BASIC ELECTRONICS. (For Engineering Students)

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2 BASIC ELECTRONICS (For Engineering Students) By J.B. Gupta B.Sc. (Elec. Engg.); C. Eng. (I); F.I.E. (India); M.I.S.T.E. S.K. KATARIA & SONS Publisher of Engineering and Computer Books 4885/109, Prakash Mahal, Dr. Subhash Bhargav Lane, Opposite Delhi Medical Association, Daryaganj, New Delhi Phone : , ; Telefax : katariabooks@yahoo.com; katariabook@gmail.com Website :

3 Published By: S.K. Kataria & Sons 4885/109, Prakash Mahal, Dr. Subhash Bhargav Lane, Opposite Delhi Medical Association, Daryaganj, New Delhi Phone : , ; Telefax : katariabooks@yahoo.com; katariabook@gmail.com Head Office: Opp. Clock Tower, Ludhiana (Pb.) Phone: Edited By : Rajeev Manglik B.E. (Elec.) Pb. Univ. Rohit Manglik B.E. (Elec.) Univ. of Roorkee ALL RIGHTS STRICTLY RESERVED STATUTORY WARNING Information contained in this book has been obtained by the author from sources believed to be reliable and are correct to the best of his knowledge. Every effort has been made to avoid errors and omissions and ensure accuracy. Any error or omission noted may be brought to the notice of the publisher which shall be taken care of in the forthcoming edition of this book. However, neither the publisher nor the author guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein, and neither the publisher nor author take any responsibility or liability for any inconvenience, expenses, losses or damage to any one resulting from the contents of the book. The book is meant for educational and learning purposes and there is no attempt on the part of publisher/author to render engineering and other professional services. If such services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought. The author of the book has taken all possible care to ensure that the contents of the book do not violate any existing copyright or other intellectual property rights of any person in any manner whatsoever. In the event, the author has been unable to track any source and if any copyright has been inadvertently infringed, the facts may be brought to the notice of the publisher in writing for corrective action. Send all correspondence to : M/s S.K. Kataria & Sons, New Delhi katariabooks@yahoo.com First Edition: August 2008; Second Edition: ; Reprint: 2011; Reprint: 2012; Reprint: 2013; Reprint: 2014 Price: ` 295/- Laser Typesetting by : Printed at : AISA ENTERPRISES New A.S. Offset Printers

4 PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION The primary aim of presenting this book is to meet the needs of first year students of degree engineering (all branches) studying in Engineering Colleges affiliated to the University of Technology of MP. The subject matter has been presented in an easy comprehensive manner, logical sequence using simple language and to give a detailed exposition of the fundamentals. The book consists of 16 chapters providing a comprehensive coverage of course as prescribed by University of Technology of MP for first year students for the course Basic Electronics. A large number of worked-out examples, theoretical exercises and numerical problems, all of degree standard, have been included in the text. The solution to illustrative examples covering almost all subtopics of various chapters makes the entire presentation easy to follow. Selected exercises and numerical problems with answers given at the end of each chapter help the students in evaluating their understanding of the subject. Highlights given at the end of almost each chapter help the students in refreshing their knowledge while short answer type questions with answers help them in preparing for viva-voce/ practical examinations and interviews. A large number of objective questions (multiple-choice, true/false and fill-in the blanks types) has been given at the end of the book. These questions have been designed to bring out the hidden aspects and also to test the knowledge, understanding and application aspect of learning. The questions will certainly help the students to score better in their regular as well as competitive examinations. Every care has been taken to eliminate misprints, omissions and errors but it is too much to expect that no inaccuracy/misprint/error has crept in and the authors would be grateful to the readers for bringing to their notice any such errors/misprints/omissions they may come across while going through the book. The authors shall feel satisfied if the book meets the needs of the students for whom it is meant. Suggestions and criticism for the improvement of the book shall be welcomed. The authors will like to thank all the Scientists, Engineers, Authors and Publishers whose works and text have been the source of enlightenment, inspiration and guidance to us in the presentation. Lastly, but not the least, the authors are thankful to their publishers for bringing out the book in such a short period and for pricing it moderately despite heavy cost of paper and printing. August 2009 Authors

