INT Mobile Radio Networks Introduction

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1 INT Mobile Radio Networks Introduction Roberto Verdone Office Hours: Monday 4 6 pm (upon prior agreement via ) Slides are provided as supporting tool, they are not a textbook! A.Y Credits: 6

2 0. Premise

Radio Networks Research Group 3 10 2 10 11 1 10 2 9 8 3 Time on Air

Length [byte] 800 1000 Major research topics: - Drone-based radio

Physical Systems for Smart Cities, Smart Agriculture, Industry 4.

3 Radio Networks Research Group Time on Air [s] LoRa Payload Length [byte] Major research topics: - Drone-based radio networks - Mobile Radio Networks: Evolution from LTE to 5G - Cyber Physical Systems for Smart Cities, Smart Agriculture, Industry Internet of Things: LoRa and NB-IOT - Internet of Things: Software Defined Networking

4 Radio Networks Research Group Mobile Radio Networks Internet of Things Wireless Sensor Networks

5 Radio Networks Research Group

6 Radio Networks Research Group Collaborations with: IDESIO Embit JMAWireless A2a Smart City TIM

7 Outline 1. Radio Networks 2. Radio Communication Standards 3. Trends 4. The Course 5. Appendix This lecture block will introduce the basic concepts related to radio networks, some terminology, and will provide information on the course syllabus, and rules.

8 1. Radio Networks

9 Radio Networks RN = Network of Communication Networks made of Nodes connected through Radio links. Communication Network

10 Radio Networks RN = Network of Communication Networks made of Nodes connected through Radio links. A Communication Network is a set of interconnected entities* sharing the same communication protocols. * The word entity here (synonym of node ) refers to either human-held devices (smartphones, laptops, etc.) or unmanned things (objects, sensors, robots, drones, etc.)

11 Radio Networks RN = Network of Communication Networks made of Nodes connected through Radio links. A Communication Network is a set of interconnected entities* sharing the same communication protocols. Protocols are set of rules coordinating the exchange of data.

12 Radio Networks RN = Network of Communication Networks made of Nodes connected through Radio links. A Communication Network is a set of interconnected entities* sharing the same communication protocols. Protocols are set of rules coordinating the exchange of data. B Access Point (AP) e.g. A Nodes

13 Radio Networks e.g. Carrier Sensing Multiple Access with RTS/CTS (unacknowledged) When A has data to send (t 0 ), it senses the radio channel for a period of time S; if the channel is assumed to be free, a RTS (Request To Send, of duration R) is sent, which is received after the propagation delay τ by B; the receiver, after a short time P, sends back a CTS (Clear to Send) of duration C; after the propagation delay τ the CTS is received by A that, after a short time P, transmits the data block containing the useful information (duration D). At the end of transmission (t 1 ), A can re-start the procedure for a new data block. A S R RTS τ P D DATA time B t 0 t 1 B τ P CTS C time A

14 Radio Networks RN = Network of Communication Networks made of Nodes connected through Radio links. A Communication Network is a set of interconnected entities* sharing the same communication protocols. Protocols are set of rules coordinating the exchange of data. Nodes implement Algorithms to take decisions regarding data transmission and reception.

15 Radio Networks e.g. Carrier Sensing Multiple Access with RTS/CTS (unacknowledged) When A has data to send (t 0 ), it senses the radio channel for a period of time S; the decision on whether the channel is free is taken comparing the received power Pr to a threshold Z, which is a parameter of the algorithm running at transmitter side. If the channel is not free, sensing is repeated. If it is free, the RTS is sent, then the node starts waiting for the CTS, upon which reception the data block is transmitted, terminating the algorithm at t 1. start start t 0 t 1 sense the channel Pr < Z Y TX RTS RX CTS Y TX N N

16 Radio Networks RN = Network of Communication Networks made of Nodes connected through Radio links. A Communication Network is a set of interconnected entities* sharing the same communication protocols. Protocols are set of rules coordinating the exchange of data. Nodes implement Algorithms to take decisions regarding data transmission and reception. Communication among nodes happens through L1 Techniques designed to tackle the inherent complexities of radio links. e.g. modulation, equalisation, and many others.

