Video Production QUIZ 1 Notes 9/12

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1 Video Production QUIZ 1 Notes 9/12 Long Shot - The subject's entire body in the shot. There is area above the subject's head and below the subject's feet. Combined, the area above the subject and below the subject should be equivalent to the height of the subject; also, the area above the subject should be twice the height of the area below. Notes 9/13 Medium Shot - When the subject is a person, a medium shot is taken from about the knees up with a small but comfortable area above the person. Notes 9/14 Close Up - One of the staple shots of video and usually involves a shot of a person. The close-up includes the area of the shoulders up to a small distance above the top of the head. A close-up of a computer disc would fill the screen with the disc. Notes 9/15 Over-the-Shoulder shot - As the name implies, it is taken with the camera "looking over a person's shoulder". Give the viewer a sense of participation in the shot and offers the viewer a second angle of the content to avoid boredom. Generally the same as the bust shot only it includes the shoulder and about "half the back of the head" of another person.

2 QUIZ 2 Notes 9/19 Extreme Close-Up (ECU) - An extreme close-up of a person fills the screen with the face. Areas such as the top of the head, the base of the chin, or the ears may be eliminated from the extreme close-up. Not usually used by television reporter, but very effective in dramatic or persuasive programs. Notes 9/20 Headroom - Not a shot, but instead the concept of having the proper amount of room above the head is important in television production. Eyes of subject should typically be 1/3 of the way down the shot. 9/21 Lead Room/ Nose Room the space allotted in front of a subject in motion in the direction of their travel. In close ups referred to as Nose Room. 9/22 Rule of thirds --- The center of attention should not be dead center on the screen but one third of the way down from the top, or up from the bottom, or in from the edge of the screen.

3 QUIZ 3 Notes 9/26 Analog magic (Practical Effects) vs. Digital Magic (Special Effects) Analog magic: Requires no post production editing to create the effect. (Ex: A coin disappearing.) Digital Magic: A clip/ scene that has been altered in any way during post production to create the effect of illusion. (Ex: Sound added, cut, fade, etc.) 9-27 Cutaway --- The act of "cutting away" (taking a shot of something else) from the main scene for a moment to hide jump cuts. It is sometimes referred to as a backup shot, which is generally a long shot of a performer, a host, news reporters, or some other related scene. Can be used for comedy if done properly. 9/28 Jump Cuts - Two similar shots edited next to each other. - Fix with a cutaway A-Roll - Main footage B-Roll - Any visual that relates to the scene (used to cutaway to) 9/29 Match Cut - Continuous action between two shots - Opposite of a jump cut - Match the action with a different angle/shot

4 QUIZ 4 10/3 Shot Sequence the order and types of shots used to tell a video story should be smooth logical, and not confusing to viewer this is called continuity 10/4 Cut-Ins - a shot of some action that is taking place in the scene Cutaways - a shot of some action not taking place in the scene 10/5 Basic Shot Sequence - begin with a wide-angle or establishing shot o establishes where the action takes place - next shots are medium and close-ups o provide details of the action - cutaways and cut-ins are very useful in shot sequences o cutaways are lifesavers for editors 10/6 5 Shot Method - Close Up on the hands - Close Up on the face - Wide Shot - Over the Shoulder - From the Side *Be sure to hold each shot for at least 10 seconds.* The act of shooting is the act of _communicating with the _audience.

5 QUIZ 5 10/ Rule - basic rule that television producers follow - no shot should last more than 30 seconds - no scene should last longer than 3 minutes - this is why shot sequences are made - take one long scene and break it down into a variety of short shots 10/12 Lighting - One of the single most important aspects in video and photography - Very powerful when used correctly - Has the ability to set the whole atmosphere of a scene - Easiest way to determine if it was filmed by an amateur or a professional 10/13 Three point lighting key light - brightest in front and off to the side fill light - weaker to fill in shadows opposite side of key back light - to pop out subject from the scene behind the subject 10/14 Lighting Tips can deviate from three point lighting to add mood o mystery picture with sharp shadows o backlight only for horror flick outside sunny day make harsh shadows, so you can use a reflector to fill them in

