Proposed Approach for Improving Bluetooth Networks Security through SVD Audio Watermarking

Transcription

1 Proposed pproach for Improvng Bluetooth Netorks Securty through SVD udo Watermarkng M.. M. El-Bendary,. Haggag Dept. of Electroncs echnology, Faculty of Industral Educaton, Helan Unversty. Caro, Egypt. F. Shak, and F. E. bd-el-same Dept. of Communcatons Engneerng Faculty of Elec. Engneerng, Menofa Unversty. Menof, Egypt. bstract Some of applcatons need mult-level securty. he paper proposes a novel approach IEEE Bluetooth netork to provde better secure lnk for essental applcatons. It proposes a ne approach for audo atermarkng usng the sngular value decomposton (SVD) mathematcal technque. hs approach s based on embeddng the encrypted mage n the sngular values of the audo sgnal after transformng t nto a 2- D format. fter atermark embeddng, the audo sgnal s transformed agan nto a 1-D format. he 1-D audo sgnal s segmented to Bluetooth packet payload length. hat leads to the needs of fragmentaton of the mage to small segments. In the proposed technque the chaotc encrypton s used for encrypt the mage. It mproves the qualty of extracted mages as proved expermentally, here t ressts the nose and dfferent attacks. he paper uses to type of Bluetooth packets (2DH1 and 2DM1), uncoded Enhanced Data Rate (EDR) and encoded EDR packets respectvely. t the recever the segments are recollected to construct atermark sgnal. he fnal step s extractng the mage. Experments of the smulaton are carred over fadng channel. Expermental results sho that the proposed audo atermarkng approach mantans the hgh qualty of the audo sgnal and that the atermark extracton and decrypton are possble. Keyords: udo Watermarkng, IEEE (Bluetooth echnology), SVD, Fadng channel, Copyrght Protecton. I. INRODUCION Wth ncreasng utlzaton of reless devces, especally Bluetooth and Bluetooth devces, the need of securty of data s ncreased. In ths paper, e use dgtal atermarkng technque for enhance the securty over Bluetooth netork. Because of usng ths reless technology for transmttng very mportant data or mages hch must be secured (.e. medcal applcaton), e propose ths technque [1]. Dgtal Watermarkng has found many applcatons n mage, vdeo and audo transmsson. Watermarkng s the art of embeddng a pece of nformaton n a cover sgnal. Watermarkng can acheve several objectves such as nformaton hdng, copyrght protecton, fngerprntng and authentcaton [2]. Several algorthms have been proposed for atermarkng, especally for mage and vdeo atermarkng [3-5]. Some of these algorthms are desgned for the effcent embeddng and detecton of the atermark, but most of them am at the successful extracton of the embedded atermark. On the other hand, most of the audo atermarkng algorthms are desgned to acheve an effcent detecton of the atermark thout extractng meanngful nformaton from the atermarked audo sgnal [6-7].desgned to acheve an effcent detecton of the atermark thout extractng meanngful nformaton from the atermarked audo sgnal [6-7]. here s a need for a robust audo atermarkng approach th a hgher degree of securty, hch can be acheved by embeddng encrypted mages n audo sgnals. In ths paper, the chaotc Baker map s used for the encrypton of the atermark mage [8-9]. hen, the atermark s embedded n the audo sgnal usng the SVD mathematcal technque. he audo sgnal s transformed nto a 2-D format and the sngular values (SVs) of the resultng 2-D matrx are used for atermark embeddng. he paper s organzed as follos. In secton II, IEEE Bluetooth system s dscussed. III explans the proposed SVD-based audo atermarkng approach. In secton IV the proposed