5 OTHER USEFUL BOOKS J.B. Gupta A Course in Electrical Technology J.B. Gupta Basic Electrical Engineering [A Course in Electrical Technology Vol. 1] J.B. Gupta Electrical Machines [A Course in Electrical Technology Vol. 2] J.B. Gupta Electronics Engineering [A Course in Electrical Technology Vol. 3] J.B. Gupta Theory and Performance of Electrical Machines [DC Machines, AC Machines and Polyphase Circuits] J.B. Gupta Electrical Machines-I [DC Machines] J.B. Gupta Electrical Machines-II [AC Machines] J.B. Gupta Electronic Devices and Circuits J.B. Gupta Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering and Electronics J.B. Gupta A Course in Electrical Power [Generation & Economic Considerations; Transmission & Distribution; Switchgear & Protection; Utilization of Electrical Power & Electric Traction] J.B. Gupta Generation and Economic Considerations [Electrical Power Systems Vol. 1] J.B. Gupta Transmission and Distribution [Electrical Power Systems Vol. 2] J.B. Gupta Switchgear and Protection [Electrical Power Systems Vol. 3] J.B. Gupta Electrical Power Systems [Vol. 1 of A Course in Electrical Power] J.B. Gupta Utilization of Electrical Power and Electric Traction [Vol. 2 of A Course in Electrical Power] J.B. Gupta A Course in Electrical and Electronic Measurements and Instrumentation J.B. Gupta Question Bank in Electrical Engineering J.B. Gupta An Integrated Course in Electrical Engineering [Objective Questions With Answers & Notes] J.B. Gupta Electrical Installation Estimating & Costing J.B. Gupta Elements of Electrical Engineering & Electronics J.B. Gupta Electrical and Electronics Engineering [Rajasthan Technical Univ.] J.B. Gupta Electrical Engineering [1st/2nd Semester U.P. Technical Univ.] J.B. Gupta Electrical Science [G.G.S.I.P. Univ.] J.B. Gupta Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering [Pb. Technical University] J.B. Gupta Basic Electrical Engineering [1st/2nd Semester Rajiv Gandhi Technical Univ., MP] J.B. Gupta Electrical Technology [M.D. Univ; G.J. Univ. and Kurukshetra Univ.] J.B. Gupta Electrical Science [Amity Univ.] J.B. Gupta Basic Electronics [Electronics Engineering] J.B. Gupta Electronics Engineering [1st/2nd Semester U.P. Technical Univ.] J.B. Gupta Basic Electronics [1st/2nd Semester Rajiv Gandhi Technical Univ., MP] J.B. Gupta Electromechnical Energy Conversion [M.D. Univ.] J.B. Gupta Electrical Engineering Materials and Semiconductor Devices [M.D. Univ.] J.B. Gupta Electrical Measurements and Measuring Instruments J.B. Gupta Electronic Measurements and Instrumentation [3rd Semester Pb. Technical Univ.] J.B. Gupta Electronic Measurements and Instrumentation [3rd Semester U.P. Technical Univ.] J.B. Gupta Electronic Devices and Circuits [3rd Semester Pb Technical Univ.] J.B. Gupta Electrical Machines [4th Semester U.P. Technical Univ.] J.B. Gupta Electrical and Electronics Engineering Materials [4th Semester U.P. Technical Univ.] J.B. Gupta Semiconductor Materials and Devices [4th Semester U.P. Technical Univ.] J.B. Gupta Electromechanical Energy Conversion-I [4th Semester U.P. Technical Univ.] J.B. Gupta Energy Conversion [4th Semester U.P. Technical Univ.] J.B. Gupta Analog Electronics [4th Semester Pb Technical Univ.] J.B. Gupta Analog Integrated Circuits [5th Semester U.P. Technical Univ.] J.B. Gupta Pulse and Digital Switching Circuits [5th Semester Pb Technical Univ.] J.B. Gupta Linear Integrated Circuits [5th Semester Pb Technical Univ.] J.B. Gupta Electromechanical Energy Conversion-II [5th Semester U.P. Technical Univ.] J.B. Gupta Electronics Measurement and Instrumentation [5th Semester M.D. Univ.]

