Chapter 27B. h Photography: Europe and America, 1800 to 1870

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1 Chapter 27B Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, h Photography: Europe and America, 1800 to 1870

2 Realism did not appeal to all artists; the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, organized in 1848 in England - wished to create fresh, sincere art, free from the tired artificial academic manner by the successors of Raphael. Appreciated spirituality and idealism, art and artisanship of the Middle Ages and Early Italian and Northern Renaissance. They relied on literary text for inspiration both paintings and poetry can be characterized by strong attachment to symbolism Influenced by John Ruskin and shared his distaste for materialism and the ugliness of the industrialized world. He believed the job of the artist is to observe the reality of nature and not to invent it in a studio to render what he has seen and understood imaginatively on canvas, free of any rules of composition. The effect of the critical comments was to make the Pre-Raphaelite movement famous and to create a debate about the relationship between modernity, realism and medievalism in the arts.

Exposition Universelle, 1855 (Courbet, Pavilion of Realism) Based on Shakespeare s Hamlet who kills her father, and she goes mad.

3 Cue Card Millais entered Royal Academy at age 11 Founder of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, whose members refused to be limited to the contemporary scenes of the realists Wished to create fresh and sincere art, free from academic art and influence by Raphael Praised in Paris Exposition Universelle, 1855 (Courbet, Pavilion of Realism) Based on Shakespeare s Hamlet who kills her father, and she goes mad. P i t d b k d it i S Eli b th Sidd l hi f i d d if f Painted background on site in Surrey; Elizabeth Siddal, his friend and wife of Rossetti modeled in a bathtub

19 th century architecture most stylistically diverse in history.

When old Houses of Parliament burned in 1834, the neo-classical style, was popular.

commission announced style be Gothic or Elizabethan.

4 19 th century architecture most stylistically diverse in history. European history documented in encyclopedias, each nation came to value its past as evidence/validity of ambitions and claims to greatness. When old Houses of Parliament burned in 1834, the neo-classical style, was popular. However, the design was associated with revolution and republicanism while the Gothic style was felt to embody conservative values, the commission announced style be Gothic or Elizabethan. Pugin revered medieval artisans who built great cathedrals with moral purity and spiritual authenticity. Industrial revolution flooding market with ill-designed commodities return to old craftsmanship. Not genuinely Gothic formal axial plan and Palladian regularity beneath Neo-Gothic façade. Pugn Tudo [English Late Gothic} details on a Cue Card classical body.

Prince regent, later King George IV asked

5 Great Britain s colonial conquests, particularly India, had exposed English culture to broad range of non-western artistic styles. Prince regent, later King George IV asked Nash to design royal pleasure palace in seaside Brighton. Islamic domes, minarets, and screens Indian Gothic. Cast-iron skeleton underlies exotic façade early, if hidden use in noncommercial construction. Life-size i palm trees in cast iron support kitchen ceiling. Prototype for countless playful architectural exaggerations in European and American resorts. Cue Card

6 Neo-Baroque grandeur during era of conspicuous wealth during age of expansion. Mirrored opulent lives of privileged. Resembles Baroque domed central-plan churches. Beaux-Arts style flourished, based on ideas taught at school of same name in Paris. Classical principles (symmetry, interior spaces extend radially from central core. Style was so attractive to moneyed classes that supported arts and theaters that it continued until WWI transformed society. Cue Card

7 Earliest processes were the daguerreotype and the calotype. Daguerre, an architect, theatrical set designer/painter and a partner created Diorama. Performances of living paintings on painted backdrops and translucent front curtains using a camera obscura. Met Niepce, who in 1826 made a permanent picture of cityscape outside his window by exposing, in a camera obscura, a metal plate covered with light-sensitive coating. The exposure required 8 hours. After Niepce died in 1833, Daguerre made 2 discoveries: latent development bringing i out image through h chemical solutions, considerably shortened exposure time and fixing the image chemically stopping the action of light on the photographic plate. In 1839, less than 3 weeks after Daguerre unveiled his method in Paris, Talbot presented photogenic drawings, calotypes in London. He made negative images by placing objects on sensitized paper and exposed light-colored silhouettes where objects blocked light. Texture of paper blurry/grainy image. Nadar improved calotypes, used glass negatives and albumen (prepared with egg white) printing paper. Wet-plate technology plate was exposed, developed and fixed when wet. Finer detail and gradation than calotypes. Had to be prepared and processed on the spot portable darkroom (wagon, tent, box with light-tight sleeves).

Photography (from Greek photos light and graphos writing) suited the age of Realism and shift of

Challenged place of traditional modes of painting.

Others feared it would replace painstaking work of painters.

8 Photography (from Greek photos light and graphos writing) suited the age of Realism and shift of patronage away from elite to a broader base of support. Comprehensible images and lower costs. Challenged place of traditional modes of painting. Delacroix, Ingres, Courbet, Eakins, and Degas used photography p as helpful aid. Others feared it would replace painstaking work of painters. Cue Card Some photographers looked to painting to imbue images with qualities beyond simple reproduction. Each daguerreotype is a unique work; 1 st subjects were traditional painting themes establish artistic medium. 17 th century Dutch vanitas still life (like Pieter Claesz), symbolic meanings of objects sculptural/architectural fragments, framed print of embrace suggest even art is vanitas and will not endure forever.

9 Nadar was a French novelist, journalist, enthusiastic balloonist, and caricaturist. Photographic studies for caricatures led him to open a portrait studio. Captured essence of subject, pose best suited to personality. Photographed Delacroix, Daumier, Courbet, and Manet. Daumier made print after 1862 court case acknowledging photography as an art form, entitled to copyright protection. Nadar was an advocate of balloon transportation, produced 1 st aerial photographs of Paris in 1858 from his balloon.

Photographs were objective records of combat deaths.

Union soldiers in foreground with boots stolen and pockets picked,

10 Photographs were objective records of combat deaths. Impresses on people the high price of war. Union soldiers in foreground with boots stolen and pockets picked, indistinct corpses in distance, suggests innumerable other dead soldiers. Years before photolithography could reproduce photographs in newspapers. War photographs were exhibited publicly and made an impression newsprint engravings never could. Cue Card

Cue Card Photography g p y now advanced enough that it can capture moments that human eye cannot Cameras snap photos at evenly spaced points

San Francisco; Governor of California settle a bet if all 4 feet of a horse galloping at top speed are off the ground.

Culminated in 1885 at University of Pennsylvania multiple camera motion studies; published Animal Locomotion in 1887.

11 Cue Card Photography g p y now advanced enough that it can capture moments that human eye cannot Cameras snap photos at evenly spaced points along a track, giving the effect of things happening in sequence This bridges the gap between photography and movies From England, moved to San Francisco; Governor of California settle a bet if all 4 feet of a horse galloping at top speed are off the ground. Sequential photography beginning of human and animal motion studies. Culminated in 1885 at University of Pennsylvania multiple camera motion studies; published Animal Locomotion in Influenced Eakins, Degas, Duchamp. Presented work with zoopraxiscope project series of images on glass plates onto screen. Persistence of vision retains what eye sees for a fraction of a second afterward, merges images produces illusion of continuous movement.

From Architectural Revivals to Architectural Modernism

From Architectural Revivals to Architectural Modernism Charles Barry and A.W.N. Pugin, Houses of Parliament, 1836-1860, London, England The British Houses of Parliament are an example of the revival of