algorthm th Bluetooth s dscussed. he smulaton results are ntroduced n secton V. Fnally, the paper s concluded n secton VI. II. BLUEOOH SYSEM IEEE s a short-range reless communcaton standard defned as cable replacement for Wreless Personal rea Netork (WPN) standard [10] amed at provdng smple, lo-cost communcaton netorks. cable replacement standard has been defned because cables lmt moblty of the consumer; they are cumbersome to carry around, are easly lost or broken. Often connectors are prone to dffcult to dagnose falures; or are propretary. o counteract these lmtatons Bluetooth s desgned to be lght and portable. It can be embedded to take the rggers of physcal knocks and shocks. It ncludes standards and protocols to make t moble, robust, relable and not lmted to one manufacturer. Bluetooth operates n the unlcensed 2.4 GHz ISM (Industral Scentfc Medcal) frequency band, hch s also utlzed by varous reless and rado technologes, such as IEEE b/g standard, IEEE standard, cordless

2 telephones, and even mcroave ovens. Bluetooth employs the Frequency Hoppng Spread Spectrum (FHSS) technque to mtgate the nterferences caused by other reless servces, coexstng n the 2.4 GHz frequency band. he Bluetooth technology presents the ndustral specfcatons of reless personal area netorks (PNs), here t provdes reless meda to connect and exchange nformaton beteen devces. Bluetooth employs varable-sze packets. hese packets occupy dfferent number of tme-slots up to a maxmum of fve slots; each tme-slot length s 625µs. Bluetooth v. 2.1 has brought EDR packets types. hese EDR packets support gross ar rates of 2 Mbps and 3 Mbps through Л/4-DQPSK and 8DPSK modulaton respectvely [11]. In unrestrcted countres the rados hop n pseudo random sequences around all avalable channels, ths equates to 79 RF channels th a channel spacng of 1 MHz. Startng at a base frequency of 2402 MHz then the frequency of the channels, f, can be expressed as: f = n MHz Where, n, s the channel number th an nteger value n the range of 0 to 78. In ths FHSS scheme there are 1600 hops per second, hch s a hop every 625 µs. Part of ths hop tmng s taken up by the guard tme of 220 µs allong the syntheszer tme to settle. he frequency hoppng mplements tme dvson multplexng as shon n Fgure 2. he bass of the scheme has the Master devce transmttng n the frst 625 us slot, k, and here the Slave receves. In the next slot k = 1 the Slave s permtted to transmt and the master lstens [12]. here are many versons of Bluetooth, theses versons am to mprove the capablty of the Bluetooth system. he standard packet format for old versons of Bluetooth s shon n Fgure 1, hle the format of EDR Bluetooth packets s gven n Fgure 2. he Bluetooth Packet contans three man felds C, HD, and Payload feld. he functon of the access code (C) s to dentfy the packets exchanged thn a pconet, here each pconet has a unque access code. he access code s used to synchronze the slaves n a pconet to ther master. he man functon of the header (HD) of the Bluetooth packet s to determne an ndvdual slave address n the pconet by Logcal ransport-ddress (L_DDR) [12]. 