HAJEA Photojournalism Units : I-V

Transcription

1 HAJEA Photojournalism Units : I-V

2 Unit - I Photography History Early Pioneers and experiments Joseph Nicephore Niepce Louis Daguerre Eadweard Muybridge 2

3 Photography History Photography is the process of recording visual images by capturing light rays on a light-sensitive recording medium(film or Sensor). It can be thought of as two pursuits: Technical and Creative. 3

4 Evolution Of Photography From Pinhole Camera to Medium Format Digital Camera 4

5 Nicéphore Niépce He was a French inventor, now usually credited as the inventor of photography and a pioneer in that field. The earliest known surviving heliographic engraving, made in It was printed from a metal plate made by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce with his "heliographic process" 5

6 Nicéphore Niépce Considered as world s first surviving permanent photograph 6

7 Louis Jacques Mandé Daguerre Daguerre was a French artist and photographer, recognized for his invention of the daguerreotype process of photography. He became known as one of the fathers of photography. Though he is most famous for his contributions to photography, he was also an accomplished painter and a developer of the diorama theatre. Introduced Daguerreotype by Daguerre in

8 Louis Jacques Mandé Daguerre Still life with plaster casts, made by Daguerre in 1837, the earliest reliably dated daguerreotype. 8

9 William Henry Fox Talbot Henry Fox Talbot was a British scientist, inventor and photography pioneer who invented the salted paper and calotype processes. Fox Talbot went on to develop the three primary elements of photography: developing, fixing, and printing is called Calotype process. 9

10 Calotype Process A circa 1844 salt paper (calotype) photograph of amateur golfer and aristocrat James Ogilvie Fairlie. 10

11 Eadweard Muybridge Eadweard Muybridge, English photographer important for his pioneering work in photographic studies of motion and in motion-picture projection. 11

12 Eadweard Muybridge Horse in Motion, Eadweard Muybridge Muybridge spent the rest of his career improving his technique, making a huge variety of motion studies, lecturing, and publishing. 12

13 Eadweard Muybridge The zoopraxiscope is an early device for displaying motion pictures. Created by photographic pioneer Eadweard Muybridge in 1879, it may be considered the first movie projector. 13

14 Commercial Process in Photography Silver gelatin paper becomes commercially available The widespread use of silver gelatin paper in the 1890s made it the most common black-and-white photographic print process of the 20th century 14

15 George Eastman American entrepreneur who founded the Eastman Kodak Company and popularized the use of roll film 15

16 George Eastman George Eastman markets the Kodak No. 1 box camera with the slogan, You press the button, we do the rest 16

17 Unit - II Photography Basics Analog and digital photography Parts of analog and digital cameras Types of analog and digital cameras Exposure Aperture Shutter Depth of field. 17

18 Photography Basics of SLR 18

19 Photography Basics of DSLR 19

20 Lens A lens is an optical device through which light is focused in order to form an image inside of a camera either on film or on a digital sensor. 20

21 Lens Classification of Lenses 1. Standard Lens 2. Wide angle lens 3. Extreme wide angle lens 4. Long focus lens 5. Telephoto lens 6. Fisheye lens 7. Zoom lenses 8. Macro 21

22 Lens Structure 22

23 Focal length & Angle of view Focal length (shown in red) is the distance between the center of a convex lens or a concave mirror and the focal point of the lens or mirror the point where parallel rays of light meet, or converge. 23

24 Focal length & Angle of view Lens and its Focal Length: 1) 17mm (104 degree) 2) 28mm (75 degree) 3) 50mm (47 degree) 4) 85mm (28 degree) 5) 135mm (18 degree) 6) 300mm (8 degree) 7) 500mm (5 degree) 8) 1000mm (2.5 degree) 24

25 Aperture or F-stop Intensity of light (aperture) to the sensor or film in the camera. F-Stop: A camera setting corresponding to a particular f- number. 25

26 Shutter speed Duration of light(time) which reach the image sensor or film. 26

27 Depth of Field Distance between the acceptable sharp image and the camera is depth of field(dof) 27

28 Exposure Time (shutter speed) X Intensity of light (aperture) = Exposure Time X Intensity of light X ISO = Exposure 28

29 Exposure 29

30 Unit - III Lighting Techniques Types of lighting Sources of studio lighting Filters Colour temperature. 30

31 Lighting Techniques 31

32 Color Temperature Color temperature is conventionally expressed in kelvin, using the symbol K, a unit of measure for absolute temperature. 32

33 Color Temperature Color temperatures over 5000 K are called "cool colors" (bluish white) while lower color temperatures ( K) are called "warm colors" (yellowish white through red). 33