17 Radio Networks RN = Network of Communication Networks made of Nodes connected through Radio links. A RN is a set of interconnected CNs having separate protocols and linked through interworking units. Host Base Station AP/Gateway e.g. Fixed Networks Nodes

18 Radio Networks RN = Network of Communication Networks made of Nodes connected through Radio links. A RN is a set of interconnected CNs having separate protocols and linked through interworking units. Such Network is also called a Network Architecture. Host Base Station AP/Gateway e.g. Fixed Networks Nodes

19 Radio Networks RN = Network of Communication Networks made of Nodes connected through Radio links. Radio Standards include the precise description of protocols and those techniques needed to ensure interoperability among devices of different vendors. Often, algorithms on the opposite are left to the manufacturer. Sometimes proprietary radio interfaces are used if interoperability is not required. They are described to the extent needed by the user.

20 Radio Networks RN = Network of Communication Networks made of Nodes connected through Radio links. This course introduces to the - Techniques, - Protocols, - Algorithms, - Network Architectures, - and Standards of current and future (mobile) radio networks. Emphasis is given to L1 / L2 / L3: from the radio channel to the network layer.

21 Radio Networks

22 Radio Networks

23 code What technology is better in terms of: Data rate? Delays? Range of transmission? Energy consumption? Network scalability? 1. 2G 2. 4G 3. 5G 4. WiFi 5. Zigbee 6. BT 7. LoraWAN Host Fixed Networks Nodes

24 Mobile Radio Networks Four keywords: Digital Communications Networks Radio Mobile

25 Digital Communications

26 Digital Communications Link Level bits signal signal bits T R source transmitter channel destination receiver channel coding amplification modulation amplification filtering channel decoding detection demodulation... plus all protocol functionalities... plus all protocol functionalities

27 Digital Communications Link Level bits signal signal bits T R source source transmitter channel destination receiver destination data chunk APPLICATION TRANSPORT NETWORK T DATA LINK PHYSICAL protocols L5 L4 L3 L2 L1 data bursts APPLICATION TRANSPORT NETWORK DATA LINK PHYSICAL R

28 Digital Communications Link Level bits signal signal bits T R source transmitter channel destination receiver APPLICATION TRANSPORT NETWORK DATA LINK PHYSICAL APPLICATION TRANSPORT NETWORK DATA LINK PHYSICAL

29 Digital Communications Link Level bits signal signal bits T R source transmitter channel destination receiver Data Block* time Protocol Headers Data Burst * Sometimes erroneously denoted as Packet. Packets are L3 entities.

30 Digital Communications Link Level T R control messages Control Plane User Plane user data out-of-band or in-band signalling

31 Digital Communications Link Level User Plane data bursts Latency i-th data chunk time transmitter side receiver side Rb = Bit Rate = number of bits per second transmitted on the channel. U = User Throughput = number of information bits per second successfully received by the destination. W = Latency = time to transfer a data chunk from source to destination. Bc = Channel Bandwidth = bandwidth assigned to signal.

32 Radio Networks

33 Radio Networks Network Level source 1 T R 2 destination source 3 T R 4 destination Mutual Interference

34 Radio Networks Network Level 1 T R 2 T R 3 source router destination 3 Multi-Hop Transmission 2 1

35 Radio Networks

36 Radio Networks Nodes in a radio network exchange data through Radio Waves. They can be mobile. Their position is unknown to the network. Mobility and Localisation are relevant issue to be discussed.

37 Radio Networks Why Radio*, not Wireless? Wireless just says with no wires, neglecting the essence of the radio channel. Radio reflects the relevance of the transmission medium on the network ability to exchange data. The word stresses the implications of the physical on the digital world: Signal distortion, power absorption, unpredictable behaviour, etc. * Etymology of Radio: Radius [lat] = ray of light

38 Mobile Radio Networks

39 Mobile Radio Networks Radio Networks permitting large scale (geographical) node mobility. 5G (standardisation: onward) The dawn of digital era of mobile comms 1G 2G 3G 4G 5G years

40 Mobile Radio Networks Radio Networks permitting large scale (geographical) node mobility. Base Stations, Controllers Switches, Routers, Cloud Radio PSTN or Fixed Mobile Nodes Access Network Core Network Internet Nodes

