Diodes Rectifiers, Zener diodes light emitting diodes, laser diodes photodiodes, optocouplers
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1 Diodes Rectifiers, Zener diodes light emitting diodes, laser diodes photodiodes, optocouplers Prepared by Scott Robertson Fall 2007 Physics Impurity-doped semiconductors Semiconductors (Ge, Si) have four valence electrons. P and As have 5 valence electrons. These are electron donors and make n- type silicon. B, Al, In have 3 valence electrons. These make holes or p-type silicon. Reading: D & H ch. 5; H & H 2 1
2 p-n junctions (diodes) are one-way for current Cathode Anode the cartoon n-type p-type the symbol If the p side is made positive, holes flow toward junction from the p side and electrons flow toward the junction from the n side. Current flows from one side to the other. If the n side is made positive, electrons are drawn away from the junction and holes are drawn away from the junction and NO current flows. 3 How a hole moves 4 2
3 I-V characteristics of diodes Log I PIV breakdown occurs & damage I leak = 1 μa maybe Very high resistance 0.6 V V Very low resistance With negative bias, diodes pass only leakage current. With positive bias, the diode current increases exponentially with V. The knee for Si is near 0.6 V. Peak inverse voltage (PIV) is the maximum 5 Application #1: radio receiver Antenna picks up radio frequency 1N914 high frequency, small signal diode changes 150 khz AC to low frequency DC LC tuner Earphones Earphones cannot respond to 150 khz AM radio frequency, but they do respond to the amplitude modulation. 6 3
4 Application #2a: AC to DC Half-wave rectifier With 1N4002 diode 100 peak inverse volts, 1 A +15 VDC out C charges briefly C discharges Voltage has ripple 115 VAC V out 12 VAC (RMS) transformer AC input t -15 VDC out optional 16.7 ms 7 Application #2b: AC to DC full-wave rectifier 4 - diode bridge can be purchased as one unit DC out V 8.3 ms ripple 115 VAC transformer t - + For low ripple, 1/Cω should be much less than R load. 8 4
5 Positive peak voltage detector Output goes positive so that V A = V B. Capacitor remembers. Follower V A V A + V out + V B V B V out Why is this not practical? How can you fix it? V in 9 Zener diodes are voltage regulators I V unregulated Breakdown occurs I in = (V unreg -V reg )/R V regulated I leak V Symbol has a Z in it I in I out I out Zener power = (I in -I out )*V zener Zener voltage Zener diodes are available for 3.3 V, 3.6 V, 3.9 V and up to 33 V. Do not exceed their power rating (< 1 watt usually) 10 5
6 Light emitting diodes The longest wire is the anode. Cathode Anode Wikipedia photos 11 Light emitting diodes Electron meets hole recombination energy Si has indirect bandgap Recombination in Si gives heat, not light GaAs (a semiconductor) has a direct band gap and there is recombination light. Usually an n-type substrate with p-layer on top. More exotic materials with different band gaps give a wider range of wavelengths: GaN, InGaAs, GaAsP, InGaN, AlGaInP, etc. 12 6
7 The LED is biased forward and the current should be limited by a resistor 10 ma typ. 5 V 470 Ω typ. Red is least expensive (brake lights, stop lights) Blue is more expensive UV is very very expensive below 250 nm. Symbol shows light out Some LEDs are packaged with a resistor inside. 13 White LEDs use a Ce:YAG phosphor to absorb blue and emit yellow: blue + yellow is perceived as white YAG = yttrium aluminum garnet Wikipedia image 14 7
8 Energy conservation: You can t get a 3 ev blue photon from a 2 volt electron! Short wavelength LEDs require more bias voltage. Color vs. Potential 20 ma Infrared Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Ultraviolet 1.6 V 1.8 V to 2.1 V 2.2 V 2.4 V 2.6 V 3.0 V-3.5 V 3.5 V Ref: Wikipedia LEDs are an alternative Zener diodes at low voltages. 15 Applications TV remotes (far IR) Calculator displays Red only: Brake lights, stop lights White: bike lights, flashlights, headlamps Power is limited to < 10 W per diode (2007) High efficiency lighting 115 lumen/watt (same as fluorescents) tungsten bulbs are only 15 lumens/watt 16 8
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10 Marketed as an auto interior light. 19 State-of-the art UV LED ~$300 Light output is not stated
11 Laser diodes Similar to LEDs, but there is a cavity Applications Fiber optic communications Research, Bose-Einstein condensates Laser pointers 21 Laser diodes have a built-in photodetector so that negative feedback can be used to set the output level
12 Photodiodes are photon detectors Photons in current out (like a solar cell) 23 Simple photodiode circuits -V bias R V out Holes Electrons R V out Why do we have V bias? Electron-hole pairs created in the junction move away from the junction and make current where there wasn t any. These can be made cheaply from Si
13 Better photodiode circuit V A = V B = 0, So the op amp input is a virtual ground (zero volts for any current). -V bias R If the op amp input impedance is nearly zero, then the RC time constant for the photodiode is very small, and the response is very fast. V A Z input = 0 V B + V out 25 Photodiode specifications: Output, often Amps/watt Quantum efficiency (electrons per photon) as a function of wavelength Dark current (the noise) Rise time (depends on load resistor) Fall time (depends on load resistor) Junction capacitance (depends on V bias ) 26 13
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15 Optocoupler Applications: to transfer information to a circuit off ground or to transfer information without electrostatic pickup Dual in-line package. Fiber optic cable 29 15
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