High-Dynamic-Range (HDR) Vision

Transcription

1 B. Hoefflinger (Ed.) High-Dynamic-Range (HDR) Vision Microelectronics, Image Processing, Computer Graphics With 172 Figures Sprin ger

2 Contents 1 The Eye and High-Dynamic-Range Vision Bernd Hoefflinger 1 References 12 2 The High-Dynamic-Range Sensor Bernd Hoefflinger and Verena Schneider General Considerations The HDRC (High-Dynamic-Range CMOS) Pixel The HDRC Sensor Fixed-Pattern Correction of HDR Imagers Physical Background of Logarithmic OECF Parameter Extraction with Software Effects of Parameter Variation on the OECF Presentation of Three Correction Algorithms New Parameterized Correction Algorithm Masking Process Algorithm Including Temperature Correction Procedure and Runtime Summary HDRC Dynamic Performance HDRC Sensor with Global Shutter 53 References 56 3 HDR Image Noise Bernd Hoefflinger 57 References 63 4 High-Dynamic-Range Contrast and Color Management Bernd Hoefflinger 65 References 71

3 X Contents 5 HDR Video Cameras Markus Strobel and Volker Gengenbach Introduction HDRC CamCube Miniaturized Camera Module Features of the HDRC CamCube Assembly Techniques System Design Application Example HDRC Camera Front-End Digital HDRC Camera Link System Features of the HDRC Camera Link Camera Features of the "IP3 Control" Software Application Example Intelligent HDRC GEVILUX CCTV Camera Features of the Camera HDR Video-Based Aircraft Docking Guidance Summary Introduction Operation Challenges to the Sensor System HDR Camera with Improved Sensitivity Conclusion 97 References 97 6 Lenses for HDR Imaging Hans-Joerg Schoenherr 99 7 HDRC Cameras for High-Speed Machine Vision Bela Michael Rohrbacher, Michael Raasch and Roman Louban General Requirements Special Characteristics Methods for Obtaining the Specific Image Information Optoelectronic Transfer Function (Lookup Table, LUT) Mode 1: Mode Rec Mode Stretched Mode CatEye Mode CatEye Application Example Surface Inspection Evaluation Algorithms Robot ControUed Image-Processing System for Fully Automated Surface Inspection 118 References 121

4 Contents XI 8 HDR Vision for Driver Assistance Peter M. Knoll Introduction Components for Predictive Driver Assistance Systems Ultrasonic Sensors Long Range Radar 77 GHz Video Sensor Driver Assistance Systems for Convenience and for Safety Video-Based Driver Assistance Systems Video System Image Processing Night Vision Improvement System Night Vision Enhancement by Image Presentation Night Vision Warning Sensor Data Fusion Lane Detection and Lane Departure Warning Trafhc Sign Recognition Conclusion 135 References Miniature HDRC Cameras for Endoscopy Christine Harendt and Klaus-Martin Irion 137 References HDR Sub-retinal Implant for the Vision Impaired Heinz-Gerd Graf, Alexander Dollberg, Jan-Dirk Schulze Spüntrup and Karsten Warkentin Introduction Electronic HDR Photoreceptors The Differential Principle The Complete Amplifier Cell The Retinal Implant 145 References HDR Tone Mapping Grzegorz Krawczyk, Karol Myszkowski, and Daniel Brosch Taxonomy Spatially Invariant Operators Spatially Variant Operators HDR Video: Specific Conditions and Requirements Tone Mapping for HDR Video Response Curve Compression Local Details Enhancement Temporal Luminance Adaptation 163

5 XII Contents Key Value Tone Mapping Simulating Perceptual Effects Scotopic Vision Visual Acuity Veiling Luminance Tone Mapping with Perceptual Effects Bilateral Tone Mapping for HDRC Video Summary 175 References HDR Image and Video Compression Rafal Mantiuk Introduction Device-Referred and Scene-Referred Representation of Images HDR Image and Video Compression Pipeline HDR Image Formats Radiance's HDR Format LogLuv TIFF OpenEXR Subband Encoding - JPEG HDR HDR Extension to MPEG Video Compression Perceptual Encoding of HDR Color Software for HDR Image and Video Processing 191 References HDR Applications in Computer Graphics Michael Goesele and Karol Myszkowski Introduction Capturing HDR Image Data Multiexposure Techniques Photometrie Calibration Image-Based Object Digitization Image-Based Capture of Spatially Varying BRDFs Acquisition of Translucent Objects Image-Based Lighting in Image Synthesis Rendering Techniques for Image-based Lighting A CAVE System for Interactive Global Illumination Modeling in Car Inferior Interactive Lighting in Mixed Reality Applications Requirements for HDR Camera Systems 206 References 208

6 Contents XIII 14 High-Dynamic Range Displays Helge Seetzen HDR Display Requirements HDR Display Design LED Backlight LCD Panel Image Processing Algorithm HDR Display Performance Alternative Implementation Conclusion 222 References Appendix Symbols Abbreviations Glossary Some Useful Quantities and Relations Trademarks 231 Index 233