41 Mobile Radio Networks Radio Networks permitting large scale (geographical) node mobility. Base Stations, Controllers Switches, Routers, Cloud Radio PSTN or Fixed Mobile Nodes Access Network Core Network Internet Nodes

42 Mobile Radio Networks Cellular Networks Service Area One base per cell handover

43 2. Radio Communication Standards

44 Radio Communication Standards Range BAN PAN HAN LAN MAN WAN , 4e a GSM GPRS EDGE UMTS a,b,g,n, ac, , 16e HPA LTE IEEE/IETF Zigbee Bluetooth UltraWideBand WiFi WiMax LTE Adv LTE Pro 5G Others: WAVE, TETRA, W-MBUS, BT-LE, WIBREE, DVB, DAB, LoRa NB-IOT, 3GPP 1 kbit/s 1 Mbit/s 1 Gbit/s User throughput

45 Inquiry Based Session When proprietary solutions are attractive instead of standards? How do you think a standardisation body (like e.g. 3GPP) works?

46 3. Trends

47 Trends: MRN How are mobile services evolving since the dawn of digital era? 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G, (Smaller sizes) From voice to data Higher data rates Lower latency Pervasivity

48 Trends: MRN Data Traffic

49 Trends: MRN Data Traffic

50 Trends: MRN User Throughput years 2G 3G 4G 5G Bands [GHz] 0.9, , 1.8, 2, , 3.6, 26 Bc [MHz] Rb 271 Kbit/s 2 Mbit/s 100 Mbit/s >1 Gbit/s U (theoretical) 500 Kbit/s 50 Mbit/s 4 Gbit/s > 100 Gbit/s x 100 x 100 x 100

51 Trends: MRN Number and Type of Connected Devices

52 Trends: MRN 5G: Emphasis on IoT 5G Today A Platform for Digital Society

53 Trends: IoT Smart Agriculture Connected Cars Animal Tracking Smart Spaces Smart Cities Smart Buildings

54 Trends: IoT Sensors WSN Objects Machines RFid M2M

55 Trends: IoT Objects RFid Objects equipped with RFid Tags: Identification Passive No computing capabilities ROM

56 Trends: IoT Sensors WSN (Embedded) devices equipped with sensors: Sensing Battery or energy grid Some computing capabilities energy RAM µ sensor

57 Trends: IoT Machines M2M Machines equipped with sensors / actuators: Sensing & Actuation Industrial Control High computing capabilities actuator energy RAM µpc sensor

58 Trends: IoT Sensors WSN Objects Machines RFid M2M The IoT intends to connect to the Internet, wirelessly, unmanned devices of very different nature, complexity and capabilities.

59 Trends: MRN & IoT MRN & the IoT are becoming pervasive, in all sectors of people s life.

60 Trends: MRN & IoT MRN & the IoT are converging towards a highly heterogeneous network: 1) devices; 2) application types; 3) air interfaces / network architectures

61 Trends: Industrial IoT TED s talk, Marco Annunziata

62 Trends Latency years 2G 3G 4G 5G Bands [GHz] 0.9, , 1.8, 2, , 3.6, 26 Bandwidth [MHz] Latency 300 ms 100 ms 10 ms 1 ms

63 Suggested Reading 3GPP TS Technical Specification Group Services and System Aspects; Service requirements for the 5G system; Stage 1

Trends: 5G The Internet of Skills, Mischa Dohler, KCL http://money.

64 Trends: 5G The Internet of Skills, Mischa Dohler, KCL

65 Trends: 5G

66 Trends: 5G embb 5G mmtc URLLC

67 4. The Course

68 The Course Modelling and Design of Radio Networks: Fundamental Techniques, Algorithms and Protocols, Network Architectures and Standards, from the Radio Channel to the Network Layer under a system point of view.