6 QUIZ 6 10/17 Color Temperature of Light Higher color temperatures (5,000 K or more) are called cool colors (blueish white) Lower color temperatures (1,700 3,000 K) are called warm colors (yellowish white through red) 10/18 White Balance to electronically establish the proper color rendering by telling the camera what color temperature of light is being used as reflected from a white surface 10/19 Clean Entrances and Exits means that the subject does not pop in and out of the shot suddenly. This can be done by holding an empty scene for 1 count. (Ex: a person walking towards the camera along a sidewalk should not suddenly appear on the sidewalk.) 10/20 Color Temp Comparisons: Candle Light = 1,900 Kelvin Natural White LED Light = 4,000 Kelvin Day White LED Light = 6,000 Kelvin Usually measured with a handheld meter like this. Why Kelvin? Measuring the hue of "white" light started in the late 1800s, when the British physicist William Kelvin heated a block of carbon. The block of carbon changed color as it heated up, going from a dim red, through various shades of yellow, all the way up to a bright bluish white at its highest temperature.

7 QUIZ 7-10/24 Pacing - Rhythm of cuts or how long a shot is on screen. - The more interesting the shot, the longer it can be on screen. - Basic rule, when bored...cut 10/25 Continuity - Consistency within an environment. - Subject walking from left to right should continue going same direction in the next shot. - Clothing, glass of water, props, etc. should match from shot to shot 10/26 Camera Transitions (also referred to as bridges) take the viewer from one place to another. They can take you to a physical place in a scene or a time place such as a specific time of the day. They can physically move the viewer from one part of a room to another. 10/27 Through the Camera this camera transition should be used sparingly. Effective in giving the illusion that the camera went through the subject or some solid object.

8 QUIZ 8-11/9 Leading A camera transition that can be used to show the continuation of action in a shot sequence. Principle is that one action leads to another action. 11/10 Clapstick Used to sync audio and video. Especially important when using multiple cameras to film. Very helpful for the editor; it tells the editor the takes to use from a particular scene. 11/11 Waveform- The visual of audio. Can be thought of as the key of our voice. The waveform can be edited to create different sounds. Numerous waveforms can be edited together to make a sound effect. YouTube recognizes waveforms to search for copyrighted material. 11/12 Adobe Audition- a digital audio workstation from Adobe Systems featuring both a multitrack, nondestructive mix/edit environment and a destructiveapproach waveform editing view.

9 QUIZ /14 Reveals One of the easiest effects Scene starts with a small amount of information in a close-up and gradually shows a large amount of info from a wide-angle shot Accomplished by starting zoomed in on subject and then zoom out to reveal the entire action of the scene 11/15 Parody An imitation of the style of a particular scene, writer, artist, or genre with deliberate exaggeration for comic effect. When doing your parody try to pick a scene that is not meant to be comic and turn it into something comic. 11/16 Selective Creative Effects These are not transitions. Leads they do not move the viewer from one scene to another Take an unimportant subject and have it move towards the main character. The camera will pan or tilt (not cut)

10 QUIZ 10-11/29 Stop Motion - An animation technique to make a physically manipulated object appear to move on its own. - The object is moved in small increments between individually photographed frames, creating the illusion of movement when the series of frames is played as a continuous sequence. 11/30 Stop Motion - Single most important thing to do is steady your camera. Using a tripod is best, but you can also tape camera to solid surface. - If you make the duration of each picture last 1 frame it will take 30 frames to equal 1 second. (24 fps is ideal) 12/1 Go Motion - Involves programming a computer to move parts of a model slightly during each exposure of each frame of film, combined with traditional hand manipulation of the model in between frames, to produce a more realistic motion blurring effect. - First used in the 1980s in Star Wars Empire Strikes Back to move the AT-AT (All Terrain Armored Transport) walkers. 12/1 Persistence of Vision - the phenomenon of the eye by which an afterimage is thought to persist for approximately one twenty-fifth of a second on the retina.