72bts 54 bts C HD PL LSB bts Fgure 1. Bluetooth classc packets format MSB GFSK 5µs DPSK Fgure 2. Bluetooth EDR packet format he last feld of the Bluetooth packet s the payload. he functons of C and HD are not changed n EDR packets. We focus n our study on a certan type of Bluetooth packets called CL packets hch refers to synchronous connectonless. Packets of the CL payload may be one of to types; DMx and DHx. he M refers to medum data rate packets, hle H refers to hgh data rate packets. he symbol x denotes the number of tme slots beteen to hops n the frequency hoppng system used [8]. It takes value 1, 3, and 5 referrng to 1, 3, or 5 tme slots beteen consecutve frequency hops. lays DMx packets are coded packets and DHx packets are uncoded packets [9]. Bluetooth has three dfferent modes of securty. Each Bluetooth devce can operate n one mode only at a tme. hese three modes are the follong: securty mode 1- non-secure mode, securty mode 2- servce-level enforced securty mode, and securty mode 3- lnk-level enforced securty mode. In securty mode 1, there s not any securty procedure. In ths mode the securty functonalty such as authentcaton and encrypton s bypassed. In securty mode 2, the securty procedures are ntated after the connecton establshment at Logcal Lnk Control and daptaton Protocol (L2CP). In securty mode 3, t s the lnk-level securty mode, a Bluetooth devce ntate the securty procedure before the channel s establshed [10]. III. C HD Guard Sync PL HE PROPOSED SVD UDIO WERMRKING PPROCH In ths secton, the proposed approach s presented he SVD algorthm s exploted n mage atermarkng [13-15]. In ths paper, ths dea s extended nto audo atermarkng. he SVD mathematcal technque provdes an elegant ay for extractng algebrac features from a 2-D matrx. he man propertes of the matrx of the SVs can be exploted n audo atermarkng. When a small perturbaton happens to the orgnal data matrx, no large varatons occur n the matrx of sngular values, hch makes ths technque robust aganst attacks [13-15]. In our smulaton, e assume the sde nformaton s error free. he steps of the proposed SVD audo atermark embeddng algorthm are summarzed as follos: he 1- D audo sgnal s transformed nto a 2-D matrx ( matrx). he SVD s performed on the matrx. USV (1)

3 he chaotc encrypted atermark (W matrx) s added to the SVs of the orgnal matrx. D S KW (2) small value of K of about 0.01 s requred to keep the audo sgnal undstorted. he SVD s performed on the ne modfed matrx (D matrx). D U S V he atermarked sgnal n 2-D format ( matrx) s obtaned usng the modfed matrx of SVs (S matrx). US V 6. he 2-D matrx s transformed agan nto a 1-D audo sgnal. o extract the possbly corrupted atermark from the possbly dstorted atermarked audo sgnal, gven U, S, V matrces and the possbly dstorted audo sgnal, the above steps are reversed as follos: he 1-D audo sgnal s transformed nto a 2-D matrx. he refers to the corrupton due to attacks. he SVD s performed on the possbly dstorted atermarked mage ( matrx). U S V he matrx that ncludes the atermark s computed. D U S V he possbly corrupted encrypted atermark s obtaned. W D S/ K (7) 5. he obtaned matrx W s decrypted. 6. he correlaton coeffcent beteen the decrypted matrx and the orgnal atermark s estmated. If ths coeffcent s hgher than a certan threshold, the atermark s present. he proposed algorthm can select the encrypton or no encrypton of the embedded mage that s accordng to the value of securty e ant or the mportance of ths mage. Chaotc encrypton of the encrypted mage s performed usng the chaotc Baker map. he Baker map s a chaotc map that generates a permuted verson of a square matrx [16]. In ts dscretzed form, the Baker map s an effcent tool to randomze a square matrx of data. he dscretzed map can be represented for an MxM matrx as follos: M M n M Br, s ( r M) s mod, ss mod M n n M n (8) (3) (4) (5) (6) B( r, s) are the ne ndces of the data tem Where ( r, s) at M n1 n2 n. M, r M n, 0 s M, and M In steps, the chaotc encrypton s performed as follos: n N N square matrx s dvded nto k rectangles of dth n and number of elements N. he elements n each rectangle are rearranged to a ro n the permuted