CS148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging. Displays. Topics. Spatial resolution Temporal resolution Tone mapping. Display technologies
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1 CS148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging Displays Topics Spatial resolution Temporal resolution Tone mapping Display technologies
2 Resolution World is continuous, digital media is discrete Three aspects: Spatial resolution (x, y) Physical limits: pixel size and display size Human limits: photoreceptor density Temporal resolution (t) Physical limits: film speed, channel bandwidth Human limits: neuronal response time Color and intensity resolution Physical limits: color pigments, 1-bit vs n-bit tones Human limits: just-noticeable differences Spatial Resolution
3 Contrast Sensitivity Function Maximum 4 cycles/degree Maximum resolving 60 cycles/deg = 1 arcmin
4 Visual Acuity / Snellen Chart 20/20 vision = 1 arcmin ~1/16 at 20 Monitor viewing range: ~1/100 at 3 Photoreceptor Density in the Retina Rods: 100 million total Cones (3 subtypes L, M, S): 5 million total Fovea Size of photoreceptors: ~1 um Angular resolution: S: 10 arcmins L, M: 0.5 arcmins Periphery 10 um
5 Display Resolution History Date Format and Technology Bandwidth Rate x 768 x 60Hz, CRT 0.14 GB x 1024 x 72Hz, CRT 0.29 GB x 1080 x 72Hz, HD CRT 0.60 GB x 2400 x 56Hz, active LCD 1.55 GB 1.2 Compound annual growth rate = 1.1 Rate of increase slow compared to CPU, disk,... Slide from K. Akeley IBM T221 Resolution: 3840 x 2400 (QXGA) Size: 21.5 x 17.3 (204 dpi)
6 PowerWall UC-Davis PowerWall Resolution: 3 * 1280 x 2 * 1024 = 3040 x 2048 Size: 18 x 9 (18dpi)
7 iphone 4 Retinal Display OsiriX Radiological Viewer Resolution: 960 x 640 Size: 3.5 diagonal (326 dpi) Temporal Resolution
8 Temporal Resolution Critical flicker fusion rate High ambient light, large field of view: 80 Hz Low ambient light, Hz Frames per second (FPS) Film (double framed) TV (interlaced) Computer (progressive) 24 FPS 30 FPS FPS Tone Reproduction
9 Real World = High Dynamic Range The absolute amount of light of the marked pixels CS148 Lecture 13 Pat Hanrahan, Fall 2010 Perception of Intensities Sensation (S) vs. Intensity (I) Stevens Power Law: S = I p Sense Exponent Lightness 0.33 Smell 0.55 Loudness 0.60 Taste 0.80 Length 1.00 Heaviness 1.45 B = I 1/3 CS148 Lecture 13 Pat Hanrahan, Fall 2010
10 Contrast = Max/Min World: Possible: 100,000,000,000:1 Typical: 100,000:1 People: 100:1 Adapt to the ambient light level CS148 Lecture 13 Pat Hanrahan, Fall 2010 Estimating Gamma CS148 Lecture 13 Pat Hanrahan, Fall 2010
11 Displays are Nonlinear I = g(v V b ) γ Monitor:! = 2.5 ~ Pixel Value The amount of light (intensity) produced is a power function of the input value (voltage) CS148 Lecture 13 Pat Hanrahan, Fall 2010 Monitor + Perception = Linear FB Monitor Perception ~Linear Amazing coincidence! CS148 Lecture 13 Pat Hanrahan, Fall 2010
12 Displays have Limited Dynamic Range World: Possible: 100,000,000,000:1 Typical: 100,000:1 People: 100:1 Media: Printed page: 10:1 Displays: 80:1 (1000:1) Typical viewing conditions: 5:1 CS148 Lecture 13 Pat Hanrahan, Fall 2010 Correcting Exposure Rancho de Taos, Taos, NM Pat Hanrahan Photoshop demonstration CS148 Lecture 13 Pat Hanrahan, Fall 2010
13 Tone Mapping Problem: Image has a higher dynamic range than the display (100,000:1 maps down to 20:1) Solutions: 1. Linear map (min -> 0, max -> 255) Bad: Independent of absolute brightness 2. Logarithmic map Models camera exposure Roughly maps into perceptual space CS148 Lecture 13 Pat Hanrahan, Fall 2010 Tone Reproduction Algorithms Linear map Logarithmic map CS148 Lecture 13 Pat Hanrahan, Fall 2010
14 Better Tone Reproduction Algorithms Adaptive histogram With glare, contrast, blur CS148 Lecture 13 Pat Hanrahan, Fall 2010 Display Technologies
15 Cathode Ray Tube Phosphors Delta Gun Inline
16 Screen Mask Plasma
17 Liquid Crystal Displays Liquid Crystal Displays
18 3D TV - LCD Shutter Glasses Double Frame Rate to 120 Hz Alternate Left and Right Eyes Responsive Workbench
19 LCD Displays RGBW PenTile
20 Dynamic Micro-Mirror Device (DMD) Digital Light Processing (TI) - DLP
21 ebooks Kindle
22 Electronic Ink (Reflective Display)
23 Things to Remember Physics Limits of materials and fabrication Perception Human limits: properties of the eye and brain Spatial resolution Temporal resolution Tone reproduction
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