34 Three Point Lighting Technique Three-point lighting is a standard method used in visual media such as theatre, video, film, still photography and computer-generated imagery. 34

35 Three Point Lighting Technique 35

36 Camera Filter Filters allow the photographer to have more control of the images being produced. 36

37 Camera Filter Filters allow the photographer to have more control of the images being produced. Sometimes they are used to make only subtle changes to images Other times the image would simply not be possible without them. 37

38 Camera Filter UV filters Round Shape filter (mostly using in Still cameras) Square Shape filter (mostly using in film cameras) 38

39 Camera Filter ND filter, is a filter that reduces or modifies the intensity of all wavelengths, or colors, of light equally, giving no changes in hue of color rendition. It can be a colorless (clear) or grey filter. 39

40 Flash Photography 40

41 Flash Photography A flash is a device used in photography producing a flash of artificial light (typically 1/1000 to 1/200 of a second) at a color temperature of about 5500 K Types of flash Flash-lamp Flashbulbs Electronic flash Flashcubes Multi-flash High speed flash 41

42 Strobe Photography A strobe light or stroboscopic lamp, commonly called a strobe, is a device used to produce regular flashes of light. It is one of a number of devices that can be used as a stroboscope. A typical commercial strobe light has a flash energy in the region of 10 to 150 joules, and discharge times as short as a few mls. Larger strobe lights can be used in continuous mode, producing extremely intense illumination. 42

43 Unit - IV Composition Techniques Elements of composition Framing Rule of third Decisive moment Metering White balance 43

44 Composition Rule of Third The rule of thirds is one of the most useful composition techniques in photography 44

45 Rule of Third The rule of thirds is an essential photography technique. It can be applied to any subject to improve the composition and balance of your images. The rule of thirds is one of the most useful composition techniques in photography

46 Decisive Moment Photography Henri Cartier-Bresson was a French humanist photographer considered a master of candid photography, and an early user of 35 mm film. He pioneered the genre of street photography, and viewed photography as capturing a decisive moment. 46

47 Decisive Moment Photography 47

48 Elements of Composition Symmetrical (Formal) Balance 48

49 Elements of Composition Asymmetrical (Informal) Balance 49

50 Leading Lines in Photography Diagonal Lines Horizontal Lines Vertical Lines Converging Lines 50

51 Golden Ratio There's one other way to use the golden ratio to compose a photograph. Instead of using the spiral, create a grid like in the rule of thirds, but one that uses a 1:1.618ratio, instead of dividing the frame into equal parts. 51

52 Golden Ratio 52

53 Basic Camera Shots and Angles A camera shot is the amount of space that is seen in one shot or frame. Camera shots are used to demonstrate different aspects of Film's setting Characters Themes. 53

54 Basic Camera Shots and Angles Camera Angles The relationship between the camera and the object being photographed (ie the ANGLE) gives emotional information to an audience, and guides their judgment about the character or object in shot. 54

55 Basic Camera Shots and Angles Different Camera Angles The Bird's-Eye view High Angle Eye Level Low Angle Oblique/Canted Angle 55 55

56 Basic Camera Shots and Angles 56 56

57 Unit - V Image processing Stages in analog and digital processing Grains Pixels Silver halides Sensors Film File formats. 57

58 Photography Film A strip or sheet of transparent plastic film base coated on one side with a gelatin emulsion. 58

59 Photography Film 59

60 Film Vs. Digital Photography A film camera exposes photographic film to light in order to take a picture A digital camera produces digital images that can be stored and displayed on screen. 60

61 Pixel The pixel is the basic unit of programmable color on a computer display or in a computer image. 61

62 Pixel Digital cameras are identified based on their resolution, which is measured in megapixels. 62

63 Film Grains The grain of photographic film is a signal-dependent noise, with similar statistical distribution to shot noise. 63

64 Sensor A device which detects or measures a physical property and records, indicates, or otherwise responds to it. 64

65 Sensor 65

66 Sensor Size of the Sensor is 35mm (36 mm 24 mm) is known as full frame Sensor. Anything which less than 35mm is considered as Cropped Frame Sensor 66

67 Sensor 67

68 Types of Memory Cards Data Transfer rate or Transfer Speed 68

69 Types of Memory Cards 69

70 Image File Formats JPG, GIF, TIFF, PNG, BMP 1. JPEG stands for Joint Photographic Experts Group 2. TIFF (Tagged Image File Format) 3. GIF (Graphics Interchange Format) 4. PNG (Portable Network Graphics) RAW is an image output option available on some digital cameras. Though lossless, it is a factor of three of four smaller than TIFF files of the same image. 70