6 CONTENTS UNIT I : ELECTR CTRONIC COMPONENTS PASSIVE COMPONENTS Introduction Active Components Passive Components Resistors Inductors Capacitors Chassis and Ground Highlights Exercises Short Answer Type Questions With Answers Problems BASIC SEMICONDUCTOR AND P-N JUNCTION THEORY Introduction Structure of an Atom Electron Orbits and Energy Levels Electron Volt Current Density Semiconductor Materials Energy Bands in Solids Conduction in Solids Drift and Diffusion Currents Drift Current Diffusion Current Atomic Bonds Intrinsic Semiconductors Production of Holes and Free Electrons Carrier Generation and Recombination Conduction in Intrinsic Semiconductors Effects of Heat and Light on Conductivity of Intrinsic Semiconductors Fermi Level in an Intrinsic Semiconductor Extrinsic Semiconductors Terms Used in Extrinsic Semiconductors Effect of Temperature on Extrinsic Semiconductors Charge Carriers Majority and Minority Charge Carriers Mass Action Law Charge Densities in an Extrinsic Semiconductor Conductivity of Metals Conductivity of Semiconductors Fermi Level in an Extrinsic Semiconductor Basic Structure of P-N Junction Space Charge at a Junction P-N Junction as a Diode Forward Biasing Reverse Applied Bias Metal Semiconductor Junctions Short-Circuited and Open-Circuited P-N Junction Large Forward Voltages... 53

7 Bulk Resistance Energy Band Structure of an Open-Circuited P-N Junction Volt-Ampere Characteristics of P-N Junction Important Terms Often Used in P-N Junction Highlights Exercises Short Answer Type Questions With Answers Problems JUNCTION DIODES Introduction Diode Failure Modes and Ohmmeter Check Junction Breakdown Ideal Diode Current Components in a P-N Diode Quantitative Theory of P-N Diode Currents Diffusion Length Forward Currents Reverse Saturation Current Volt-Ampere Characteristic Determination of Diode Characteristics Temperature Dependence of P-N Diodes Diode Resistance Real Diode Piecewise Linear Diode Characteristic DC Load Lines P-N Diode Applications Highlights Exercises Short Answer Type Questions With Answers Problems SPECIAL PURPOSE DIODES Introduction Zener Diodes Zener Diode Applications Tunnel Diode Pin Diode Varactor Diode Varactor Diode in Tuning Circuit Point Contact Diode Step Recovery Diode Fast-Recovery Diodes Schottky Diode Backward Diodes Power Diodes Basic Structure Diode Characteristics Types of Power Diodes Power Diode Ratings Varistors or Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDRs) Photodiode Light Emitting Diode (LEDs) Highlights Exercises Short Answer Type Questions With Answers Problems