69 The Course: Lecture Blocks INT DTN LRC LCF DTI RRA MNA RRC RRM MRN Introduction Digital Transmission in Noise Limited Systems Link Level: Radio Channel Link Level: Countermeasures to Fading Digital Transmission in Interference Limited Systems Radio Resource Assignment Mobile Network Architectures Radio Resource Assignment in Cellular Networks Radio Resource Management Mobile Radio Networks PHY NET

70 The Course: Lecture Blocks PHY Building a house, what part would you make stronger? NET

71 The Course: Lecture Blocks PHY Foundations! NET

72 The Course Instructor: Roberto Verdone * Teaching Assistant: Website: Teaching Material: Exam: n.a. à teaching Handouts available as pdf files on website Numerical exercises + oral examination - Single step: after the end of course, one single date. - Two steps: 1) numerical exercises, on May 17 (40%) 2) oral, after end of course, before July 30 (60%) Additional Material: Audio recording of lectures (one of you as contact point) Homework, suggested readings Books available in my office for daily use * Clear s no longer than three lines, requiring answers that can be given in three lines.

73 The Course: Assessment Rules A (30L) B (28-30) C (25-27) D (22-24) E (19-21) F (failed) Numerical exercises: if you fail à F; if you complete it, you start with B Then, three or four questions: each time, either you confirm or you go down by one or two steps (so, never ask for one question more!) If you answer all questions correctly à B If you tell me more than what I told à A Concepts, first of all à E Detailed description of techniques, algos and protocols à C/D Formalisation through diagrams, equations, etc. à B

74 The Course: Teaching Styles Chalk nd Talk Questions Anytime Inquiry Based Sessions Self-Assessment Sessions

75 The Course: Personal Attitude

76 The Course: Personal Attitude To learn from you

77 The Course: Personal Attitude To learn from you To guide you towards a deep understanding of the subject

78 The Course: Personal Attitude To learn from you To guide you towards a deep understanding of the subject To guide you towards a successful career in radio network engineering

79 The Course: Personal Attitude To learn from you To guide you towards a deep understanding of the subject To guide you towards a successful career in radio network engineering or science!

80 The Course: Personal Attitude To learn from you To guide you towards a deep understanding of the subject To guide you towards a successful career in radio network engineering or science! To let you fall in love with the subject!

81 The Course: Personal Attitude To learn from you To guide you towards a deep understanding of the subject To guide you towards a successful career in radio network engineering or science! To let you fall in love with the subject! This course is not an easy one The reward is in the competence you have after you pass the exam

82 The Course: Tips secrets to succeed

83 The Course: Tips secrets to succeed Take notes during the lectures!

84 The Course: Tips secrets to succeed Take notes during the lectures! Look for details; be precise.

85 The Course: Tips secrets to succeed Take notes during the lectures! Look for details; be precise. Engineers do not use adjectives and adverbs. They use numbers.

86 The Course: Tips secrets to succeed Take notes during the lectures! Look for details; be precise. Engineers do not use adjectives and adverbs. They use numbers. Try to find connections between separate lecture blocks.

87 The Course: Tips secrets to succeed Take notes during the lectures! Look for details; be precise. Engineers do not use adjectives and adverbs. They use numbers. Try to find connections between separate lecture blocks. Try to find out what s the philosophy behind the course.

88 The Course: Tips secrets to succeed Take notes during the lectures! Look for details; be precise. Engineers do not use adjectives and adverbs. They use numbers. Try to find connections between separate lecture blocks. Try to find out what s the philosophy behind the course. Assess yourself through the self-assessment tools provided.

89 The Course: Tips secrets to succeed Take notes during the lectures! Look for details; be precise. Engineers do not use adjectives and adverbs. They use numbers. Try to find connections between separate lecture blocks. Try to find out what s the philosophy behind the course. Assess yourself through the self-assessment tools provided. Try the intermediate exam to check the status of your preparation.

90 The Course: Tips secrets to succeed Take notes during the lectures! Look for details; be precise. Engineers do not use adjectives and adverbs. They use numbers. Try to find connections between separate lecture blocks. Try to find out what s the philosophy behind the course. Assess yourself through the self-assessment tools provided. Try the intermediate exam to check the status of your preparation. Be interactive during the lectures!

91 The Course: Tips secrets to succeed The slides provided are not a textbook!

92 The Course: Tips secrets to succeed The slides provided are not a textbook! Use the audio records to complement

93 The Course: Tips secrets to succeed The slides provided are not a textbook! Use the audio records to complement Record any single sign made on the board

94 The Course: Tips secrets to succeed The slides provided are not a textbook! Use the audio records to complement Record any single sign made on the board Do formalise: graphs, diagrams, math,...

