Earth Emitted Longwave Energy. 240 W/m 2. Top of the Atmosphere (TOA)

Transcription

1 Kory J. Priestley Figures 103 Incident Solar Shortwave Energy 340 W/m 2 Reflected Shortwave Energy 100 W/m 2 Earth Emitted Longwave Energy 240 W/m 2 Top of the Atmosphere (TOA) Figure 1.1 Components of the TOA radiation budget for the Earth and its atmosphere.

2 Kory J. Priestley Figures 104 L(λ) Unfiltered Radiance Net Radiative Contamination S(λ) Spectral Response Net Conductive Contamination Self Heating Detecting Element Signal Conditioning Electronics Analog- to- Digital Conversion Figure 2.1 Components of a general radiometric system.

3 Kory J. Priestley Figures 105 Baffle Relay Mirror Filter Precision Aperture Detector Field Mirror Figure 2.2 Off-axis optical system.

4 Kory J. Priestley Figures 106 Baffle Filter Spider (Secondary Mirror Support) Secondary Mirror Precision Aperture Primary Mirror Detector Figure 2.3 Cassegrain optical system.

5 Kory J. Priestley Figures Thermal Detector Photon Counter Relative Response 0 0 Wavelength (λ) λ Figure 2.4 Ideal behavior of thermal detectors and photon counters.

6 Kory J. Priestley Figures 108 Distance in Orbital Direction (km) Scan 1 Footprint Centroids Scan 2 Footprint Centroids scan 1 Field-of-View scan 2 Field-of-View Distance in Scan Direction (km) Figure 2.5. Illustration of overlap in instantaneous footprints for an instrument which scans perpendicular to the orbital direction.

7 Kory J. Priestley Figures Figure 2.6 Illustration of aliasing error. On the left, the sampling frequency is seven times the original frequency; while on the right, the sampling frequency is 7/5 of the original frequency [39].

8 Kory J. Priestley Figures 110 Optical Axis Field Stop θ φ Cross-Scan Direction Scan Direction Figure 2.7 Illustration of zenith, θ, and azimuth, φ, angles used to define the instrument field-ofview.

9 Kory J. Priestley Figures 111 Figure 3.1 CERES instrument package.

10 Kory J. Priestley Figures Deg Earth Limb Normal Scan Short Scan Elevation Angle (deg) Deg Earth Limb Time (s) Figure 3.2 Elevation scan profiles for the CERES Proto-Flight Model (PFM) located on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) spacecraft.

11 Kory J. Priestley Figures 113 Figure 3.3 Cross-sectional view of a CERES instrument.

12 Kory J. Priestley Figures 114 (a) (b) Figure 3.4 Illustration of footprint scan patterns for (a) normal cross-track scan mode, and (b) biaxial scan mode.

13 Kory J. Priestley Figures cm Figure 3.5 A CERES radiometric channel.

14 Kory J. Priestley Figures TOTAL Spectral Response (-) SHORTWAVE 8-12 µm WINDOW Wavelength (λ) Figure 3.6 End-to-end spectral response for the CERES PFM radiometric channels.

15 Kory J. Priestley Figures 117 Cross-Scan Direction Scan Direction Figure 3.7 Truncated diamond precision aperture for the CERES radiometric channels.

16 Kory J. Priestley Figures 118 Platinum Leads 1.0 x 10-3 in. Diameter Thermistor 15 µm Thin Layers of Epoxy 815Z Epoxy 815Z Sealing Layer 4 µm INCIDENT RADIATION 2024-TB51 Aluminum Disk Black Paint layer 10.6 µm Y-210 Varnish Layer 3.5 µm Gold Pads 0.5 µm Kapton 0.3 x 10-3 in. Figure 3.8 CERES Proto-Flight Model detector nominal specifications.

17 Kory J. Priestley Figures 119 Wheatstone Bridge C 1 A 1 +V bias R 4 R2 1 2 R 3 R 1 Comp. Bol. Act. Bol. 3 R 6 R 5 R R 8 R 9 R R 11 R 14 R 16 R A 3 R 15 9 A 4 A 5 +V ou t -V out -V bias A 2 R Figure 3.9 CERES Proto-Flight Model pre-amplifier electronic circuit.

18 Kory J. Priestley Figures 120 R 1 R 2 C 1 C 3 +V in R 5 R 6 R 10 R 11 A 1 A 2 A 3 R 7 C 2 C 4 R 12 R 13 R 14 V out R 3 R 4 R 8 R 9 -V in Figure 3.10 CERES Four-pole Bessel filter.

19 Kory J. Priestley Figures Gain (db) Frequency (Hz) Figure 3.11 Computed bode diagram for the CERES 4-pole Bessel filter.

20 Kory J. Priestley Figures Phase Angle (Deg) Frequency (Hz) Figure 3.12 Computed phase angle diagram for the CERES four-pole Bessel filter.

21 Kory J. Priestley Figures Normalized Magnitude Input Output Time (s) Figure 3.13 Filtering function for the CERES 4-pole Bessel filter.

22 Kory J. Priestley Figures 124 Figure 3.14 TRW s Radiometric Calibration Facility (RCF) used in the CERES ground calibration [18].

23 Kory J. Priestley Figures 125 Figure 3.15 Narrow Field Black Body (NFBB) used in the CERES Radiometric Calibration Facility (RCF) [18].

24 Kory J. Priestley Figures 126 Figure 3.16 CERES Internal Calibration Source (ICS) module [18].

25 Kory J. Priestley Figures 127 Optics Housing Titanium Washer Sputtered Indium Endcap Detector Heater Multi-Layer Insulation Active Detector Active Detector Disk Compensating Detector Disk Compensating Detector Figure 4.1 Schematic of the Detector Module Assembly (Not To Scale).

26 Kory J. Priestley Figures 128 Insulated Known Temperature Known Flux Optics Housing Interface Endcap Interface Active Detector Compensating Detector Active Disk Compensating Disk Figure 4.2 Illustration of the modeled boundary conditions.