rectangle. Rectangles are taken from left to rght begnnng th upper rectangles then loer ones. Insde each rectangle, the scan begns from the bottom left corner toards upper elements. Fgure (3) shos an example of the chaotc encrypton of an 88 square matrx. he secret key, Skey = (n1, n2, n3) = (2, 4, 2). IV. Orgnal square matrx. Chaotc encrypted matrx. Fgure 3. Chaotc encrypton of an 8 8 matrx. HE PROPOSED LGORIHM WIH BLUEOOH Our smulaton experments are carred out over the 2.4GHz band Bluetooth smulatons. Due to the lmts of the packets sze the fragment of mage s mportant for complete the transmsson. he physcal layer of Bluetooth supports transfer of only small sze packets lmted form bts that s for classc Bluetooth packets. Our smulaton experments are carred out by usng 2DH1 packets, 2DH1 packet s one of CL lnk packets. hs packet carres 480 bts Payload (PL) uncoded data. In ths paper, e proposed usng default 2DH1 packet and proposed packets through usng standard error control codes scheme of old Bluetooth versons, (Hammng (15, 10) code. Lmts of packets lengths lead to fragmentaton of bt streams of mage. In our smulaton, e assume the length of each segment s 512 bts. he process of fragmentaton s the last step n our proposed algorthm [17,18]. he fragmentaton here s carred out over the atermarked sgnal (gven n equaton 4). he 2-D matrx s transformed nto a 1-D audo sgnal. It ll be converted to dgtal data. So, e ll get long stream of

4 bts. he sze of s 256x256, so the follong equaton: (Im agesze ) No. Segments 512( ZgbeePacketLength ) (Im agesze ) No. Segments 317( ZgbeePacketLength ) (9) (10) mpltude me (s) Equaton 9 gves the number of segments n the case of standard 2DH1 packets. he number of segments n the case of encoded 2DH1 packets (2DM1) s gven by Equaton 10. fter the fragmentaton process s fnshed, the transmsson of packets ll start. he length packets n our smulaton cases are proposed for smplfy the smulaton and fragment the mage. t the recever the receved packets are collected and construct the receved atermark sgnal. fter reconstructng receved atermark sgnal complete, the extractng of embedded mage start. If the embedded mage s encrypted, t ll be decrypted by chaotc decrypton. Fgure 5. Orgnal aveform of audo sgnal In the frst experment, the proposed SVD audo encrypted atermarkng embeddng and extracton processes are performed over uncorrelated fadng channel through Bluetooth smulaton usng standard 2DH 1 packets. he results of experment are shon n Fgs.(6) and (7) at SNR=20 db and 40 db, respectvely. It s clear from these results that the SVD audo atermarkng doesn't degrade the qualty of the atermarked audo sgnal. It s also clear that the atermark s perfectly reconstructed. V. SIMULION RESULS In ths secton, several experments are carred out to test the performance of the proposed SVD audo atermarkng approach over Bluetooth netork. he Chaotc Baker map s used to encrypt the atermark mage as shon n Fg. (4). he encrypted mage s then used as a atermark to be embedded n the Handel sgnal avalable n Matlab. he Handel aveform s gven n Fgure (5). In all our experments, the PSNR s used for the evaluaton of the qualty of the atermarked audo sgnals and the correlaton coeffcent s used to measure the closeness of the decrypted atermark to the orgnal atermark. Fgure 6. Watermark mage (2DH1). he extracted mage at SNR=20dB. he receved atermark sgnal at SNR=20dB, encrypted atermark cr= Fgure 4. Watermark mage. Orgnal atermark. Chaotc encrypted atermark cr= Fgure 7. Watermark mage(2dh1). he extracted mage at SNR=40dB. he receved atermark sgnal at SNR=40dB, encrypted atermark cr= 0.99.