11 QUIZ 11-12/5 Story Arc Purpose is to move a character or a situation from one state to another; in other words, to effect change. One common form is a character going from a situation of weakness to one of strength. 12/6 8-Point Story Arc 1. Stasis 2. Trigger 3. The quest 4. Surprise 5. Critical choice 6. Climax 7. Reversal 8. Resolution Stasis This is the everyday life in which the story is set. Think of Cinderella sweeping the ashes, Jack (of Beanstalk fame) living in poverty with his mum and a cow, or Harry Potter living with the Dursley s. Trigger Something beyond the control of the protagonist (hero/heroine) is the trigger which sparks off the story. A fairy godmother appears, someone pays in magic beans not gold, a mysterious letter arrives you get the picture. The quest The trigger results in a quest an unpleasant trigger (e.g. a protagonist losing his job) might involve a quest to return to the status quo; a pleasant trigger (e.g. finding a treasure map) means a quest to maintain or increase the new pleasant state. Surprise This stage involves not one but several elements, and takes up most of the middle part of the story. Surprise includes pleasant events, but more often means obstacles, complications, conflict and trouble for the protagonist. Surprises shouldn t be too random or too predictable they need to be unexpected, but plausible. The reader has to think I should have seen that coming!

12 12/8 Critical choice At some stage, your protagonist needs to make a crucial decision; a critical choice. This is often when we find out exactly who a character is, as real personalities are revealed at moments of high stress. In many classic stories, the critical choice involves choosing between a good, but hard, path and a bad, but easy, one. In tragedies, the unhappy ending often stems from a character making the wrong choice at this point Romeo poisoning himself on seeing Juliet supposedly dead, for example. Climax The critical choice(s) made by your protagonist need to result in the climax, the highest peak of tension, in your story. For some stories, this could be the firing squad levelling their guns to shoot, a battle commencing, a high-speed chase or something equally dramatic. In other stories, the climax could be a huge argument between a husband and wife, or a playground fight between children, or Cinderella and the Ugly Sisters trying on the glass slipper. Reversal The reversal should be the consequence of the critical choice and the climax, and it should change the status of the characters especially your protagonist. Your story reversals should be inevitable and probable. Nothing should happen for no reason, changes in status should not fall out of the sky. The story should unfold as life unfolds: relentlessly, implacably, and plausibly. For example, a bullied child might stand up for a fellow victim and realize that the bully no longer has any power over him; Cinderella might be recognized by the prince. Resolution The resolution is a return to a fresh stasis one where the characters should be changed, wiser and enlightened, but where the story being told is complete. (You can always start off a new story, a sequel, with another trigger )

13 QUIZ 12-12/12 Shutter Speed Still Image vs. Video Camera Used to stop the motion of a moving subject. In a video camera the iris is always open, therefore, shutter speeds are electronically established. 12/13 Selective Focus requires the videographer to select what shall be in focus in the frame and what will be out of focus. the main subject of a particular scene. forces the viewer to place all of their attention on that subject Main Fact - Provides a point of emphasis for the videographer and forces the viewer s eye towards that point. 12/14 f-stops a numbering system used on a lens to indicate the size of the aperture or a hole created by the iris within the lens Small F-Stop = Large Aperture Large Aperture = Small DOF Large F-Stop = Small Aperture Small Aperture = Large DOF 12/15 Camera Angles 3 Dimensions length, height, and d depth camera window should show at least 2 sides of any 3-dimensional object

14 QUIZ 13 1/2 to 1/6 1/2 Binary --- Counting system based on two levels, 0 and 1, used by computers and other digital equipment. Digital video - is audio/visual in a binary format. Information is presented as a sequence of digital data, rather than in a continuous signal as analog information is. 1/3 Bit --- A Binary digit, a 0 or 1, representing a no or a yes answer to a question. A bit is the smallest piece of information a computer understands. 8 bits = 1 byte 1/4 Computers use the binary system (base 2) because there are only 2 electrical charges (positive and negative). 1/5 The modern binary number system was fully documented by Gottfried Leibniz in the 17th century

15 QUIZ 14-1/9/17 Montage A montage sequence consists of a series of short shots that are edited into a sequence to condense narrative. It is usually used to advance the story as a whole (often to suggest the passage of time), rather than to create symbolic meaning. 1/10/17 Intercutting: An editing method whereby related shots are inserted into a series of other shots for the purpose of contrast or for some other effect. 1/11/17 Dead Sync: An editing term meaning that sound and picture elements are perfectly aligned. 1/12/17 Blocking: Plotting actor, camera and microphone placement and movement in a production or scene. Camera Blocking: The process of notating the changing position of the camera, lens size, and focus during a particular scene.