Current 6V Capacitor Voltage 4mA 4V 2mA 2V 0A 0s 1ms 2ms 3ms 4ms 5ms 6ms 7ms 8ms 9ms 10ms I(R1) I(C1) Capacitor Current Capacitor Voltage Time Where the time constant I 0V 0s 1ms 2ms 3ms 4ms 5ms 6ms 7ms 8ms 9ms 10ms V(U2:1) V(R1:2) V(V1:+) I e o t V V o e t 1 Time RC R1 C1 1ms

22 10V 8V 6V Capacitor Voltage 4V 2V 0V 0s 1ms 2ms 3ms 4ms 5ms 6ms 7ms 8ms 9ms 10ms V(U2:1) V(R1:2) V(V1:+) Time Note that the voltage rises to a little above 6V in 1ms. 1 ( 1 e ). 632

23 At the beginning of the cycle, C1 is charged through resistors R1 and R2. The charging time constant is charg e ( R1 The voltage reaches (2/3)Vcc in a time R2) C1 555 Timer t charg e T ( R1 R2) C1

24 555 Timer When the voltage on the capacitor reaches (2/3)Vcc, a switch (the transistor) is closed (grounded) at pin 7. The capacitor is discharged to (1/3)Vcc through R2 to ground, at which time the switch is opened and the cycle starts over. t discharg e disch arg e T2 ( R2) C ( R2) C1

25 555 Timer The frequency is then given by f ( R1 2 R2) C1 ( R1 2 R2) C1

26 PWM: Pulse Width Modulation Signal is compared to a sawtooth wave producing a pulse width proportional to amplitude

27 What Can Be Done With PWM? Low Duty Cycle Medium Duty Cycle High Duty Cycle Question: What happens if voltages like the ones above are connected to a light bulb? Answer: The longer the duty cycle, the longer the light bulb is on and the brighter the light. 20 March 2007 Electronic Instrumentation 27

28 What Can Be Done With PWM? Average power can be controlled Average flows can also be controlled by fully opening and closing a valve with some duty cycle 20 March 2007 Electronic Instrumentation 28

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