95 The Course: Like Walking in Venice From the railway station to Piazza S. Marco

96 The Course: Like Walking in Venice From the railway station to Piazza S. Marco: Boat trip through Canal Grande

97 The Course: Like Walking in Venice From the railway station to Piazza S. Marco: Boat trip through Canal Grande

98 The Course: Like Walking in Venice From the railway station to Piazza S. Marco: Boat trip through Canal Grande

99 The Course: Like Walking in Venice From the railway station to Piazza S. Marco: Boat trip through Canal Grande Main walkways

100 The Course: Like Walking in Venice From the railway station to Piazza S. Marco: Boat trip through Canal Grande Main walkways

101 The Course: Like Walking in Venice From the railway station to Piazza S. Marco: Boat trip through Canal Grande Main walkways

102 The Course: Like Walking in Venice From the railway station to Piazza S. Marco: Boat trip through Canal Grande Main walkways

103 The Course: Like Walking in Venice From the railway station to Piazza S. Marco: Boat trip through Canal Grande Main walkways Roaming around getting lost through the calle

104 The Course: Like Walking in Venice From the railway station to Piazza S. Marco: Boat trip through Canal Grande Main walkways Roaming around getting lost through the calle

105 The Course: Like Walking in Venice From the railway station to Piazza S. Marco: Boat trip through Canal Grande Main walkways Roaming around getting lost through the calle

106 The Course: Like Walking in Venice From the railway station to Piazza S. Marco: Boat trip through Canal Grande Main walkways Roaming around getting lost through the calle

107 The Course: Like Walking in Venice From the railway station to Piazza S. Marco: Boat trip through Canal Grande Main walkways Roaming around getting lost through the calle

108 What is going to be YOUR personal attitude?

109 Before you leave Please fill the G-Form (Students Contact Info) at à Teaching à end of page

110 5. Appendix

111 Appendix: grade your background 1. What is the main difference between a circuit-switched and a packet-switched network? 2. What are the assumptions for Poisson traffic generated by a population of sources? 3. What function should be used to assess blocking probability of a queue-less server? 4. How large should be an efficient antenna working at 900 MHz? Like 1 cm, or 15 cm, or 1 m? 5. What is the maximum antenna gain of a dipole? 6. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using frequency bands above 6 GHz? 7. What are the impacts of a memoryless non linear RF amplifier on the transmitted signal? 8. Compute the maximum (link) spectrum efficiency for M-QASK with M = 4,16, and What is the signal bandwidth of a BPSK signal at Rb = 1 Mbit/s with raised cosine filters? 10. What is the required SNR for BPSK with raised cosine filters for bit error probability = 0.001? 11. Compute the noise power density for a link with receiver having noise figure 6 db. 12. Compute the transmission range under free space conditions if Pt=1 mw, frequency is 2.4 GHz, receiver sensitivity is -89 dbm and antennas are isotropic. If X = number of questions you can correctly answer, grade yourself as G = X *30 / 12 over 30.

112 Appendix: grade your background / answers 1. Static/Dynamic assignment of resources to the connection between source and destination 2. Infinite population, independent users, memory-less generations 3. B-Erlang formula 4. About half a wavelength / a wavelength -à 15 cm 5. About 2 db 6. Cons: larger loss, lower penetr. through walls; pros: better penetr. in holes, almost LOS 7. Signal distortion on amplitude, and generation of spurious emissions on adjacent bands 8. 2, 4, 8 bit/s/hz 9. Bc = (1+r) MHz where r is the roll-off factor 10. SNR = 6.8 db 11. Monodirectional: W/Hz m

113 Mobile Radio Networks Introduction Venezia

114 Mario Gerla UCLA, US

IRN Vehicular Communications Part II Introduction to Radio Networks

IRN Vehicular Communications Part II Introduction to Radio Networks Roberto Verdone Slides are provided as supporting tool, they are not a textbook! roberto.verdone@unibo.it +39 051 20 93817 Office Hours: