Chinese PMU Standard, Dynamic Testing and Future Applications

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Dynamic Testing and Future Applications Tianshu Bi 1, Hao Liu 1, Ancheng Xue 1, Jinsong Li 2, Daonong Zhang 2 1.

1 LAPS State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University International Synchrophasor Symposium March 22-24, 2016, Atlanta Chinese PMU Standard, Dynamic Testing and Future Applications Tianshu Bi 1, Hao Liu 1, Ancheng Xue 1, Jinsong Li 2, Daonong Zhang 2 1. North China Electric Power University 2. China Electric Power Research Institute 3. North China Power Engineering Co., Ltd

LAPS Outlines 1 Motivations 2 Chinese PMU standard vs. IEEE C37.118.

2 LAPS Outlines 1 Motivations 2 Chinese PMU standard vs. IEEE C a 3 3 PMU dynamic testing in China 3 4 Challenges for PMU technology and its applications 5 Conclusions Page 2

Power University and Hehai University, etc; ADX3000 n In 2002, the first PMU (CSS-200) with

3 Advent of PMUs in China n In 1994, PMUs (ADX3000) from Taiwan was introduced to Chinese Grid; n From 1995, PMU algorithms were studied in Tsinghua University, North China Electric Power University and Hehai University, etc; ADX3000 n In 2002, the first PMU (CSS-200) with the independent intellectual property right was invented and implemented in China. CSS-200 Page 3

Development of PMUs in China n In 2004, a man-made short circuit experiment is carried out at 500kV transmission line and PMUs was used for models validation; n In 2005, PMUs played a major role in

4 Development of PMUs in China n In 2004, a man-made short circuit experiment is carried out at 500kV transmission line and PMUs was used for models validation; n In 2005, PMUs played a major role in the low frequency oscillation monitoring in central China; n In 2006, PMUs are suggested to be installed at all substations of 500kV and above and the generators of 100MW and above. 角度 ( 度 ) 月 25 日早晨短路实验伊敏母线电压相对绥中机端电压相角 PMU 实测相角 295 电动机模型 +50% 恒阻抗实测建模 40% 恒阻抗 +60% 恒功率时间 ( 秒 ) n Up to now, about 2500 PMUs have been commissioned in China. Angle differences between PMU measurements and models Page 4

5 Chinese power system needs PMUs Total installed capacity:1.3 billion kw 呼盟 1 俄罗斯满洲里 200 海拉尔呼盟 3 呼盟 2 呼盟伊敏新左旗玛纳斯 140 奎屯变皇宫变 220 霍城变西山变库尔勒变乌北变奇台变东郊变 180 吐鲁番变 360 蒙古锡盟煤电 I 390 哈密变锡盟煤电 II 锡盟煤电 III 准东哈密新厂哈密电厂锡盟哈密 350 安西 452 敦煌 350 酒泉西北西藏 460 羊曲拉西瓦班多西藏水电南方华北东北本溪 480 蒙西煤电 4 唐山蒙西煤电 2 北京东 150 蒙西 450 蒙西煤电 3 沿海电源蒙西煤电张掖天津陕北蒙西煤电 1 石家庄 300 陕北煤电宁夏煤电 2 蒙西煤电 5 沿海核电银川东晋中煤电 250 永登 280 白银榆林晋中济南青岛晋东南豫北 280 西宁宁夏煤电 1 靖边榆林晋东南煤电彬长平凉延安 400 兰州东 278 连云港徐州沿海核电乾县 120 晋东南煤电晋东南煤电官亭 141 天水渭北宝鸡 120 西安东 362 徐州煤电驻马店滁州 270 盐城渭南泰州南阳淮南煤电无锡南京上海北上海西绵阳万县雅安荆门武汉川西水电芜湖杭北沿海核电 150 恩施乐山重庆金华川西水电 330 地下电站沿海核电雅龙江梯级南昌温州金沙江 I 期长沙华中华东金沙江 II 期福州赣州 410 沿海核电呼盟 5 哈尔滨 260 吉林霍林河铁岭阜新泉州俄罗斯中俄背靠背鄂温克至冯屯台湾 450 宝清宝清图例 500 千伏交流 750 千伏交流 1000 千伏交流 ±500 千伏跨国直流 ±800 千伏直流 Wind:136 million kw Solar:43 million kw West-East power transmission :400 million kw UHV:1000kV HVDC:±800kV DC: 20 Ø The dynamic behavior of the power system is much more complicated; Ø PMUs and PMU based closed-loop control are crucial for the power system security. Page 5

However, the data quality of PMUs In 2006, measurements of different PMU in the same area are different In 2014, the fake oscillation of PMU measurements in a convertor station 1.

6 However, the data quality of PMUs In 2006, measurements of different PMU in the same area are different In 2014, the fake oscillation of PMU measurements in a convertor station 1.2 电网频率波动绝对值 x24 A 相电流幅值波动频率 Voltage error(v) Current(A) 频率 (Hz) Time (s) t(s) Time (s) PMU standards under both steady and dynamic states and PMU dynamic testing are essential for its further application in power system. Page 6

7 LAPS Outlines 1 Motivations 2 Chinese PMU standard vs. IEEE C a 3 3 PMU dynamic testing in China 3 4 Challenges for PMU technology and its applications 5 Conclusions Page 7

8 Profile of Chinese PMU standards Technical specifications of power system real time dynamic monitoring system, Q/GDW Focus on steady states Test specification for synchrophasor measurement unit for power system, GB/T Scratch the surface of modulation testing Technical specifications of power system real time dynamic monitoring system, Q/GDW Comprehensive specifications for dynamic states Page 8

9 How to make PMU standards Test categories Summarize the typical testing items according to the static and dynamic states of the power system. The specifications of the testing items n The old version of Chinese standards; n IEEE C &IEEE C a; n The PMU testing in China. Page 9

10 Measurement error indices Ø IEEE TVE( n) = ( Xˆ r ( n) X ( X r r ( n)) ( n)) ( Xˆ + ( X i i ( n) 2 ( n)) X i ( n)) 2 Ø China measurment value true value Magnitude measurement error( ME) = 100% reference value Phaseangle measurement error( PE ) = measurment value true value n ME and PE do not describe the phasor measurement error directly; and they are relevant to each other; n But the dispatchers in China get used to read the phasor in this way. Page 10

Steady-state compliance China IEEE(M) ME(%) PE( ) TVE(%) TVE(%) Magnitude range test 0.2 0.2-1 0.42-1.

11 Steady-state compliance China IEEE(M) ME(%) PE( ) TVE(%) TVE(%) Magnitude range test Frequency range test Harmonic distortion Out-of-band test Page 11

004 0.02 0.025 /0.005 NA Out-of-band test 0.025 NA 0.

12 Steady-state compliance China IEEE(M) FE(Hz) RFE(Hz/s) FE(Hz) RFE(Hz/s) Magnitude range test Frequency range test Harmonic distortion /0.005 NA Out-of-band test NA 0.01 NA The PMU testing results show that the requirements above can be satisfied. Page 12

13 Unique testing in Chinese Steady-state compliance Power range test -The active and reactive power measurements are important values for the monitoring and control application of the power system. Input Active and reactive power measurement error limits 49Hz f 51Hz, 0 cosδ 1 0.5% Unbalanced test -Some algorithms are based on the assumption that the three phases are balanced to eliminate the error caused by the frequency deviation. Therefore, the unbalanced test is necessary. Unbalanced 0.0U n U a 0.5U n 0.5U n U a 1.2U n 0.0I n I a 0.5I n 0.5I n I a 1.2I n ME(%) 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% PE( ) FE(Hz) RFE(Hz/s) Page 13

14 Dynamic compliance China IEEE(M) ME(%) PE( ) TVE(%) TVE(%) Magnitude modulation Phase angle modulation Magnitude and phase angle modulation NA Ramp of frequency Page 14

15 Dynamic compliance China IEEE(M) ME(%) PE( ) FE (Hz) RFE (Hz/s) TVE (%) FE (Hz) RFE (Hz/s) Magnitude modulation Phase angle modulation Different Same Magnitude and phase angle modulation NA NA NA Ramp of frequency The requirements of the response time and Step over shoot are the same Page 15

16 Dynamic compliance China IEEE(M) ME(%) PE( ) FE (Hz) RFE (Hz/s) TVE (%) FE (Hz) RFE (Hz/s) Magnitude modulation n According to the analysis, the changing magnitude does affect the magnitude measurement a lot; but it does not affect the phase angle, frequency, and ROCOF measurements too much; n Therefore, the PE, FE, and RFE limits are just extended a little as compared their values under steady state; the ME limit is still 0.2%, because we follow the requirement in the old version of Chinese standard. Page 16

17 Dynamic compliance China IEEE(M) ME(%) PE( ) FE (Hz) RFE (Hz/s) TVE (%) FE (Hz) RFE (Hz/s) Phase angle modulation n According to the analysis, the changing phase angle does affect phase angle a lot, and the frequency and ROCOF even more; n Therefore, the PE, FE, and RFE limits are extended, but not as much as IEEE does. Test results of a dynamic phasor algorithm Fs=50Hz ME PE FE RFE TVE Max error Page 17

18 LAPS Outlines 1 Motivations 2 Chinese PMU standard vs. IEEE C a 3 3 PMU dynamic testing in China 3 4 Challenges for PMU technology and its applications 5 Conclusions Page 18

PMU testing platform based on signal generator The PMU test platform based on the high accurate signal generator take the signal generator as the reference.

19 PMU testing platform based on signal generator The PMU test platform based on the high accurate signal generator take the signal generator as the reference. GPS 1PPS/IRIG-B Signal generator 3U 3I Measurements PMU under test Control center The synchronization and signal precisions of the signal generator are crucial. Its performance is tested comprehensively. Based on the test results, the signals synchronizations at different frequencis are compensated. Page 19

PMU testing platform based on PMU calibrator The PMU test platform based on the PMU calibrator take the calibrator as the reference. Therefore, the performance of the PMU calibrator is crucial.

20 PMU testing platform based on PMU calibrator The PMU test platform based on the PMU calibrator take the calibrator as the reference. Therefore, the performance of the PMU calibrator is crucial. GPS 1PPS/IRIG-B Signal generator 3U 3I PMU under test Measurements Error analysis PMU calibrator Reference The acquisition and control boards from NI are chosen to established the calibrator. The phasor algorithm with long data window but high accuracy is proposed and implemented. Page 20

21 PMU testing n In 2010,PMUs from the four main Chinese PMU manufactures are tested under both steady and dynamic states for the first time; n The test results show the dynamic performance of the PMUs in China at that time cannot meet the requirements of the monitoring and control. Page 21

22 PMU testing The manufactures were allowed to update their PMU algorithm with our help during the first round test. In the final test, all the PMUs pass the test, which was a big progress for the Chinese PMU technology. Dynamic testing results PMU A B C D E F G Magnitude and phase Magnitude modulation Phase angle modulation angle modulation F s (Hz) Ramp of frequency step ME PE FE RFE ME PE FE RFE ME PE FE RFE ME PE FE RFE R O T S 25 S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S 50 S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S 100 S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S 25 S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S 50 S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S 100 S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S 25 S S S S S S S S F S S S S S S S S S 50 S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S 100 S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S 25 S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S 50 S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S 100 S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S 25 S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S 50 S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S 100 S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S 25 S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S 50 S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S 100 S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S 25 N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 50 N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 100 S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S: satisfied the requirements; F: fail to meet the requirements; N: did not do the test Page 22

23 LAPS Outlines 1 Motivations 2 Chinese PMU standard vs. IEEE C a 3 3 PMU dynamic testing in China 3 4 Challenges for PMU technology and its applications 5 Conclusions Page 23

24 PMUs for renewable sources n In 2015,the large amount of inter harmonics that appeared near the wind farms of northwest China and three 660MW generator are tripped caused by SSO. n PMUs for the area of renewable energies is of great importance. There is no PMUs installed within the wind farm, which makes it hard to find out the exact inter-harmonic source. The PMUs installed on the high voltage transmission lines can provide the dynamic measurements that are helpful for monitoring and analysis. PMU standards, testing, and their applications in China Page 24

25 PMUs For renewable sources The inter harmonics make calculating the phasor precisely more difficulty. Sub-synchronous oscillation of 30Hz Fundamental frequency Inter harmonic of 20Hz Magnitude 幅值 (V) Phase 相角 angle ( ) (a) 相量幅值时间 (s) (b) Time(s) 相量相角时间 (s) The oscillation frequency is high, the frequency aliasing is easy to occur. The phasor changes in a very fast rate, how to calculate the phasor precisely? Is the relevant standard needed? Time(s) PMU standards, testing, and their applications in China Page 25

PMUs For distribution n The coupling of the dynamic behavior of the transmission and distribution lines is much closer; n The distributed generator, the active loads, and the large amount of the

26 PMUs For distribution n The coupling of the dynamic behavior of the transmission and distribution lines is much closer; n The distributed generator, the active loads, and the large amount of the power electronic devices make the dynamic behavior more complicated; n PMUs for the distribution system are needed. Challenges: More harmonics; More noises; Phase angle difference between the line terminals is small; PMU standards, testing, and their applications in China Page 26

Dynamic state estimation The distributed dynamic state estimation based on PMU is proposed to realize the

27 Data quality assessment & dynamic state estimation Data quality assessment Use the nature of the power signals to identify the bad measurements of PMU on-line. Dynamic state estimation The distributed dynamic state estimation based on PMU is proposed to realize the state estimation of the whole power system. Voltage vibration Frequency vibration Framework of DSE PMU standards, testing, and their applications in China Page 27

28 Other applications based on PMUs The parameters identification of the transmission lines, generators, and generator excitation based on PMUs On-line stability assessment based on PMUs Close-loop control based WAMS Frequency stability assessment based on PMUs PMU standards, testing, and their applications in China Page 28

29 LAPS Outlines 1 Motivations 2 Chinese PMU standard vs. IEEE C a 3 3 PMU dynamic testing in China 3 4 Challenges for PMU technology and its applications 5 Conclusions Page 29

30 Conclusions Ø Ø PMUs play an important role for the monitoring and control of the power system, especially under the dynamic condition; The data quality of PMUs is of good concern for the dispatching center, the PMU standards and testing make the PMU technology in China progress dramatically; Ø The on-line data quality assessment is essential for PMU-based application; Ø The development of power system brings challenges to PMUs, future researches, such as the further standard revision, PMUs for the renewable sources and distribution, filed PMU testing, PMU-based application, are needed. PMU standards, testing, and their applications in China

31 Questions? PMU standards, testing, and their applications in China

The dynamic behavior of PMU and the latest development in China

Celebrating the Visions of Synchrophasor Pioneers: A technical symposium in honor of Arun Phadke and Jim Thorp,Washington DC,May 8 & 9, 2013 The dynamic behavior of PMU and the latest development in China