5 he experment gves the results of the prevous experments for dfferent values of SNR. s shon from the extracted mages over Bluetooth the SVD audo atermarkng doesn't degrade the qualty of the atermarked audo sgnal. In the second experment, the prevous one s repeated but th usng encoded 2DM 1 packets. he results are shon n Fgs. (8) and (9) at SNR= 20 db and 40 db respectvely. approach. In ths algorthm, encrypted mage s embedded as atermarks n audo sgnals to acheve a hgh degree of securty. Expermental results have proved that atermark embeddng n the proposed approach does not deterorate the audo sgnals. It has been clear through experments that the chaotc Baker map encrypton algorthm s an effcent algorthm for atermark encrypton. comparson study beteen the to mplementatons of to types of Bluetooth system, encoded and uncoded 2DH 1 EDR packets. Usng standard error control code of Bluetooth gves a lttle mprovng on the extracted mage. Fgure 8. Watermark mage (2DM1). he extracted mage at SNR=20dB. he extracted encrypted mage at SNR=20dB, encrypted atermark cr= Fgure 9. Watermark mage(2dm1). he extracted mage at SNR=40dB. he extracted encrypted mage at SNR=40dB, encrypted atermark cr= he experment gves the results of the prevous experments for dfferent values of SNR. s shon from the extracted mages over Bluetooth the SVD audo atermarkng doesn't degrade the qualty of the atermarked audo sgnal. lso, the experments reveal usng chaotc encrypton atermark th SVD technque enhance the securty over Bluetooth system and mprove the extractng of embedded mage process. s shon from the results of the prevous experments and the tables of results. REFERENCES [1] G. Pekhteryev, Z. Sahnoglu, P. Orlk, and G. Bhatt, Image ransmsson over IEEE and Bluetooth Netorks, IEEE ISCS May 2005, Kobe Japan. [2] B. Macq, J. Dttmann, and E. J. Delp, Benchmarkng of Image Watermarkng lgorthms for Dgtal Rghts Management, Proceedngs of he IEEE, Vol. 92, No. 6, pp , [3] Z. M. Lu, D. G. Xu, and S. H. Sun, Multpurpose Image Watermarkng lgorthm Based on Multstage Vector Quantzaton IEEE ransactons on Image Processng, Vol. 14, No. 6, pp , [4] H. S. Km and H. K. Lee, Invarant Image Watermark Usng Zernke Moments, IEEE ransactons on Crcuts nd Systems For Vdeo echnology, Vol. 13, No. 8, pp , [5] W. C. Chu, DC-Based Image Watermarkng Usng Subsamplng, IEEE ransactons on Multmeda, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp.34-38, [6] L. Ghout,. Bourdane, M. K. Ibrahm, and Sad Boussakta, Dgtal Image Watermarkng Usng Balanced Multavelets, IEEE ransactons on Sgnal Processng, Vol. 54, No. 4,pp , [7] S. Xang and J. Huang, Hstogram-Based udo Watermarkng ganst me-scale Modfcaton and Croppng ttacks, IEEE ransactons on Multmeda, Vol. 9, No. 7, pp , [8] Z. Lu and. Inoue, udo Watermarkng echnques Usng Snusodal Patterns Based on Pseudorandom Sequences, IEEE ransactons On Crcuts nd Systems For Vdeo echnology, Vol. 13, No. 8, pp , [9]. N. Lemma, J. prea, W. Oomen, and L. V. de Kerkhof, emporal Doman udo Watermarkng echnque, IEEE ransactons on Sgnal Processng, Vol. 51, No. 4, pp , [10] G. M. Waleed, M. Fazal, R. B. hmed, M. Fareq, B. bd Malek, and M. lf Ghan Bluetooth Wreless Netork uthentcaton Usng Rado Frequency Communcaton protocol, Journal of Computer Scence 5 (9): ,2009. [11] IEEE Wpan-Ir ask Group, [12] M. Ise, Y. Ogasahara, K. Watanabe, M. Hatanaka,. Onoye, H. Namoto, I. Kesh, and I. Shrakaa, Desgn and Implementaton of Home Netork Protocol for pplance Control Based on IEEE , IJCSNS Internatonal Journal of Computer Scence and Netork 20 Securty, VOL.7 No.7, July 2007 [13] B. P. Lath, Modern dgtal and analog communcaton systems, 2nd edton, Holt, Rnehart and Wnston, [14] R. Lu and. an, n SVD-Based Watermarkng Scheme for Protectng Rghtful Onershp, IEEE ransactons On Multmeda, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp , MRCH VI. CONCLUSIONS hs paper has presented an effcent securty algorthm for Bluetooth netork through SVD audo atermarkng