8 5. BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTORS (BJTS) Introduction Transistor Terminals Transistor Action Unbiased Transistor Operation of Transistor Transistor Biasing Different Operating Conditions For a Transistor Important Points Regarding Working of Transistors Transistor Current Components Current Amplification Factors Relationship Between α and β Base Spreading Resistance Transistor Circuit Configurations Common Base (CB) Configuration Characteristics of Common Base Configuration Common Emitter (CE) Configuration Characteristics of Common Emitter Configuration Common Collector (CC) Configuration Comparison of Characteristics of Transistors In Different Configurations Transistor as an Amplifier Transistor Load Lines DC Load Line Quiescent Point AC Load Line Standard Notations For Voltages and Currents Transistor Packaging Highlights Exercises Short Answer Type Questions With Answers Problems UNIT II : BASIC ELECTR CTRONIC CIRCUIT CUITS RECTIFIERS Introduction Half-Wave Rectifiers Full-wave Rectifiers Centre-Tap Full-Wave Rectifier Bridge Rectifier Circuit Analysis Merits and Demerits of Full-Wave Rectifiers Over Half-Wave Rectifiers Merits and Demerits of Bridge Rectifiers Over Centre-Tap Rectifiers Comparison Between Half-Wave, Centre-Tap and Bridge Rectifiers Filter Circuits Series Inductor Filter Shunt Capacitor Filter Choke-Input or L-Section Filter Capacitor-Input or π-filter Salient Features of L-Section and p-filters R-C Filters Bleeder Resistor

9 6.6. Voltage Regulation Rectifier Specifications Highlights Exercises Short Answer Type Questions With Answers Problems ELECTRICAL WAVE FILTERS Introduction Decibel and Neper Classification of Filters Passive filters Low-Pass filters Low-Pass R-C Filter Circuit Low-Pass R-L Filter Circuit Inverted L-Type Filter Circuit T-Type Filter Circuit π-type Filter Circuit High-Pass Filters High-Pass R-C Filter Circuit High-Pass R-L Filter Circuit Inverted L-Type Filter Circuit T-Type Filter Circuit π-type Filter Circuit R-C Band-pass Filter R-C Band-stop (or Band-Elimination) Filter Band-Pass and Band-Stop Resonant Filter Circuits Series Resonant Band-Pass Filter Circuit Parallel Resonant Bandpass Filter Circuit Series Resonant Band-Stop Filter Parallel Resonant Band-Stop Filter Qualitative Evaluation of Filter Types Highlights Exercises Short Answer Type Questions With Answers Problems BJT AMPLIFIERS Introduction Transistor Amplifier Practical Circuit Emitter Bypass Capacitor AC Ground Phase Reversal Load Line Analysis Amplifier Gains Graphical Determination of Voltage and Current Gains AC Emitter Resistance Hybrid Parameters Two-Port Devices and The Hybrid Model Hybrid Parameters or h-parameters Hybrid Model Transistor Hybrid Model Typical Values of h-parameters For a Transistor Transistor Amplifier Circuit Performance in h-parameters Simplified Common Emitter Hybrid Model Generalized Approximate Model Transistor Biasing

10 8.14. Selection of Operating Point Analysis of A CE Transistor Amplifier Using h-parameters Analysis of A CB Transistor Amplifier Using h-parameters Analysis of A CC Transistor Amplifier Using h-parameters Classification of Amplifiers Highlights Exercises Short Answers Type Questions With Answers Problems UNIT III : MEASURING INSTR TRUMENT UMENTS CATHODE RAY OSCILLOSCOPE Introduction Block Diagram of A General Purpose CRO Cathode Ray Tube Focusing Device Electrostatic Focusing Electromagnetic Focusing Basic Controls Basic Oscilloscope Patterns Measurement of Phase Difference Measurement of Frequency of a Voltage Signal Measurement of Voltage and Current Highlights Exercises Short Answer Type Questions With Answers Problems ELECTRONIC METERS Introduction Accuracy Precision Resolution Sensitivity Errors Gross Errors Systematic Errors Random Errors Analog Multimeter Permanent magnet moving coil meter PMMC as a DC Ammeter PMMC as a DC Voltmeter PMMC as Ohmmeter PMMC as AC Voltmeter PMMC as AC Current Meter Multimeter or AVOmeter Electronic Multimeter (OR VOM) Demerits of Analog Multimeters Digital Voltmeters (DVMs) Digital Multimeters (DMMs) Characteristics of Digital Meters LCR Meters Q Meter Measurement of Low Impedance Components Measurement of High Impedance Components Errors

TEACHING & EXAMINATION SCHEME For the Examination 2015 ELECTRONICS. B.Sc. Part - I

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